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下列哪项不是牡蛎的功效( )
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下列哪项不是黄连的功效
清热
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下列哪项不是厚朴的功效
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下列哪项不是茯苓的功效
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生龙骨
生牡蛎
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下列除哪项项外均是牡蛎的功效
平肝潜阳
收敛固涩
凉血止血
软坚散结
收敛制酸
哪项药物有滋阴潜阳软坚散结功效长于治疗阴虚风动
鳖甲
僵蚕
蜈蚣
赭石
牡蛎
哪项药物有平肝潜阳软坚散结收敛固涩的功效
鳖甲
僵蚕
蜈蚣
赭石
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下列哪项不是牡蛎的功效
收敛制酸
软坚散结
收敛固
清肝明
平肝潜阳
下列各项哪项不是桂枝去芍药加蜀漆龙骨牡蛎救逆汤的治疗作用
利水
通阳
镇惊
安神
涤痰
下列哪项不是黄连的功效
安胎
燥湿
清热
泻火
解毒
下列除哪项外均是牡蛎的功效
凉血止血
平肝潜阳
软坚散结
收敛固涩
收敛制酸
下列哪项不是金锁固精丸的组成药物
芡实
莲须
沙苑蒺藜
乌药
牡蛎
下列哪项不是熟地黄的功效
补血
益精
滋阴
活血
下列哪项不是牡蛎的功效
收敛制酸
软坚散结
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清肝明目
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You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown.
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. ThewordchapterLine4Paragraph2denotes
Directions:ForsomereasonyouneedtoborrowabookfromyourclassmateKate.WritealettertohertodescribethebookTheCompositionofAmericanHigherEducationInvestmentyouwanttoborrowspecifybywhenthebookwillbereturnedandexpressyourgratitude. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Donotwritetheaddress.
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardscattlemen
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 43
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities Whowillmostprobablyacceptprivatesectorinwatertreatment
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Thepesticidesandthesmellofmanurearementionedto
FiveandahalfyearsintohispresidencyGeorgeBushfinallyvetoedabillthisweek.OddlyenoughitwasonethatmostAmericanssupport:itwouldhaveexpandedfoderalfundingforembryonicstem-cellresearch.TheHouseandSenatehadbothpassedthebillbywidebutnotveto-proofmarginssoMr.Bush’swordisfinalatleastuntilafterthemid-termelectionsinNovember. Stemcellsarecellsthathavenotyetdecidedwhattheywanttobewhentheygrowup.Thatistheycanbecomebloodcellsbraincellsorprettymuchanyothertypeofcell.Theirversatilitymakesthemextremelyusefulformedicalresearch.Theethicalsnagisthatthebeststemcellsareharvestedfromhumanembryoskillingthem.Forthemostardentpro-lifersincludingMr.Bushandmanyofhiscoresupportersthatismurder.Proponentsofembryonicstem-cellresearchpointoutthathordesofembryosarecreatedduringfertilitytreatmentandthevastmajorityoftheseareeitherfrozenindefinitelyordestroyed.Isitreallywrongtousethemforpotentiallylife-savingresearchYessaidMr.BushonJuly19thflankedbysomefamilieswhohad"adopted"otherpeople’sfrozenembryosandusedthemtohavechildrenoftheirown. Mr.Bush’svetodoesnotkillstem-cellresearch.Scientistswhospurnfederalcashmaydoastheyplease.Thegovernmentstillpaysforresearchonstemcellstakenfromadultsaprocessthatdoesnotkillthedonor.AndadecisionbyMr.Bushin2001allowsfederally-fundedscientiststoexperimentonthefewdozenembryonicstem-cell"lines"thatalreadyexistedthenwhichcanbepropagatedinalaboratory. NonethelessscientistsarefuriouswithMr.Bush.Federalfundingwouldsurelypushthemfastertowardsthoseelusivecures.Researchbasedonadultstemcellsmaybepromisingbutnotnearlyaspromisingasthatbasedonembryonicones.Thereareworriesthatthosefewdozenembryonicstem-celllinesrepresenttoonarrowagenepoolandthattheycannotbeendlesslyextendedwithoutdamagingthem.OthercountriessuchasBritainandChinaareenthusiasticallyexperimentingonembryonicstemcells.Buttheworld’smostinnovativenationishangingback. Accordingtothepassagestemcellsreferto
