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导致形成区域经济一体化组织和集团的主要原因有 ( )
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欧盟是当今世界区域经济一体化组织中制度化和组织化程度最高的 区域集团
按照参加过的经济发展水平划分区域经济一体化的水平主要包括部门一体化和全 盘一体化
战后区域经济一体化主要组织形式及其对国际经贸的影响如何
试论区域经济一体化与世界经济一体化的关系
下列关于区域经济一体化组织的描述错误的是
东南亚国家联盟的最高决策机构是首脑会议
亚太经济合作组织属于完全经济一体化的经济同盟组织
英国是欧盟成员国，但未加入欧元区
北美自由贸易区是典型的为南北双方共同发展与繁荣而组建的区域经济一体化组织
根据一体化程度不同区域经济一体化有哪些主要类型
区域经济一体化最高阶段的组织形式是
关税同盟
共同市场
完全的经济一体化
经济同盟
区域经济一体化的主要表现形式有哪些
区域经济一体化组织有力推进了国际贸易与相关规则建设下列组织中属于典型的区域经济一体化组织的是
IMF
OECD
APEC
WTO
是指柳州来宾河池市区域一体化发展
梧玉贵一体化发展
桂贺区域经济一体化发展
柳来河区域一体化发展
北部湾区域经济一体化发展
按参加经济一体化的范围区域经济一体化分为
部门经济一体化
全盘经济一体化
自由贸易区
关税同盟
自由市场
跟第3题略微不同什么是区域经济一体化它主要有哪几种形式这些形式之 间有什么区别目前世界上主要的区域经
区域内成员间的所有经济部门均纳入一体化的范畴之内这属于区域经济一体化中的
全盘经济一体化
部门经济一体化
水平经济一体化
垂直经济一体化
区域经济一体化的组织形式有哪些
区域经济一体化组织指的是什么
区域经济一体化组织有力推进了国际贸易与相关规则建设下列组织中属于典型的区域经济一体化组织的是
IMF
OECD
APEC
WTO
下列关于区域经济一体化组织的描述错误的是
东南亚国家联盟的最高决策机构是首脑会议
亚太经济合作组织属于完全经济一体化的经济同盟组织
英国是欧盟成员国，但未加入欧元区
北美自由贸易区是典型的为南北双方共同发展与繁荣而组建的区域经济一体化组织
区域经济一体化的主要类型
什么是区域经济一体化它主要有哪几种形式请结合区域经济一体化发展的现实说明区域经济一体化对国际贸易的影
区域经济一体化各种模式中一体化程度最低的是
区域性合作集团
自由贸易区
关税同盟
完全经济一体化
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ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes. TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro. AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart. InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements. Wecanlearnfromthetextthatartcriticshaveahistoryof
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Ifgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances. YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime." Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. Intheeyesofthewritertheworseningatmosphereissomething
汇节分章张志聪
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 341.__________. 4KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 542.__________. 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 743.__________. 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 1044.__________. 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"map!-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 1345.__________. [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuir’jokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomis’beinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.44
Text3 IfgoodintentiIfgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances. YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime." Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns.onsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth--globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. CFCs--firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel--prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes.IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandcausecancerinhumans.Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1085detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplaceCFCswithsafersubstances. YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists.NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%’ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.’N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate.Thisisacrucialtime." Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxidemethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:aneventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. Accordingtothetextwhatencouragesthewriteristhat
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. Thepassageshowsthatthewriteristhepresentsituation.
