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Though some people have suggested that women should return to housework in order to leave more jo...
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1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
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1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
1Thewordaddictionusuallymakesyouthinkofalcoholordr
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Text2 Accordingtopsychologistsanemotionisarousedwhenamanoranimalviewssomethingaseitherbadorgood.Whenapersonfeelslikerunningawayfromsomethinghethinkswillhurthimwecallthisemotionfear.Ifthepersonwantstoremovethedangerbyattackingitwecalltheemotionanger.Theemotionsofjoyandlovearearousedwhenwethinksomethingcanhelpus.Anemotiondoesnothavetobecreatedbysomethingintheoutsideworld.Itcanbecreatedbyaperson’sthoughts. Everyonehasemotions.Manypsychologistsbelievethatinfantsarebornwithoutemotions.Theybelievechildrenlearnemotionsjustastheylearntoreadandwrite.Agrowingchildnotonlylearnshisemotionsbutlearnshowtoactincertainsituationsbecauseofanemotion. Psychologiststhinkthattherearetwotypesofemotions:positiveandnegative.Positiveemotionsincludelovelikingjoydelightandhope.Theyarearousedbysomethingthatappealstoaperson.Negativeemotionsmakeapersonunhappyordissatisfied.Theyincludeangerfeardespairsadnessanddisgust.Ingrowingupapersonlearnstocopewiththenegativeemotionsinordertobehappy. Emotionsmaybeweakorstrong.Somestrongemotionsaresounpleasantthatapersonwilltryanymeanstoescapefromthem.Inordertofeelhappythepersonmaychooseunusualwaystoavoidtheemotion. Strongemotionscanmakeithardtothinkandtosolveproblems.Theymaypreventapersonfromlearningorpayingattentiontowhatheisdoing.Forexampleastudenttakinganexaminationmaybesoworriedaboutfailingthathecannotthinkproperly.Theworrydrainsvaluablementalenergyheneedsfortheexamination. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
Text4 Admittedlyminoraccidentsandslipupscontinuetoshakepublicconfidenceinnuclearpower. Giventheunquantifiablerisksthatnuclearpowercarriesitisonlyrightthattheindustrybesubjectedtothetestofpublicopinionandduepoliticalprocess.Howeverthisarguesforexceptionalvigilanceregulatoryscrutinyandaccountability-andnotforbansorshutdowns. Thosenuclearoperatorswithagoodsafetyrecorddeservetohavetheirlicensesrenewedsothatexistingplantsmayruntotheendoftheirusefullives. TheBushadministrationsenthusiasticsupportgoesalotfurtherthanthishowever.Italsowantstoseenewplants.Proponentsofnewnuclearpowerstationsmakethreeargumentsintheirfavor. Theywillenhanceenergysecuritybylesseningdependenceonfossilfuels;Farfrombeingenvironmentallyharmfultheywillbebeneficialbecausetheywillreducetheoutputofgreenhousegases;Andmostcruciallytheeconomicsofnuclearpowerhasimprovedfromthedayswhenitwaswhollydependentonbailoutandsubsidy. Yettheseargumentsdonotstanduptoscrutiny.TheclaimthatgovernmentsshouldsupportnuclearpowertoreducetheirvulnerabilitytotheOPECoilcartelisdoublyabsurd.Littleoilisusedinpowergeneration:whatnuclearpowerdisplacesismostlynaturalgasandcoalwhicharenotonlymoreplentifulthanoilbutalsogeographicallybetterdistributed.Securityisenhancednotbyseekingenergyself-sufficiencybutthroughdiversificationofsupplies.Creatinglotsoffissilematerialthatmightbepinchedbyterroristsisanoddwaytolookforsecurityanyway.WhatabouttheargumentthatclimatechangemightbethegreatsaviorofnuclearpowerGlobalwarmingisindeedariskthatshouldbetakenmoreseriouslythantheBoshadministrationhassofardone. Nuclearplantsdonotproduceanycarbondioxidewhichistheprincipalgreenhousegas. Howeverrushinginresponsetobuilddozensofnewnuclearplantswouldbebothneedlesslyexpensiveandenvironmentallyunsound.Itwouldmakefarmoresensetoadoptacarbontaxwhichwouldputcleanenergysourcessuchassolarandwindonanequalfootingwithnuclearwhosewasteposesanundeniableifremoteenvironmentalthreatofitsownforaeonstocome. Governmentsshouldalsodismantleallsubsidiesonfossilfuels--especiallyforcoalthedirtiestofall.Theyshouldadoptreformsthatsendproperpricesignalstothosewhousepowerandsoreduceemissions.Globalwarmingcertainlyprovidesoneargumentinfavorofnuclearpower:Butitisnotsufficientonitsowntojustifyanuclearrenaissance. What'sthepublic'sopinionaboutnuclearindustry