You’vehadaproblemyou’vethoughtaboutittillyouweretiredforgottenitandperhapssleptonitandthenflash!Whenyouweren’tthinkingaboutitsuddenlytheanswerhascometoyouasagiftfromthegods. Ofcourseallideasdon’tcomelikethatbuttheinterestingthingisthatsomanydoparticularlythemostimportantones.Theyburstintothemindglowingwiththeheatofcreation.Howtheydoisamystery.46Psychologydoesnotyetunderstandeventheordinaryprocessofconsciousthoughtbuttheemergenceofnewideasbya"leapinthought"isparticularlyintriguingbecausetheymusthavecomefromthesomewhere.Forthemomentletusassumethattheycomefromthe"unconscious".47Thisisreasonableforthepsychologistsusethistermtodescribementalprocesseswhichareunknowntothesubjectandcreativethoughtconsistspreciselyinwhatwasunknownbecomingknown. 48Itseemsthatalltrulycreativeactivitydependsinsomedegreeonthesesignalsfromtheunconsciousandthemorehighlyintuitivethepersonthesharperandmoredramaticthesignalsbecome. Butgrowthrequiresaseedandtheheartofthecreativeprocessliesintheproductionoftheoriginalfertilenucleusfromwhichgrowthcanproceed.49Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless.Themindachievesthisbytheplasticreshapingsoderivedfromanewunitofaselectionoftheseparateelementsderivedfromexperienceandstoredinmemory.Intuitionsarisefromrichlyunifiedexperience. 50Thisprocessoftheestablishmentofnewformmustoccurinpatternofnervousactivityinthebrainlyingbelowthethresholdofconsciousnesswhichinteractsandcombinestoformmorecomprehensivepatterns.Experimentalphysiologyhasnotyetidentifiedthisprocessforitsmethodsareasyetinsufficientlyrefinedbutitmaybesignificantthataquarterofthetotalbodilyconsumptionofenergyduringsleepgoestothebrainevenwhenthesenseorganareatresttomaintaintheactivityoftenthousandmillionbraincells.Thesecellsactingtogetherasasingleorganachievethemiracleoftheproductionofnewpatternsofthought.Nocalculatingmachinecandothatforsuchmachinescan"onlydowhatweknowhowtodesignthemtodo"andtheseformativebrainprocessesobeylawswhicharestillunknown. CananypracticalconclusionsbedrawnfromtheexperienceofgeniusIsthereanartofthoughtfortheordinarypersonCertainlythereisnosingleroadtosuccess;intheworldoftheimaginationeachhastofindhisownwaytousehisowngift. Thisinitialstepinallcreationconsistsintheestablishmentofanewunityfromdisparateelementsoforderoutofdisorderofshapefromwhatwasformless
阅读下列材料 材料 1989年9岁的金晶因恶性肿瘤接受了截肢手术2001年她成为中国第一批轮椅击剑运动员多次代表中国参加重大国际比赛并取得了优异成绩2007年金晶光荣当选北京奥运会境外火炬手 法国当地时间2008年4月7日中午北京奥运火炬传递在法国巴黎著名的埃菲尔铁塔开始环球传递第五站的活动当跑第三棒的金晶一脸微笑出现在塞纳河边的时候她自信的微笑引起在场所有媒体和中国人的关注令人意想不到的是极少数企图干扰北京奥运火炬传递的无耻的__分子竟毫无人性地把黑手伸向了坐在轮椅上的金晶试图从她手中抢走火炬面对突如其来的袭击坐在轮椅上的金晶毫不畏惧她低下头转过身用双手紧紧抱着火炬用上身紧紧护住火炬经过几次冲击一名“__”分子伺机扑到金晶身上一边拉扯她的胳膊一边殴打她试图拽走她手中的火炬但“__”分子怎么也没有想到一个残疾女孩会有如此巨大的力量金晶下巴被划破了却始终死死抱住火炬不放这一影像画面播放后海内外华人无不为之感动和激愤人们把她誉为“圣火守护者” 汶川发生大地震后金晶在第一时间给灾区人民送上了真挚的祝福传递给他们坚强的信念她到新单位——上海市普陀区市政工程管理署上班做的第一件事就是参加单位的捐款活动在她的带动下市政署掀起了一次又一次捐款捐物的热潮灾区有伤员陆续来沪治疗金晶经常到医院看望他们激励他们以乐观的精神战胜灾难 上海市举办迎世博600天行动期间她加入普陀区建设系统迎世博志愿者服务队倡议和带领志愿者们投入到宣传世博知识和奉献世博服务世博整治市容环境的各项活动中 结合案例回答问题 1金晶的经历启示我们如何去面对生活中的逆境 2结合金晶高尚的爱国主义情操以及投身于社会奉献的精神谈谈你对人生自我价值与社会价值关系的看法
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