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. ThewriterbelievesthattheRepublicPartyinfaceofthechallengefromitsopponentsshould
ThehistoryofresponsestotheworkoftheartistSandroBotticelli1444～1510suggeststhatwidespreadappreciationbycriticsisarelativelyrecentphenomenon.Writingin1550VasariexpressedanuneasewithBotticelli’sworkadmittingthattheartistfittedawkwardlyintohisevolutionaryschemeofthehistoryofart.OverthenexttwocenturiesacademicarthistoriansdefamedBotticelliinfavorofhisfellowsFlorentineMichelangelo.Evenwhenanti-academicarthistoriansoftheearlynineteenthcenturyrejectedmanyofthestandardsofevaluationadoptedbytheirpredecessorsBotticelli’sworkremainedoutsideofacceptedtastepleasingneitheramateurobserversnorconnoisseurs.Manyofhisbestpaintingshoweverremainedhiddenawayinobscurechurchesandprivatehomes. TheprimaryreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularityisnotdifficulttounderstand:mostobserversupuntilthemidnineteenthcenturydidnotconsiderhimtobenoteworthybecausehisworkforthemostpartdidnotseemtotheseobserverstoexhibitthetraditionalcharacteristicsoffifteenth-centuryFlorentineart.ForexampleBotticellirarelyemployedthetechniqueofstrictperspectiveandunlikeMichelangeloneverusedchiaroscuro. AnotherreasonforBotticelli’sunpopularitymayhavebeenthathisattitudetowardthestyleofclassicalartwasverydifferentfromthatofhiscontemporaries.Althoughhewasthoroughlyexposedtoclassicalartheshowedlittleinterestinborrowingfromtheclassicalstyle.Indeeditisparadoxicalthatapainteroflarge-scaleclassicalsubjectsadoptedastylethatwasonlyslightlysimilartothatofclassicalart. InanycasewhenviewersbegantoexaminemorecloselytherelationshipofBotticelli’sworktothetraditionoffifteenth-centuryFlorentinearthis’reputationbegantogrow.AnalysesandassessmentsofBotticellimadebetween1850and1870bytheartistsofthePreRaphaelitemovementaswellasbythewriterPateralthoughheunfortunatelybasedhisassessmentonanincorrectanalysisofBotticelli’spersonalityinspiredanewappreciationofBotticellithroughouttheEnglish-speakingworld.YetBotticelli’sworkespeciallytheSistinefrescoesdidnotgenerateworldwideattentionuntilitwasfinallysubjectedtoacomprehensiveandscrupulousanalysisbyHomein1908.Homerightlydemonstratedthatthefrescoessharedimportantfeatureswithpaintingsbyotherfifteenth-centuryFlorentinesfeaturessuchasskillfulrepresentationofanatomicalproportionsandofthehumanfigureinmotion.HoweverHomearguedthatBotticellididnottreatthesequalitiesasendsinthemselves--ratherthatheemphasizedcleardepletionofastoryauniqueachievementandonethatmadethetraditionalFlorentinequalitieslesscentral.BecauseofHome’semphasiscrucialtoanystudyofartthetwentiethcenturyhascometoappreciateBottieelli’sachievements. ThewordconnoisseursParagraph1mostprobablymeans
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. ThemaplesmokeofautumnbonfiresisincensetoCanadians.Bestowingperfumeforthenosecolorfortheeyesweetnessforthespringtonguethesugarmaplepromptsthissharingofafavoritemythandoriginaletymologyofthewordmaple. 2ThemapleloomslargeinOjibwafolktales.Thetimeofyearforsugaring-offis"intheMapleMoon."AmongOjibwatheprimordialfemalefigureisNokomisawisegrandmother. 341.__________. 4KnowingthiswasapursuittothedeathNokomisoutsmartedthecolddevils.Shehidinastandofmapletreesallredandorangeanddeepyellow.Thismaplegrovegrewbesideawaterfallwhosemistblurredthetrees’outline.Astheypeeredthroughthemistslaveringwendigosthoughttheysawaragingfireinwhichtheirpreywasburning. 542.__________. 6Fortheirserviceinsavingtheearthmother’slifethesemaplesweregivenaspecialgift:theirwateroflifewouldbeforeversweetandCanadianswouldtapitfornourishment. 743.__________. 8ThecontentionthatmaplesyrupisuniquetoNorthAmericaissuspectIbelieve.Chinahascloseto10speciesofmaplemorethananycountryintheworld.Canadahas10nativespecies.NorthAmericadoeshappentobehometothesugarmaplethespeciesthatproducesthesweetestsapandthemostabundantflow. 9ButarewetobelievethatinthousandsofyearsofChinesehistorytheseinventivepeoplenevertappedamapletotasteitssapIspeculatethattheydid. 