Howstrangeisthelotofus1!Eachofusishereforabriefsojourn;forwhatpurposeheknowsnotthoughhesometimesthinkshesensesit.Butwithoutdeeper2oneknowsfromdailylifethatoneexistsforotherpeople--firstofallforthoseuponwh6sesmilesandwell-beingourownhappinessiswholly3andthenforthemanyunknown4us5destiniesweareboundbythetiesofsymphathy.AhundredtimeseverydayIremindmyself6myinnerandouterlife7thelaborsofothermenlivinganddeadandthatImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinthesamemeasure8Ihavereceivedandamstillreceiving.IamstronglydrawntoafrugallifeandamoftenoppressivelyawarethatIamengrossinganundue9ofthelaborofmyfellow-men.Iregardclassdistinctionsasunjustifiedandinthelastresortbasedonforce.Ialsobelievethatasimpleandunassuminglifeisgoodforeverybodyphysicallyand10. Idonotatall11humanfreedominthephilosophicalsense.Everybodyactsnotonlyunder12compulsionbutalso13innernecessity.Schopenhauer’ssaying"Amancandowhathewants;14notwantwhathewants"hasbeenaveryrealinspirationtome15myyouth;ithasbeenacontinualconsolation16life’shardshipsmyownand17andanunfailingwell-springoftolerance.Thisrealizationmercifullymitigatestheeasilyparalyzingsenseofresponsibilityandpreventsusfrom18ourselvesandotherpeople19seriously;itis20aviewoflifewhichinparticulargiveshumoritsdue. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.7
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Howstrangeisthelotofus1!Eachofusishereforabriefsojourn;forwhatpurposeheknowsnotthoughhesometimesthinkshesensesit.Butwithoutdeeper2oneknowsfromdailylifethatoneexistsforotherpeople--firstofallforthoseuponwh6sesmilesandwell-beingourownhappinessiswholly3andthenforthemanyunknown4us5destiniesweareboundbythetiesofsymphathy.AhundredtimeseverydayIremindmyself6myinnerandouterlife7thelaborsofothermenlivinganddeadandthatImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinthesamemeasure8Ihavereceivedandamstillreceiving.IamstronglydrawntoafrugallifeandamoftenoppressivelyawarethatIamengrossinganundue9ofthelaborofmyfellow-men.Iregardclassdistinctionsasunjustifiedandinthelastresortbasedonforce.Ialsobelievethatasimpleandunassuminglifeisgoodforeverybodyphysicallyand10. Idonotatall11humanfreedominthephilosophicalsense.Everybodyactsnotonlyunder12compulsionbutalso13innernecessity.Schopenhauer’ssaying"Amancandowhathewants;14notwantwhathewants"hasbeenaveryrealinspirationtome15myyouth;ithasbeenacontinualconsolation16life’shardshipsmyownand17andanunfailingwell-springoftolerance.Thisrealizationmercifullymitigatestheeasilyparalyzingsenseofresponsibilityandpreventsusfrom18ourselvesandotherpeople19seriously;itis20aviewoflifewhichinparticulargiveshumoritsdue. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.15
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
Thecarrot-and-sticktheoryofmotivationlikeNewtonianphysicaltheoryworksreasonablywellundercertaincircumstances.46Themeansforsatisfyingmansphysiologicalandwithinlimitshissafetyneedscanbeprovidedorwithheldbymanagement.Employmentitselfissuchameansandsoarewagesworkingconditionsandbenefits.Bythesemeanstheindividualcanbecontrolledsolongasheisstrugglingforsubsistence. Butthecarrot-and-sticktheorydoesnotworkatalloncemanhasreachedanadequatesubsistencelevelandismotivatedprimarilybyhigherneeds.Managementcannotprovideamanwithself-respectorwiththerespectofhisfellowsorwiththesatisfactionofneedsforself-fulfillment.47Itcancreatesuchconditionsthatheisencouragedandenabledtoseeksuchsatisfactionsforhimselforitcanthwarthimbyfailingtocreatethoseconditions. Butthiscreationofconditionsisnotcontrol.Itisnotagooddevicefordirectingbehavior. Andsomanagementfindsitselfinanoddposition.Thehighstandardoflivingcreatedbyourmoderntechnologicalknow-howprovidesquiteadequatelyforthesatisfactionofphysiologicalandsafetyneeds.Theonlysignificantexceptioniswheremanagementpracticeshavenotcreatedconfidenceina"fairbreak"andthuswheresafetyneedsarethwarted.48Butbymakingpossiblethesatisfactionoflow-levelneedsmanagementhasdepriveditselfoftheabilitytouseasmotive.totsthedevicesonwhichconventionaltheoryhastaughtittorely--rewardspromisesincentivestorthreatsandothercoercivedevices. 49Thephilosophyofmanagementbydirectionandcontrol--regardlessofwhetheritishardorsoft--is.inadequatetomotivatebecausethehumanneedsonwhichthisapproachreliesaretodayunimportantmotivatorsofbehavior.Directionandcontrolareessentiallyuselessinmotivatingpeoplewhoseimportantneedsaresocialandegoistic.Boththehardandthesoftapproachfailtodaybecausetheyaresimplyirrelevanttothesituation. 50Peopledeprivedofopportunitiestosatisfyatworktheneedswhicharenowimportanttothembehaveexactlyaswefightpredict--withindolencepassivityresistancetochangelackofresponsibilitywillingnesstofollowthedemagogueunreasonabledemandsforeconomicbenefits. Itwouldseemthatwearecaughtinawebofourownweaving. Itcancreatesuchconditionsthatheisencouragedandenabledtoseeksuchsatisfactionsforhimselforitcanthwarthimbyfailingtocreatethoseconditions.
