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下列事件中发生在商朝的是
周公东征
盘庚迁殷
国人暴动
平王东迁
哪本书记载盘庚迁殷后273年更不系都
商朝在盘庚迁殷之前共迁都多少次
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
竹书纪年载仲丁迁于隞河亶甲乙迁于庇南庚迁于奄盘庚自奄迁于北蒙号之曰殷自盘庚迁殷至纣之灭二百七十三年更
①②③④
①②④
②③④
①②
商朝前期曾几次迁都后来迁都到殷以后商的都城才稳定下来历史上称为
伯益迁殷
盘庚迁殷
商汤迁殷
商纣迁殷
盘庚迁殷后商朝在盘庚之后共经历11位君王共延续了254年
商朝在迁殷时在位的王是
太康
南庚
盘庚
小辛
下列关于商朝频繁迁都以及盘庚迁殷的说法正确的是
商朝频繁迁徙的原因，人们的猜测包括土地贫瘠说和地质灾害说。
盘庚时期社会区域稳定，定都在殷墟，自然生态环境适应国都的建设和发展，国家开始走上稳定的生活状态。
盘庚迁殷是商朝历史发展关键性的转折点，国家的物质财富和精神财富得到了充分的积累。
上述三项都对
在下列事件中导致王朝更替的是
盘庚迁殷
牧野之战
周公东征
共和行政
下列历史内容不可能被司马迁写入史记的是
盘庚迁殷
楚庄王问鼎中原
西汉建立
云冈石窟艺术
下列事件发生的顺序是①国人暴动②牧野大战③商汤建国④盘庚迁殷
①②③④
②③④①
③④②①
④③②①
在下列事件中导致王朝更替的是
盘庚迁殷
牧野之战
周公东征
共和行政
汤灭夏后以商作为国名后迁殷
武丁
帝乙
太甲
盘庚
与西周王朝建立有关的典故是
盘庚迁殷
武王伐纣
周公东征
平王东迁
探究题在盘庚之前商朝都城先后迁了五次主要是因为水患和政治动乱盘庚即位时政治上混乱相当严重阶级斗争也日
商代被人们称为殷商是因为公元前1300年的盘庚迁殷都城稳定 下来的缘故
文献记载商朝在盘庚迁殷之前共迁都次
6
7
8
9
汤灭夏后以商作为国名后迁殷
武丁
帝乙
太甲
盘庚
盘庚迁殷这个事件发生在下列哪个朝代
夏朝
商朝
西周
东周
商朝从汤建国到迁殷之前共经历了20为君王迁殷时的王是下列哪一位
盘庚
阳甲
南庚
沃甲
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新石器时代的房屋建筑根据环境的不同形成了不同的类型地区多为干栏式建筑
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmereassimilation.
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 41
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston.WehavealotofsympathyforthecityTaylorsaid.Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresultsforthem.Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasaccelerated.complicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobscorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm.Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifference10thebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay.Butiftheydon’thesaidwithtypicalglibnessI’llsendthemapostcard.ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback.NewOrleanswasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.PeoplewerealwaysdribblingoutsaysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs.We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobshesays.We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry.OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartrainandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy.WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisionssaysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompanylikemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.ThemovewillmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalentWilsonsays.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat.
原始人群是人类最早的社会组织形式这种社会组织组成的纽带是
原始人群进入母系氏族公社的根本经济原因是
古人时期人们的经济来源主要来自两大部门
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston.WehavealotofsympathyforthecityTaylorsaid.Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresultsforthem.Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasaccelerated.complicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobscorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm.Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifference10thebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay.Butiftheydon’thesaidwithtypicalglibnessI’llsendthemapostcard.ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback.NewOrleanswasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.PeoplewerealwaysdribblingoutsaysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs.We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobshesays.We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry.OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartrainandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy.WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisionssaysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompanylikemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.ThemovewillmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalentWilsonsays.AccordingtoWilsonChevronintendstotransferitsemployeeschieflyto
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea.Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthisideaofburyingpollutionseemstobe
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SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea.Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.Accordingtothepassageoilresultsinairpollutionbecause
中原地区部落联盟首领尧年老后选舜为继承人并传位给舜舜年老后传为给禹这种职位继承制度史称
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 45
[A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandB.Allresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwellineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 43
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.Thephrasecavedinlines3-4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
我国境内发现的新石器时代文化遗址有6千多处遍布黄河流域和长江流域其中江南地区迄今发现的最早的新石器文化遗址是
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisabadidea.Whenoilburnsitdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeopleburnsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthegreenhousegases’thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise.Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment—thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse.AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy.Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks—mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture.TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithit.TheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasadisadvantageofburyingpollution
DiscussionoftheassimilationofPuertoRicans波多黎各人intheUnitedStateshasfocusedontwofactors:socialstandingandthelossofnationalculture.IngeneralexcessivestressisplacedononefactorortheotherdependingonwhetherthecommentatorisNorthAmericanorPuertoRican.ManyNorthAmericansocialscientistssuchasOscarHandlinJosephFitzpatrickandOscarLewisconsiderPuertoRicansasthemostrecentinalonglineofethnicentrantstooccupythelowestrungonthesocialladder.46Sucha"sociodemographic"approachtendstoregardassimilationasabenignprocesstakingforgrantedincreasedeconomicadvantageandinevitableculturalintegrationinasupposedlyegalitariancontext.HoweverthisapproachfailstotakeintoaccountthecolonialnatureofthePuertoRicancasewiththisgroupunliketheirEuropeanpredecessorscomingfromanationpoliticallysubordinatedtotheUnitedStates.47Eventhe"radical"critiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority. Incontrastthe"colonialist"approachofislandbasedwriterssuchasEduardoSeda-BonillaManuelMaldonado-DenisandLuisNieves-Falcontendstoviewassimilationastheforcedlossofnationalcultureinanunequalcontestwithimposedforeignvalues.ThereisofcourseastrongtraditionofculturalaccommodationamongotherPuertoRicanthinkers.ThewritingsofEugenioFernandezMendezclearlyexemplifythistraditionandmanysupportersofPuertoRico’scommonwealthstatussharethesameuniversalizingorientation.48ButthePuertoRicanintellectualswhohavewrittenmostabouttheassimilationprocessintheUnitedStatesalladvanceculturalnationalistviewsadvocatingthepreservationofminorityculturaldistinctionsandrejectingwhattheyseeasthesubmissionofcolonialnationalities. ThisculturalandpoliticalemphasisisappropriatebutthecolonialistthinkersmisdirectitoverlookingtheclassrelationsatworkinbothPuertoRicanandNorthAmericanhistory.Theyposetheclashofnationalculturesasanabsolutepolaritywitheachcultureunderstoodasstaticandundifferentiated.49YetboththePuertoRicanandNorthAmericantraditionshavebeensubjecttoconstantchallengefromculturalforceswithintheirownsocietiesforcesthatmaymovetowardeachotherinwaysthatcannotbewrittenoffasmere"assimilation."ConsiderforexampletheindigenousandAfro-CaribbeantraditionsinPuertoRicancultureandhowtheyinfluenceandareinfluencedbyotherCaribbeanculturesandBlackculturesintheUnitedStates.50Theelementsofcompulsionandinequalitysocentraltoculturalcontactaccordingtothecolonialistframeworkplaynoroleinthiskindofconvergenceofraciallyandethnicallydifferentelementsofthesamesocialclass. EventheradicalcritiquesofthismainstreamresearchmodelsuchasthecritiquedevelopedinDividedSocietyattachtheissueofethnicassimilationtoomechanicallytofactorsofeconomicandsocialmobilityandarethusunabletoilluminatetheculturalsubordinationofPuertoRicansasacolonialminority.
传说帝尧时十日并出尧使东夷人首领射日为民除害
火的使用是人类在征服自然过程中所取得的伟大成果开始使用天然火是在
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.IcouldtellyouhorrorstoriessaysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hoursonewrites.Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromworkwritesanother.Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105km/h].Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemywritesathirdbecausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelievesdoctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment.TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston.WehavealotofsympathyforthecityTaylorsaid.Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresultsforthem.Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasaccelerated.complicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobscorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm.Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifference10thebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay.Butiftheydon’thesaidwithtypicalglibnessI’llsendthemapostcard.ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback.NewOrleanswasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.PeoplewerealwaysdribblingoutsaysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs.We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobshesays.We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry.OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartrainandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy.WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisionssaysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompanylikemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.ThemovewillmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalentWilsonsays.MayorRayNaginisquotedinthe3rdparagraphto
父权制确立的标志是
家畜饲养业是在狩猎经济的基础上发展起来的家畜饲养业最初发生在
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly.Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare.Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep.IcouldtellyouhorrorstoriessaysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying.Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hoursonewrites.Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound.PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromworkwritesanother.Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[105km/h].Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemywritesathirdbecausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep.Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit.Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelievesdoctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment.TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed.Inthelastparagraphtheexpressionpatientsareontheirownmostprobablymeans
我国历史上的原始人群时期从距今一百七八十万年前开始到距今四五万年前结束相当于考古学上的
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity.Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts.TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.TheBasicFourcampaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries.Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.ThenewpyramidcalledMyPyramidabandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation.Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized.Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice.Thebiggestproblemwiththenewpyramidseemstobethat
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