1044.__________. 11Whatiscertainisthemaple’sholdfastonournationalimagination.IsleafwasadoptedasanembleminNewFranceasearlyas1700andinEnglishCanadabythemid-19thcentury.Inthefallof1867aTorontoschoolteachernamedAlexanderMuirwastraipsingatstreetathecityallsquelchyunderfootfromthesoftfeltoffallingleaveswhenamapleleafalightedtohiscoatsleeveandstuckthere. 12Theword"maple"isfrom"mapeltreow"theOldEnglishtermformapletreewith"mapl"--asitsProto-Germanicrootacompoundinwhichthefirst"m"--isIbelievethenearlyworldwide"ma"oneofthefirsthumansoundsthepursingofababy’slipsasitpreparestosuckmilkfrommother’sbreast.The"ma"rootgivesriseinmanyworldlanguagestothousandsofwordslike"mama""mammary""maia"and"Amazon."Hereitwouldmake"map!-"mean"nourishingmothertree"thatistreewhosemaplesapinnourishing. 1345.__________. [A]Thesecondpartofthecompound"apl-"isavariantofIndo-Europeanable"fruitofanytree"andtheoriginofanotherEnglishfruitwordapple.Sotheprimitiveanalogycomparestheliquidsapwithanothernourishingliquidmother’smilk. [B]Inonetaleaboutseasonalchangecannibalwendigos-creaturesofevil-chasedthroughtheautumncountrysideoldNokomiswhowasasymbolforfemalefertility.Wendigosthroveinicycold.Whentheyenteredthebodiesofhumansthehumanheartfrozesolid. [C]Herewendigosrepresentoncomingwinter.TheywerehuntingtokillandeatpoorNokomisthewarmembodimentoffemalefecunditywholikethesummerhasgrownold. [D]CouldProto-AmericaswhocrossedtheBeringlandbridgetopopulatetheAmericashavebroughtwiththemaknowledgeofmaplesyrupIsthereaveryoldChinesephraseformaplesyrupIsmaplesyrupmentionedinChineseliteratureForanon-readerofChinesesuchquestionsaredauntingbutnotimpossibletoanswer. [E]MapleanditssyrupflowsweetlyintoCanadianhumor.Quebeckershavedevelopedaspecialloveforsuchanutriment. [F]Afteritresistedseveralbrushings-offMuir’jokedtohiswalkingcompanionthatthiswouldbe"themapleleafforever!"AthomethateveninghewroteapoemandsetittomusicincelebrationofCanada’sConfederation.Muir’ssong"TheMapleLeafForever"waswildlypopularandhelpedfastenthesymbolfirmlytoCanada. [G]ButitwasonlyoldNokomis’beinghiddenbythebrightredleavesofherfriendsthemaples.Andsodroolingiceandhuffingfrostthewendigosleftherandsoughteasierprey. 42
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic. Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend. Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomy"saysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant. Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin. Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket."Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreat"saysFurash."Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot." Intheeyesofthewriterbankfailuresintheearly1930s
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic. Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend. Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomy"saysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant. Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin. Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket."Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreat"saysFurash."Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot." Whichofthefollowingmaybethebesttitleforthistext
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Directions: A.Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinnolessthan200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethecartoon 2deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictureand 3giveyourcomments.
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