Directions:YourfriendMaryBrownwillgotoWashingtonD.C.nextmonth.WritealettertoTonywhoisthereandintroduceMarytohim.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEETⅡ.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Text1 Dreamisastorythataperson"watches”oreven"takespartin"duringsleep.Dreameventsareimaginarybuttheyarerelatedtorealexperiencesandneedsinthedreamer’slife.Theyseemrealwhiletheyaretakingplace.Somedreamsarepleasantothersareannoyingandstillothersarefrightening. Everyonedreamsbutsomepersonsneverrecalldreaming.Othersrememberonlyalittleaboutadreamtheyhadjustbeforeawakeningandnothingaboutearlierdreams.Noonerecallsallhisdreams. Dreamsinvolvelittlelogicalthought.Inmostdreamsthedreamercannotcontrolwhathappenstohim.Thestorymaybeconfusingandthingshappenthatwouldnothappeninreallife.Peopleseeinmostdreamsbuttheymayalsohearsmelltouchandtasteintheirdreams. Mostdreamsoccurincolor.Butpersonswhohavebeenblindsincebirthdonotseeatallindreams. Dreamsareaproductofthesleeper’smind.Theyincludeeventsandfeelingsthathehasexperienced.Mostdreamsarerelatedtoeventsofthedaybeforethedreamandstrongwishesofthedreamer.Manyminorincidentsofthehoursbeforesleepappearindreams.Feweventsmorethantwodaysoldturnup.Deepwishesorfears-especiallythoseheldsincechildhood-oftenappearindreamsandmanydreamsfulfilsuchwishes.Eventsinthesleeper’ssurrounding-aloudnoiseforexamplemaybecomepartofadreambuttheydonotcausedreams. Somedreamsinvolvedeepfeelingsthatapersonmaynotrealizehehas.Psychiatristsoftenusematerialfromapatient’sdreamstohelpthepersonunderstandhimselfbetter. Dreamingmayhelpmaintaingoodlearningabilitymemoryandemotionaladjustment.Peoplewhogetplentyofsleep--butareawakenedeachtimetheybegintodream-becomeanxiousandrestless. Accordingtothepassagedreamsresultfrom
Text4 Admittedlyminoraccidentsandslipupscontinuetoshakepublicconfidenceinnuclearpower. Giventheunquantifiablerisksthatnuclearpowercarriesitisonlyrightthattheindustrybesubjectedtothetestofpublicopinionandduepoliticalprocess.Howeverthisarguesforexceptionalvigilanceregulatoryscrutinyandaccountability-andnotforbansorshutdowns. Thosenuclearoperatorswithagoodsafetyrecorddeservetohavetheirlicensesrenewedsothatexistingplantsmayruntotheendoftheirusefullives. TheBushadministrationsenthusiasticsupportgoesalotfurtherthanthishowever.Italsowantstoseenewplants.Proponentsofnewnuclearpowerstationsmakethreeargumentsintheirfavor. Theywillenhanceenergysecuritybylesseningdependenceonfossilfuels;Farfrombeingenvironmentallyharmfultheywillbebeneficialbecausetheywillreducetheoutputofgreenhousegases;Andmostcruciallytheeconomicsofnuclearpowerhasimprovedfromthedayswhenitwaswhollydependentonbailoutandsubsidy. Yettheseargumentsdonotstanduptoscrutiny.TheclaimthatgovernmentsshouldsupportnuclearpowertoreducetheirvulnerabilitytotheOPECoilcartelisdoublyabsurd.Littleoilisusedinpowergeneration:whatnuclearpowerdisplacesismostlynaturalgasandcoalwhicharenotonlymoreplentifulthanoilbutalsogeographicallybetterdistributed.Securityisenhancednotbyseekingenergyself-sufficiencybutthroughdiversificationofsupplies.Creatinglotsoffissilematerialthatmightbepinchedbyterroristsisanoddwaytolookforsecurityanyway.WhatabouttheargumentthatclimatechangemightbethegreatsaviorofnuclearpowerGlobalwarmingisindeedariskthatshouldbetakenmoreseriouslythantheBoshadministrationhassofardone. Nuclearplantsdonotproduceanycarbondioxidewhichistheprincipalgreenhousegas. Howeverrushinginresponsetobuilddozensofnewnuclearplantswouldbebothneedlesslyexpensiveandenvironmentallyunsound.Itwouldmakefarmoresensetoadoptacarbontaxwhichwouldputcleanenergysourcessuchassolarandwindonanequalfootingwithnuclearwhosewasteposesanundeniableifremoteenvironmentalthreatofitsownforaeonstocome. Governmentsshouldalsodismantleallsubsidiesonfossilfuels--especiallyforcoalthedirtiestofall.Theyshouldadoptreformsthatsendproperpricesignalstothosewhousepowerandsoreduceemissions.Globalwarmingcertainlyprovidesoneargumentinfavorofnuclearpower:Butitisnotsufficientonitsowntojustifyanuclearrenaissance. It'simpliedthat