GeorgeWilliamsoneofScottsdale’slastremainingcowboyshasbeenraisinghorsesandcattleonhis120acresfor20years.Thecattlegototheslaughterhousethehorsestorodeos.ButMr.Williamsisstompingmad.Hisproblemsbeganlastyearwhendishonestneighboursstartedtostealhiscattle.Thenotherneighboursmostofthemnewcomerstookoffenceathishorsesroamingontheirproperties. SuchgrumblesarecommoninArizona.ThemostrecentDepartmentofAgriculturecensusshowsthat1213ofArizona’s8507farmscloseddownbetween1997and2002.Manycattlemenaremovingouttoremoterpartsofthestate. DocLaneisanexecutiveattheArizonaCattlemen’sAssociationatradegroup.HesaysArizona’slargerranchownersaremakingdecentprofitsfromselling.Itisthesmallerplayerswhoarethevictimsofrisinglandvalueshighermortgagesandstiffercitycouncilrules.Whathappensalltoooftenisthatpeoplemoveinnexttoafarmbecausetheythinkthelandpretty.Butsoontheystartcomplainingtothecouncil.InMr.Williams’scaseitwasthehorsesthatannoyedthem.Othernewcomersdon’tlikethenoisethepesticidesandthesmellofmanure. Localsworryaboutthepreciousdwindlingcowboyculture.Arizona’stourismboardsliketopromoteasteadyinterestinallthingsaboutcowboyandwestern.LastyearmoreBritishandGermantouristscamethanusualandmanyofthemwerelookingpreciselyforthat.Arizona’sDudeRanchAssociationfillsits$350-a-nightluxuryranchesmostoftheyear;roughlyathirdoftheguestsareEuropean. Manyoftheranchersthemselvesseeallthistourismasacheekyattempttocommercialisearealandvanishingculture.InPrescottestateagentspromote"AmericanRanch-style"homeswithpostersofhorseriders.OntheothersideofthestreetisWhiskeyRowafamousstripofhistoriccowboybars.ButinMatt’sSaloononSaturdaynightrealcattlemencouldnotbefound. FarmfolklikeMr.KnoxandMr.Williamsareweighinguptheiroptions.Manywillmigratetoremoterplaceswherelandischeaperandnotcrowdedwithcitypeople.Youngeronestakeonside-jobsascontractorsandarecattle-handspart-time.Oldercowboysaren’tsurewhattodo. Fromthefirsttwoparagraphswelearnthat
Opportunitiesforwatercompaniesareflowingaroundtheworldbecauseofloomingshortagesanddecadesofunderinvestment.SaudiArabiaandAlgeriawherewatershortageshavebecomeacuteareplacingbillionsofdollarsofcontractsouttobidtoimprovewatersuppliesfortheirgrowingpopulations.Thetrendisexpectedtogrowas40%oftheworld’spopulationwillsufferwatershortagesby2050accordingtotheUnitedNationsDevelopmentProgram.Globalwarmingisexpectedtoexacerbatetheproblem. SaudiArabiabeganprivatizingwaterservicesaftershortagessparkedriotslastNovemberinJeddah.LoayAhmedMusallamthedeputywaterministersaidthefirstcontracttomanagewatersuppliesforRiyadhwouldbeawardedthisyear.By2010privatecompanieswillprovidewaterforhalfthepopulationheadded.SaudiArabiaplanstoinvest$37billionoverfiveyearstoimprovewaterpipelines.Leakscost1millioncubicmetersofwateraday--theoutputofsevendesalinationplants--theministersaid.Evenafterputtingcontractsouttobidgovernmentsstillfacepoliticallysensitivedecisions.InSaudiArabiaforexamplewatertariffsareamongthelowestintheworld.MusallamsaidSaudisconsumedtwiceasmuchwaterasBritonsinspiteoflivinginoneofthedriestpartsoftheglobe.Thegovernmentisintroducingmeasurestoencouragewaterconservation. EvenintheUStheshortfallbetweenactualinvestmentandtheindustry’srealneedsisestimatedtobe$122billionforwastewatertreatmentand$100billionfordrinkingwateroverthenext12yearssaidMichaelDeanoftheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency."PeopletakeforgrantedcleansafeinexpensivewaterbuttheoldwaysofpayingforwaterintheUSnolongermeetourneeds"Deansaid. WaterservicesintheUSaremainlyownedbymunicipalitieswhichfiercelyresistprivatization