WhatwouldhappentotheU.S.economyifallitscommercialbankssuddenlyclosedtheirdoorsThroughoutmostofAmericanhistorytheanswerwouldhavebeenadisasterofepicproportionsakintotheDepressionwroughtbythechain-reactionbankfailuresintheearly1930s.Butin1993thestartlingansweristhatashutdownbybanksmightbefarfromcataclysmic. Considerthis:thoughtheeconomicrecoveryisnow27monthsoldnotasinglenetnewdollarhasbeenlenttobusinessbybanksinallthattime.LastweektheFederalReservereportedthattheamountofloansthenation’slargestbankshavemadetobusinessesfellanadditional$2.4billionintheweekendingJune9to$274.8billion.FearfulthatthescarcityofbankcreditmightsabotagethefragileeconomytheWhiteHouseandfederalagenciesareworkingfeverishlytoencouragebankstoopentheirlendingwindows.Inthepasttwoweeksgovernmentregulatorshaveintroducedstepstomakeiteasierforbankstolend. Isthegovernment’sconcernfullyjustifiedWhoreallyneedsbanksthesedaysHardlyanyoneitturnsout.Whilebanksoncedominatedbusinesslendingtodaynearly80%ofallsuchloanscomefromnonbanklenderslikelifeinsurersbrokeragefirmsandfinancecompanies.Banksusedtobetheonlysourceofmoneyintown.Nowbusinessesandindividualscanwritechecksontheirinsurancecompaniesgetaloanfromapensionfundanddepositpaychecksinamoney-marketaccountwithabrokeragefirm."Itispossibleforbankstodieandstillhaveavibranteconomy"saysEdwardFurashaWashingtonbankconsultant. Theironyisthattheacceleratingslideintoirrelevancecomesjustasthebanksrackeduprecordprofitsof$43billionoverthepast15monthscreatingtheillusionthattheindustryisstagingacomeback.Butthatincomewasnottheresultofsmartlendingdecisions.InsteadofearningmoneybyfinancingAmerica’srecoverythebanksmainlyinvestedtheirfunds--onwhichtheywerepayingabargain-basement2%orso--inrisk-freeTreasurybondsthatyielded7%.Thatleftbankofficerswithlittletodoexceptputtheirfeetontheirdesksandwatchtheinterestrollin. Thoseprofitsmayhavecomeataprice.Notonlydidbankerslosemanyloyalcustomersbywithholdingcredittheyalsoinadvertentlyopenedthedoortoaherdofnonbankcompetitorswhostampededintothelendingmarket."Thebankingindustrydidn’tseethisthreat"saysFurash."Theyarebeingfatdumbandhappy.Theydidn’trealizethatbankingisessentialtoamoderneconomybutbanksarenot." Theroleofcommercialbanksarebeingdramaticallymarginalizedbecause
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Theoldadageofthetitlehasaparallelinthescientificworld"allresearchleadstobiomedicaladvances".Thefactthatresearchinonedisciplinecontributestoanotheriswellunderstoodbythescientificcommunity.Itisnothoweversocleartothepublicortopublicpolicy-makers.46Becausepublicsupportforfundingofbiomedicalresearchisstrongthescientificcommunitycouldbuildamoreeffectivecaseforpublicsupportofallsciencebyarticulatinghowresearchinotherdisciplinesbenefitsbiologicalmedicine. Thetimeisripetoimprovepublicappreciationofscience.ArecentNationalScienceFoundationsurveysuggestedthatAmericanscontinuetosupportresearchexpenditures.Inadditionpublicopinionpollsindicatethatscientistsandscienceleadersenjoyenviablyhighpublicesteems.47Insteadoflamentingthelackofpublicunderstandingofsciencewecanworktoenhancepublicappreciationofscientificresearchbyshowinghowinvestigationsareinmanyareasclose-knitandcontributetobiomedicaladvances.Acrucialtaskistoconveytothepublicineasilyunderstoodtermsthespecificbenefitsandtheoverallgoodthatresultfromresearchinallareasofscience. Takeforexampleagriculturalresearch.48Onthesurfaceitmayappeartohavemadefewsignificantcontributionstobiomedicaladvancesexceptthosedirectlyrelatedtohumannutrition.Thisviewisincorrecthowever.Inthecaseofnutritiontheconnectionsbetweenagriculturalandbiomedicalresearcharebestexemplifiedbythevitamindiscoveries.49Attheturnofthecenturywhentheconceptofvitaminshadnotyetsurfacedandnutritionasascientificdisciplinedidnotexistitwasinadepartmentofagriculturalchemistrythatthefirsttruedemonstrationofvitaminswasmade.Single-grainfeedingexperimentsdocumentedtherolesofvitaminsAandB.Theessentialroleofsomemineralsironandcopperwasshownlaterandthesediscoveriesprovidedthebasisofmodernhumannutritionresearch. 50Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.Life-savingantibioticssuchasstreptomycinwerediscoveredinsoilmicroorganisms.Thefirstembryotransplantwasmadeinadairycowandrelatedresearchledtoadvancesintheunderstandingofhumanreproduction. Despitesuchdirectlinkshoweveritisthelatestdiscoveriesthathavebeenmadeinagriculturalresearchthatrevealitstrueimportancetobiomedicine.