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
41.ExtendsLanguageLearningTimeandPlace: Asmanyresearchershavenotede-mailextendswhatonecandointheclassroomsinceitprovidesavenueformeetingandcommunicatingintheforeignlanguageoutsideofclass.Becauseofthenatureofe-mailsFLlearnersdonothavetobeinaspecificclassroomataparticulartimeofdayinordertocommunicatewithothersintheforeignlanguage.Theycanloginandwritee-mailsfromthecomfortoftheirownroomfromapubliclibraryorfromacyber-cafeandthesespatialpossibilitiesincreasetheamountoftimetheycanspendbothcomposingandreadingintheforeignlanguageinacommunicativecontext. 42.ProvidesaContextforReal-worldCommunicationandAuthenticInteraction: ByconnectingFLspeakersoutsideoftheclassroome-mailalsoprovidesacontextforcommunicatingwithotherspeakersinauthenticcommunicativesituations.Interactionviae-maillendsafeelingofrealitytostudents’communicativeeffortsthatmayseemartificialinaclassroomsetting.Thiscommunicativeinteractionismuchlikespokenlanguagebecauseofitsinformalandinteractivenature.Yetunlikeface-to-facecommunicatione-mailisinwrittenformandthiscanservethelanguagelearnerwell. 43.ExpandsTopicsBeyondClassroom-basedOnes: Languageteachersoftenhavetofollowarigorousscheduleintermsofcontentand/orgrammaticaltopicstobepresentedandpracticedinasemesterormarkingperiod.Largechunksoftimecanrarelybesparedforfreecommunication. 44.PromotesStudent-centeredLanguageLearning: Ine-mailcommunicationFLlearnerscanexperienceincreasedcontrolovertheirownlearningsincetheycanchoosethetopicandchangethedirectionofthediscussion.TheendgoalistocommunicatewithanotherpersonintheFLratherthantoproduceamistake-freecomposition. 45.EncouragesEqualOpportunityParticipation: Beauvois1997reportedthatcomputer-mediatedcommunicationincreasedtotalclassparticipationto100%. ConnectsSpeakersQuicklyandCheaply E-mailallowsstudentstocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguagewithoutthehighcostoftravelingabroadHedderich1997;Roakes1998.BeforetheadventoftheInternetitwasnotpossibletocommunicatesoimmediatelyandsofrequentlywithnativespeakersorwithotherlearners. [A]Othershavenotedthatstudentsreticenttospeakinface-to-facecontextsaremorewillingtoparticipateintheelectroniccontextBeauvois1995;Gonzalez-Bueno1998;Warschauer1995. [B]Rankin1997notesthattheadditionalinteractionintheforeignlanguageprovidesFLlearnerswithmoreinputthantheywouldbeabletoexpectfromclasstimewhichtypicallyamountstonotmorethanfourhoursperweekinmosthighschoolorcollegesettings. [C]E-mailallowsforcommunicationbetweenstudentsinacontextwheretheteacher’sroleisnolongeratthecenterPatrikis1995. [D]E-mailgiveslearnersanadditionalcontextfordiscussionthatcanbe--butdoesnotnecessarilyhavetobelinkedtotopicsbeingcoveredinclass. [E]Frequentlyitisdifficultforstudentstoengageinanactivityinaforeignlanguageclasswithoutpreparationaheadoftime.Apre-classe-mailassignmentcantakecareofthegroundworkandsavevaluableclasstime.Examplesaregivenofwaysinwhichtheteachermightpreparestudentsforwritinglisteningandspeakingactivities. [F]AsSchwienkorst1998stressed"Themajoradvantageofwrittencommunicationis...thepossibilityforeachlearnertopreservetheentirecommunication..."andtohaveforfutureuse"anenormoussampleofhisorherowneffortsinthetargetlanguage." 45
Howstrangeisthelotofus1!Eachofusishereforabriefsojourn;forwhatpurposeheknowsnotthoughhesometimesthinkshesensesit.Butwithoutdeeper2oneknowsfromdailylifethatoneexistsforotherpeople--firstofallforthoseuponwh6sesmilesandwell-beingourownhappinessiswholly3andthenforthemanyunknown4us5destiniesweareboundbythetiesofsymphathy.AhundredtimeseverydayIremindmyself6myinnerandouterlife7thelaborsofothermenlivinganddeadandthatImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinthesamemeasure8Ihavereceivedandamstillreceiving.IamstronglydrawntoafrugallifeandamoftenoppressivelyawarethatIamengrossinganundue9ofthelaborofmyfellow-men.