.Gassonsaysdecadesofunderinvestmentarecatchingupwiththewaterindustry."Eithertariffsorsubsidieswillhavetorise.Weareataninflectionpoint.Investmentnowisunavoidable"hesaid. DavidLloydOwenaBritishconsultantestimatedtheinvestmentshortfallfortheglobalwaterindustryat$1.2trillionoverthenext20years."Thequestionishowtoovercomepoliticalresistancetotheinvolvementoftheprivatesector"hesaid."Thewaterindustryisoneofthemostconservativeintheworld.Byandlargeitisstillrunbybureaucratsandengineers"Owensaid."Thereisalsoapassionateandwell-organizedlobbyagainstprivatization." Heseesmoreroomfortheprivatesectorastechnologyfordesalinationandrecyclingcometoplayanincreasingroleintheindustry.Banksarealsobecomingmorecreativeinmatchingthefinancingofcapitaloutlaysintheindustrywiththelonglivesofwatertreatmentfacilities ThepurposeofParagraph2isto
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 41
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Whenatravelerisinanunfamiliarplace
FiveandahalfyearsintohispresidencyGeorgeBushfinallyvetoedabillthisweek.OddlyenoughitwasonethatmostAmericanssupport:itwouldhaveexpandedfoderalfundingforembryonicstem-cellresearch.TheHouseandSenatehadbothpassedthebillbywidebutnotveto-proofmarginssoMr.Bush’swordisfinalatleastuntilafterthemid-termelectionsinNovember. Stemcellsarecellsthathavenotyetdecidedwhattheywanttobewhentheygrowup.Thatistheycanbecomebloodcellsbraincellsorprettymuchanyothertypeofcell.Theirversatilitymakesthemextremelyusefulformedicalresearch.Theethicalsnagisthatthebeststemcellsareharvestedfromhumanembryoskillingthem.Forthemostardentpro-lifersincludingMr.Bushandmanyofhiscoresupportersthatismurder.Proponentsofembryonicstem-cellresearchpointoutthathordesofembryosarecreatedduringfertilitytreatmentandthevastmajorityoftheseareeitherfrozenindefinitelyordestroyed.Isitreallywrongtousethemforpotentiallylife-savingresearchYessaidMr.BushonJuly19thflankedbysomefamilieswhohad"adopted"otherpeople’sfrozenembryosandusedthemtohavechildrenoftheirown. Mr.Bush’svetodoesnotkillstem-cellresearch.Scientistswhospurnfederalcashmaydoastheyplease.Thegovernmentstillpaysforresearchonstemcellstakenfromadultsaprocessthatdoesnotkillthedonor.AndadecisionbyMr.Bushin2001allowsfederally-fundedscientiststoexperimentonthefewdozenembryonicstem-cell"lines"thatalreadyexistedthenwhichcanbepropagatedinalaboratory. NonethelessscientistsarefuriouswithMr.Bush.Federalfundingwouldsurelypushthemfastertowardsthoseelusivecures.Researchbasedonadultstemcellsmaybepromisingbutnotnearlyaspromisingasthatbasedonembryonicones.Thereareworriesthatthosefewdozenembryonicstem-celllinesrepresenttoonarrowagenepoolandthattheycannotbeendlesslyextendedwithoutdamagingthem.OthercountriessuchasBritainandChinaareenthusiasticallyexperimentingonembryonicstemcells.Buttheworld’smostinnovativenationishangingback. Scientistscangoonthestemcellresearchbecause
WhenMelissaMahanandherhusbandvisitedtheNetherlandstheyfeltimprisonedbytheirtourbus.Itforcedthemtoseethecityaccordingtoaparticularrouteandspecificschedule--butgoingoffontheirownmeantmissingoutontheinformationprovidedbytheguide.OntheirreturnhometoSanDiegoCaliforniatheystartedanewcompanycalledTourCoupes.NowwhentouristsinSanDiegorentoneoftheirsmallbrightlycolouredthree-wheeledvehiclestheyaretreatedtoanarrationoverthestereosystemabouttheplacestheypasstriggeredbyGlobalPositioningSystemGPSsatellitetechnology. ThisisjustoneexampleofhowGPSisbeingusedtoprovidenewservicestotourists."Whatwereallyhavehereisatechnologythatallowspeopletoforgetaboutthetechnology"saysJimCarrierofIntelliToursaGPStourismfirmwhichbeganofferingasimilarserviceoverayearagoinMontgomeryAlabama.ThecityispackedwithsitesassociatedwithtwoimportantchaptersinAmericanhistorythecivilwarofthe1860sandthecivil-rightsmovementacenturylater.Montgomeryhasa120-year-oldtrolleysystemcalledtheLightningRoutewhichcirculatesaroundthedowntownareaandismainlyusedbytourists.OntheLightningRoutetrolleysGPS-triggeredaudioclipspointouthistoricalhotspots. OtherfirmssuchasCityShowinNewYorkandGPSToursCanadainBanffCanadaofferhand-heldGPSreceiversthatplayaudioclipsforlisteningtowhilewalkingordriving.InSouthAfricaEuropcaracar-rentalfirmoffersadevicecalledtheXplorer.Aswellasprovidingcommentaryon2000pointsofinterestitcanalsowarndriversiftheyexceedthelocalspeedlimit. Ifsuchservicesprovepopulartheuseofdedicatedaudio-guidedevicescouldgivewaytoadifferentapproach.Agrowingnumberofmobilephoneshavebuilt-inGPSorcandeterminetheirlocationsusingothertechnologies.Informationfortouristsdeliveredviaphonescouldbeupdatedinrealtimeandcouldcontainadvertisements."Location-basedservices"suchastheabilitytocallupalistofnearbybanksorpizzeriashavebeentalkedaboutforyearsbuthavenevertakenoff.Butaimingsuchservicesattouristsmakessense--sincepeoplearemorelikelytowantinformationwheninanunfamiliarplace.Itcouldgivemobileroamingawholenewmeaning. Intheopeningparagraphtheauthorintroduceshistopicby
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Thesmallsizeofthecomponentsofcomputerchipshasprovedunstoppable.Ineachnew1thosecomponentsaresmallerandmoretightlypackedthantheywereintheirpredecessor.2hasbeensorapidthatchipdesignersare3apparentlyfundamentalbarrierstofurtherreductionsinsizeandincreasesindensity.Inasmallsizeversionofthe4towirelesscommunicationinthemacroscopicworldagroupofresearchersledbyAlainNogaretthinktheycanmakechips5componentstalktoeachotherwirelessly. Theresearchers6tousethestandardprinttechniquesemployedinchipmakingtocoatasemiconductorwithtinymagnets.Thesemagnetswill7localmagneticfieldsthatpointinoppositedirectionsatdifferentpoints8thechip’ssurface.Electronshavea9calledspin--thatisaffectedbymagneticfieldsandtheteamhopestousea/an10calledinverseelectron-spinvibrationtomakeelectrons11thechipemitmicrowaves. Dr.Nogaretimaginegreatadvancesthatwouldstem12thesuccessofhisworkandthesearenot13tothepossibilityofpackingcomponentsyetmoretightly.Intoday’schipsthefailureofasingleconnectioncanputthewholecircuitoutof14.Thisshouldnothappenwithawirelesssystem15itcouldbeprogrammedtore-routesignals. Theprojectwillnotbe16sailing.Generatingmicrowavespowerfulenoughto17datareliablywill18involvestackingseverallayersofmagnetsandsemiconductorstogetherandencouragingtheelectronsinthemtomoveinaharmoniousunion.Butifit19awholenewwirelessworldwillbe20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