Modernliberalopinionissensitivetoproblemsofrestrictionoffreedomandabuseofpower.1manyholdthatamancanbeinjuredonlybyviolatinghiswillbutthisviewismuchtoo2.Itfailsto3thegreatdangersweshallfaceinthe4ofbiomedicaltechnologythatstemsfromanexcessoffreedomfromtheunrestrained5ofwill.Inmyviewourgreatestproblemswillbevoluntaryself-degradationorwillingdehumanizationasistheunintendedyetofteninescapableconsequenceofsternlyandsuccessfullypursuingourhumanization6. Certain7andperfectedmedicaltechnologieshavealreadyhadsomedehumanizingconsequences.Improvedmethodsofresuscitationhavemade8heroiceffortto"save"theseverelyillandinjured.Yettheseeffortsaresometimesonlypartlysuccessful:Theymaysucceedin9individualsbuttheseindividualsmayhaveseverbraindamageandbecapableofonlyaless-than-humanvegetating10.Suchpatientshavebeen11adeathwithdignity.Familiesareforcedtobeartheburdenofa12"deathwatch". 13theordinarymethodsoftreatingdiseaseandprolonginglifehavechangedthe14inwhichmendie.Fewerandfewerpeopledieinthefamiliarsurroundingsofhomeorinthe15offamilyandfriends.Thisloneliness16isnotconfinedtothedyingpatientinthehospitalbed.Asagrouptheelderlyarethemostalienatedmembersofoursociety:Notyet17theworldofthedeadnotdeemedfitfortheworldofthelivingtheyareshunted18.Wehavelearnedhowtoincreasetheiryears19wehavenotlearnedhowtohelpthemenjoytheirdays.Yetwecontinuetobravelyandfeverishlypushbackthefrontiers20death. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
TheRepublicanPartyhaslostitsmind.Towinelectionsapartyneedsvotesobviouslyandconstituencies.Firsthoweveritneedsideas.In1994--95theRepublicanPartyhadafterlongstruggleadvancedacoherentcompellingsetofpoliticalideasexpressedinaspecificlegislativeagenda.Thepoliticalstoryof1996isthatthissamepartywithinthespaceofsixweeksthenbecametotallyshockinglyintellectuallyderanged. ThenastonishinglyontheverymomentoftheirphilosophicalvictoryjustastheRepublicanspreparedtocarrytheseideasintobattleinNovembercamecannonfirefromtherear.PatBuchananfirstcameouttodeclareageneralinsurrection.TheenemyaccordingtoBuchananisnotthewelfarestate.ItisthatconservativeiconcapitalismwithitsruthlesscaptainsofindustrygreedyfinanciersandpoliticalelitesRepublicansincludedofcourse.Allthreegroupscollaboratetoletforeigners--immigrantstradersparasiticforeign-aidloafers--destroythegoodlifeoftheordinaryAmericanworker. Buchananismwouldsupportandwieldabigandmightygovernmentapparatustoprotectthelittleguyfrombuffetingagovernmentthatbuildstradewallsandimmigrant-repellingfencesthatimposespunitivetaxesonimportsandthatpolicesthehiringandfiringpracticesofbusinesswiththearroganceofthemostzealousforcer. Republicanshavefocusedtoomuchonthemeretacticaldangersposedbythisassault.YesitgivesammunitiontotheDemocrats.YesitputstheeventualnomineethroughabruisingcampaignanddelivershimtarnishedanddrainedintotheringagainstBillClinton. Buttherealdangerisphilosophicalnottactical.Itisaxiomsnotjustpoliciesthatareunderfire.TheRepublicanideaofsmallergovernmentisbeinggroundtodust--byRepublicans.InthemiddleofanelectionyearwhentheyshouldbehoningtheirthemesagainstDemocraticliberalismBuchanan’sriseisforcingapointlessrearguardbattleagainstaphilosophicalcorpsetheobsoletepaleoconservatism--amixofnativismprotectionismandisolationism--ofthe1930s. Asthecandidates’debateinArizonalastweekshowedtheentireprimarycampaignwillbefoughtonBuchanan’sgroundsfendingoffhisSmoot-Hawley-Francopopulism.AndthenwhatAftertheconventionwhatdoesthenomineedoTrytoresurrecttheanti-welfarestatethemesofthehistoricallysuccessful’94congressionalcampaign Politicalpartiescansurvivebruisingprimarybattles.Theycannotsurviveideologicalmeltdown.DoleandBuchanansaytheyarefightingfortheheartandsouloftheRepublicanParty.Heartandsoulhoweverwillgetyounowherewhenyou’velostyourway--andyourmind. Buchananarguesthatthegovernmenthastoholdinhighregard
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