Iregardclassdistinctionsasunjustifiedandinthelastresortbasedonforce.Ialsobelievethatasimpleandunassuminglifeisgoodforeverybodyphysicallyand10. Idonotatall11humanfreedominthephilosophicalsense.Everybodyactsnotonlyunder12compulsionbutalso13innernecessity.Schopenhauer’ssaying"Amancandowhathewants;14notwantwhathewants"hasbeenaveryrealinspirationtome15myyouth;ithasbeenacontinualconsolation16life’shardshipsmyownand17andanunfailingwell-springoftolerance.Thisrealizationmercifullymitigatestheeasilyparalyzingsenseofresponsibilityandpreventsusfrom18ourselvesandotherpeople19seriously;itis20aviewoflifewhichinparticulargiveshumoritsdue. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.9
Text3 Peopledonotanalyzeeveryproblemtheymeet.Sometimestheytrytorememberasolutionfromthelasttimetheyhadasimilarproblem.Theyoftenaccepttheopinionsorideasofotherpeople.Othertimestheybegintoactwithoutthinking;theytrytofindasolutionbytrialanderror.Howeverwhenallthesemethodsfailthepersonwithaproblemhastostartanalyzing.Therearesixstagesinanalyzingaproblem. Firstthepersonmustrecognizethatthereisaproblem.ForexampleSam’sbicycleisbrokenandhecannotrideittoclassasheusuallydoes.Sammustseethatthereisaproblemwithhisbicycle. Nextthethinkermustdefinetileproblem.BeforeSamcanrepairhisbicyclehemustfindthereasonwhyitdoesnotwork.Forinstancehemustdetermineiftheproblemiswiththegearsthebrakesortheframe.Hemustmakehisproblemmorespecific. Nowthepersonmustlookforinformationthatwillmaketheproblemclearerandleadtopossiblesolutions.ForinstancesupposeSamdecidedthathisbikedoesnotworkbecausethereissomethingwrongwiththegearwheels.Atthistimehecanlookinhisbicyclerepairbookandreadaboutgears.Hecantalktohisfriendsatthebikeshop.Hecanlookathisgearscarefully. Afterstudyingtheproblemthepersonshouldhaveseveralsuggestionsforapossiblesolution. TakeSamasanillustration.Hissuggestionsmightbe:putoilonthegearwheels;buynewgearwheelsandreplacetheoldones;tightenorloosenthegearwheels. Eventuallyonesuggestionseemstobethesolutiontotheproblem.Sometimesthefinalideacomesverysuddenlybecausethethinkersuddenlyseessomethingneworseessomethinginanewway.Samforexamplesuddenlyseesthatthereisapieceofchewinggumbetweenthegearwheels.Heimmediatelyrealizesthesolutiontohisproblem:hemustcleanthegearwheels. Finallythesolutionistested.Samcleansthegearwheelsandfindsthatafterwardshisbicycleworksperfectly.Inshorthehassolvedtheproblem. Asusedinthelastsentencethephraseinshortmeans
Howstrangeisthelotofus1!Eachofusishereforabriefsojourn;forwhatpurposeheknowsnotthoughhesometimesthinkshesensesit.Butwithoutdeeper2oneknowsfromdailylifethatoneexistsforotherpeople--firstofallforthoseuponwh6sesmilesandwell-beingourownhappinessiswholly3andthenforthemanyunknown4us5destiniesweareboundbythetiesofsymphathy.AhundredtimeseverydayIremindmyself6myinnerandouterlife7thelaborsofothermenlivinganddeadandthatImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinthesamemeasure8Ihavereceivedandamstillreceiving.IamstronglydrawntoafrugallifeandamoftenoppressivelyawarethatIamengrossinganundue9ofthelaborofmyfellow-men.Iregardclassdistinctionsasunjustifiedandinthelastresortbasedonforce.Ialsobelievethatasimpleandunassuminglifeisgoodforeverybodyphysicallyand10. Idonotatall11humanfreedominthephilosophicalsense.Everybodyactsnotonlyunder12compulsionbutalso13innernecessity.Schopenhauer’ssaying"Amancandowhathewants;14notwantwhathewants"hasbeenaveryrealinspirationtome15myyouth;ithasbeenacontinualconsolation16life’shardshipsmyownand17andanunfailingwell-springoftolerance.Thisrealizationmercifullymitigatestheeasilyparalyzingsenseofresponsibilityandpreventsusfrom18ourselvesandotherpeople19seriously;itis20aviewoflifewhichinparticulargiveshumoritsdue. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.19
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