TheEconomistrecognisesthesetalentedpeoplethroughitsannualInnovationAwardspresentedinsixfields:biosciencecomputingandcommunicationsenergyandenvironmentbusiness-processinnovationconsumerproductsandaflexible"noboundaries"category.TheawardswerepresentedataceremonyinLondononNovember9thbyJohnMicklethwaitTheEconomist’seditor-in-chief. Andthewinnerswere: Bioscience: MarvinCaruthersprofessorofchemistryandbiochemistryattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderforthedevelopmentofautomatedDNAsynthesis--theabilityto"printout"arbitrarystrandsofgeneticmaterial. 41Computingandcommunications: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofcomputingandcommuni6ationsandturnthemintoreality. 42Energyandenvironment: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofenergyandenvironmentandturnthemintoreality. 43Noboundaries: acreativeindividualwhodreamupnewideasofinternetandturnthemintoreality. 44Business-processinnovation: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofbusiness-processandturnthemintoreality. 45Consumerproducts: acreativeindividualwhodreamsupnewideasofconsumerproductsandturnthemintoreality. Weextendourcongratulationstothewinnersandourthankstothejudges. [A]NicolasHayekchairmanofSwatchforrevitalisingtheSwisswatchindustry.Duringthe1980sSwitzerland’slegendarywatchindustryfellintodeclinewithexportsfallingbyhalfwithinadecadeasaresultofJapanesecompetition.Mr.Hayek’sresponsewastoconsolidatetheindustrytocreatetheSwatchGroup.ItwentontobeattheJapaneseattheirowngamecreatingthebestsellingwatchbrandinhistoryandbecomingthelargestwatchmakerintheworldwithaquarterofthemarket. [B]JanusFriisandNiklasZennstromofSkypeforthedevelopmentofinternetfile-sharingandtelephonyusingpeer-to-peertechnologywhichallowsmillionsofcomputerstolinkupovertheinternetwithoutcentralco-ordination.In2000MessrsFriisandZennstromlaunchedKaZaAwhichbecamethedominantmeansofsharingmusicandvideofilesdespiteattemptsbytheentertainmentindustrytoshutitdown.Skypelaunchedin2003letsusersmakefreephonecallsovertheinternetforcingtraditionaltelecomsoperatorstoslashtheirprices. [C]SamPitrodachiefexecutiveofWorldTelforpioneeringIndia’scommunicationsrevolution.In1987Mr.PitrodawasaskedbyRajivGandhitheIndianprimeministertohelpdemocratiseaccesstotelecommunications.Hisresponsewastodeployinstantlyrecognizableyellowtelephonekiosksineverytownandvillage.ThishelpedtoreleaseIndia’stelecomsindustryfromstatecontrolandopenedituptoprivatefirmspavingthewayforatechnologyboom.Henowpromotessimilarpoliciesinothercountries. [D]PierreOmidyarfounderandchairmanofeBayforthedevelopmentofelectronicmarketplacetechnologyandhispromotionofaccesstomarketsasatoolforsocialchange.Mr.OmidyarsetupeBayin1995withtheaimofcreatingamarketplaceaccessibletoanyinternetuser.Thebusinesswasprofitableby1996.Peopleallovertheworldbuyandsellitemsin45000categories;someevenmakealivingtradingoneBay. [E]HernandodeSotofounderandpresidentoftheInstituteforLibertyandDemocracy.Mr.deSotoarguesthatbureaucracyandthelackofformalpropertyrightsaremajorcausesofpovertyindevelopingcountries.Redtapeandthelackoflegaltitletopropertypreventingitsuseascollateralmakeithardforthepoortoestablishorexpandbusinesses.WhileservingaseconomicadvisertothePeruviangovernmentMr.deSotoinitiatedaproperty-titlingschemewhichhelped1.2mfamilies.SimilarreformshavebeenimplementedinElSalvadorHaitiTanzaniaandEgypt.Mr.deSotohasalsochampionedtheuseofleaguetablestoshamegovernmentsintocuttingredtape. [F]JohannesPoulsenformerchiefexecutiveVestasWindSystemsforthecommercialisationofwindenergy.In1987Mr.PoulsentookthehelmatVestasthenasmallDanishfirmwith60employees.Bythetimeheretiredin2002Vestashad5000employeesandaquarteroftheworldmarketforwindturbines.UnderMr.PoulsenVestasgreatlyimprovedtheefficiencyofwindturbinesreducingcostsandmakingwindpowermorecompetitive. 45
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