Text1 Dreamisastorythataperson"watches”oreven"takespartin"duringsleep.Dreameventsareimaginarybuttheyarerelatedtorealexperiencesandneedsinthedreamer’slife.Theyseemrealwhiletheyaretakingplace.Somedreamsarepleasantothersareannoyingandstillothersarefrightening. Everyonedreamsbutsomepersonsneverrecalldreaming.Othersrememberonlyalittleaboutadreamtheyhadjustbeforeawakeningandnothingaboutearlierdreams.Noonerecallsallhisdreams. Dreamsinvolvelittlelogicalthought.Inmostdreamsthedreamercannotcontrolwhathappenstohim.Thestorymaybeconfusingandthingshappenthatwouldnothappeninreallife.Peopleseeinmostdreamsbuttheymayalsohearsmelltouchandtasteintheirdreams. Mostdreamsoccurincolor.Butpersonswhohavebeenblindsincebirthdonotseeatallindreams. Dreamsareaproductofthesleeper’smind.Theyincludeeventsandfeelingsthathehasexperienced.Mostdreamsarerelatedtoeventsofthedaybeforethedreamandstrongwishesofthedreamer.Manyminorincidentsofthehoursbeforesleepappearindreams.Feweventsmorethantwodaysoldturnup.Deepwishesorfears-especiallythoseheldsincechildhood-oftenappearindreamsandmanydreamsfulfilsuchwishes.Eventsinthesleeper’ssurrounding-aloudnoiseforexamplemaybecomepartofadreambuttheydonotcausedreams. Somedreamsinvolvedeepfeelingsthatapersonmaynotrealizehehas.Psychiatristsoftenusematerialfromapatient’sdreamstohelpthepersonunderstandhimselfbetter. Dreamingmayhelpmaintaingoodlearningabilitymemoryandemotionaladjustment.Peoplewhogetplentyofsleep--butareawakenedeachtimetheybegintodream-becomeanxiousandrestless. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
Howstrangeisthelotofus1!Eachofusishereforabriefsojourn;forwhatpurposeheknowsnotthoughhesometimesthinkshesensesit.Butwithoutdeeper2oneknowsfromdailylifethatoneexistsforotherpeople--firstofallforthoseuponwh6sesmilesandwell-beingourownhappinessiswholly3andthenforthemanyunknown4us5destiniesweareboundbythetiesofsymphathy.AhundredtimeseverydayIremindmyself6myinnerandouterlife7thelaborsofothermenlivinganddeadandthatImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinthesamemeasure8Ihavereceivedandamstillreceiving.IamstronglydrawntoafrugallifeandamoftenoppressivelyawarethatIamengrossinganundue9ofthelaborofmyfellow-men.Iregardclassdistinctionsasunjustifiedandinthelastresortbasedonforce.Ialsobelievethatasimpleandunassuminglifeisgoodforeverybodyphysicallyand10. Idonotatall11humanfreedominthephilosophicalsense.Everybodyactsnotonlyunder12compulsionbutalso13innernecessity.Schopenhauer’ssaying"Amancandowhathewants;14notwantwhathewants"hasbeenaveryrealinspirationtome15myyouth;ithasbeenacontinualconsolation16life’shardshipsmyownand17andanunfailingwell-springoftolerance.Thisrealizationmercifullymitigatestheeasilyparalyzingsenseofresponsibilityandpreventsusfrom18ourselvesandotherpeople19seriously;itis20aviewoflifewhichinparticulargiveshumoritsdue. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.17
Howstrangeisthelotofus1!Eachofusishereforabriefsojourn;forwhatpurposeheknowsnotthoughhesometimesthinkshesensesit.Butwithoutdeeper2oneknowsfromdailylifethatoneexistsforotherpeople--firstofallforthoseuponwh6sesmilesandwell-beingourownhappinessiswholly3andthenforthemanyunknown4us5destiniesweareboundbythetiesofsymphathy.AhundredtimeseverydayIremindmyself6myinnerandouterlife7thelaborsofothermenlivinganddeadandthatImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinthesamemeasure8Ihavereceivedandamstillreceiving.IamstronglydrawntoafrugallifeandamoftenoppressivelyawarethatIamengrossinganundue9ofthelaborofmyfellow-men.Iregardclassdistinctionsasunjustifiedandinthelastresortbasedonforce.Ialsobelievethatasimpleandunassuminglifeisgoodforeverybodyphysicallyand10. Idonotatall11humanfreedominthephilosophicalsense.Everybodyactsnotonlyunder12compulsionbutalso13innernecessity.Schopenhauer’ssaying"Amancandowhathewants;14notwantwhathewants"hasbeenaveryrealinspirationtome15myyouth;ithasbeenacontinualconsolation16life’shardshipsmyownand17andanunfailingwell-springoftolerance.Thisrealizationmercifullymitigatestheeasilyparalyzingsenseofresponsibilityandpreventsusfrom18ourselvesandotherpeople19seriously;itis20aviewoflifewhichinparticulargiveshumoritsdue. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3 Peopledonotanalyzeeveryproblemtheymeet.Sometimestheytrytorememberasolutionfromthelasttimetheyhadasimilarproblem.Theyoftenaccepttheopinionsorideasofotherpeople.Othertimestheybegintoactwithoutthinking;theytrytofindasolutionbytrialanderror.Howeverwhenallthesemethodsfailthepersonwithaproblemhastostartanalyzing.Therearesixstagesinanalyzingaproblem. Firstthepersonmustrecognizethatthereisaproblem.ForexampleSam’sbicycleisbrokenandhecannotrideittoclassasheusuallydoes.Sammustseethatthereisaproblemwithhisbicycle. Nextthethinkermustdefinetileproblem.BeforeSamcanrepairhisbicyclehemustfindthereasonwhyitdoesnotwork.Forinstancehemustdetermineiftheproblemiswiththegearsthebrakesortheframe.Hemustmakehisproblemmorespecific. Nowthepersonmustlookforinformationthatwillmaketheproblemclearerandleadtopossiblesolutions.ForinstancesupposeSamdecidedthathisbikedoesnotworkbecausethereissomethingwrongwiththegearwheels.Atthistimehecanlookinhisbicyclerepairbookandreadaboutgears.Hecantalktohisfriendsatthebikeshop.Hecanlookathisgearscarefully. Afterstudyingtheproblemthepersonshouldhaveseveralsuggestionsforapossiblesolution. TakeSamasanillustration.Hissuggestionsmightbe:putoilonthegearwheels;buynewgearwheelsandreplacetheoldones;tightenorloosenthegearwheels. Eventuallyonesuggestionseemstobethesolutiontotheproblem.Sometimesthefinalideacomesverysuddenlybecausethethinkersuddenlyseessomethingneworseessomethinginanewway.Samforexamplesuddenlyseesthatthereisapieceofchewinggumbetweenthegearwheels.Heimmediatelyrealizesthesolutiontohisproblem:hemustcleanthegearwheels. Finallythesolutionistested.Samcleansthegearwheelsandfindsthatafterwardshisbicycleworksperfectly.Inshorthehassolvedtheproblem. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrue
Howstrangeisthelotofus1!Eachofusishereforabriefsojourn;forwhatpurposeheknowsnotthoughhesometimesthinkshesensesit.Butwithoutdeeper2oneknowsfromdailylifethatoneexistsforotherpeople--firstofallforthoseuponwh6sesmilesandwell-beingourownhappinessiswholly3andthenforthemanyunknown4us5destiniesweareboundbythetiesofsymphathy.AhundredtimeseverydayIremindmyself6myinnerandouterlife7thelaborsofothermenlivinganddeadandthatImustexertmyselfinordertogiveinthesamemeasure8Ihavereceivedandamstillreceiving.IamstronglydrawntoafrugallifeandamoftenoppressivelyawarethatIamengrossinganundue9ofthelaborofmyfellow-men.Iregardclassdistinctionsasunjustifiedandinthelastresortbasedonforce.Ialsobelievethatasimpleandunassuminglifeisgoodforeverybodyphysicallyand10. Idonotatall11humanfreedominthephilosophicalsense.Everybodyactsnotonlyunder12compulsionbutalso13innernecessity.Schopenhauer’ssaying"Amancandowhathewants;14notwantwhathewants"hasbeenaveryrealinspirationtome15myyouth;ithasbeenacontinualconsolation16life’shardshipsmyownand17andanunfailingwell-springoftolerance.Thisrealizationmercifullymitigatestheeasilyparalyzingsenseofresponsibilityandpreventsusfrom18ourselvesandotherpeople19seriously;itis20aviewoflifewhichinparticulargiveshumoritsdue. Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmark[A][B][C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1.11
Text3 Peopledonotanalyzeeveryproblemtheymeet.Sometimestheytrytorememberasolutionfromthelasttimetheyhadasimilarproblem.Theyoftenaccepttheopinionsorideasofotherpeople.Othertimestheybegintoactwithoutthinking;theytrytofindasolutionbytrialanderror.Howeverwhenallthesemethodsfailthepersonwithaproblemhastostartanalyzing.Therearesixstagesinanalyzingaproblem. Firstthepersonmustrecognizethatthereisaproblem.ForexampleSam’sbicycleisbrokenandhecannotrideittoclassasheusuallydoes.Sammustseethatthereisaproblemwithhisbicycle. Nextthethinkermustdefinetileproblem.BeforeSamcanrepairhisbicyclehemustfindthereasonwhyitdoesnotwork.Forinstancehemustdetermineiftheproblemiswiththegearsthebrakesortheframe.Hemustmakehisproblemmorespecific. Nowthepersonmustlookforinformationthatwillmaketheproblemclearerandleadtopossiblesolutions.ForinstancesupposeSamdecidedthathisbikedoesnotworkbecausethereissomethingwrongwiththegearwheels.Atthistimehecanlookinhisbicyclerepairbookandreadaboutgears.Hecantalktohisfriendsatthebikeshop.Hecanlookathisgearscarefully. Afterstudyingtheproblemthepersonshouldhaveseveralsuggestionsforapossiblesolution. TakeSamasanillustration.Hissuggestionsmightbe:putoilonthegearwheels;buynewgearwheelsandreplacetheoldones;tightenorloosenthegearwheels. Eventuallyonesuggestionseemstobethesolutiontotheproblem.Sometimesthefinalideacomesverysuddenlybecausethethinkersuddenlyseessomethingneworseessomethinginanewway.Samforexamplesuddenlyseesthatthereisapieceofchewinggumbetweenthegearwheels.Heimmediatelyrealizesthesolutiontohisproblem:hemustcleanthegearwheels. Finallythesolutionistested.Samcleansthegearwheelsandfindsthatafterwardshisbicycleworksperfectly.Inshorthehassolvedtheproblem. Inanalyzingaproblemweshoulddoallthefollowingexcept
Text1 Dreamisastorythataperson"watches”oreven"takespartin"duringsleep.Dreameventsareimaginarybuttheyarerelatedtorealexperiencesandneedsinthedreamer’slife.Theyseemrealwhiletheyaretakingplace.Somedreamsarepleasantothersareannoyingandstillothersarefrightening. Everyonedreamsbutsomepersonsneverrecalldreaming.Othersrememberonlyalittleaboutadreamtheyhadjustbeforeawakeningandnothingaboutearlierdreams.Noonerecallsallhisdreams. Dreamsinvolvelittlelogicalthought.Inmostdreamsthedreamercannotcontrolwhathappenstohim.Thestorymaybeconfusingandthingshappenthatwouldnothappeninreallife.Peopleseeinmostdreamsbuttheymayalsohearsmelltouchandtasteintheirdreams. Mostdreamsoccurincolor.Butpersonswhohavebeenblindsincebirthdonotseeatallindreams. Dreamsareaproductofthesleeper’smind.Theyincludeeventsandfeelingsthathehasexperienced.Mostdreamsarerelatedtoeventsofthedaybeforethedreamandstrongwishesofthedreamer.Manyminorincidentsofthehoursbeforesleepappearindreams.Feweventsmorethantwodaysoldturnup.Deepwishesorfears-especiallythoseheldsincechildhood-oftenappearindreamsandmanydreamsfulfilsuchwishes.Eventsinthesleeper’ssurrounding-aloudnoiseforexamplemaybecomepartofadreambuttheydonotcausedreams. Somedreamsinvolvedeepfeelingsthatapersonmaynotrealizehehas.Psychiatristsoftenusematerialfromapatient’sdreamstohelpthepersonunderstandhimselfbetter. Dreamingmayhelpmaintaingoodlearningabilitymemoryandemotionaladjustment.Peoplewhogetplentyofsleep--butareawakenedeachtimetheybegintodream-becomeanxiousandrestless. Thispassageismainlyabout
41.ExtendsLanguageLearningTimeandPlace: Asmanyresearchershavenotede-mailextendswhatonecandointheclassroomsinceitprovidesavenueformeetingandcommunicatingintheforeignlanguageoutsideofclass.Becauseofthenatureofe-mailsFLlearnersdonothavetobeinaspecificclassroomataparticulartimeofdayinordertocommunicatewithothersintheforeignlanguage.Theycanloginandwritee-mailsfromthecomfortoftheirownroomfromapubliclibraryorfromacyber-cafeandthesespatialpossibilitiesincreasetheamountoftimetheycanspendbothcomposingandreadingintheforeignlanguageinacommunicativecontext. 42.ProvidesaContextforReal-worldCommunicationandAuthenticInteraction: ByconnectingFLspeakersoutsideoftheclassroome-mailalsoprovidesacontextforcommunicatingwithotherspeakersinauthenticcommunicativesituations.Interactionviae-maillendsafeelingofrealitytostudents’communicativeeffortsthatmayseemartificialinaclassroomsetting.Thiscommunicativeinteractionismuchlikespokenlanguagebecauseofitsinformalandinteractivenature.Yetunlikeface-to-facecommunicatione-mailisinwrittenformandthiscanservethelanguagelearnerwell. 43.ExpandsTopicsBeyondClassroom-basedOnes: Languageteachersoftenhavetofollowarigorousscheduleintermsofcontentand/orgrammaticaltopicstobepresentedandpracticedinasemesterormarkingperiod.Largechunksoftimecanrarelybesparedforfreecommunication. 44.PromotesStudent-centeredLanguageLearning: Ine-mailcommunicationFLlearnerscanexperienceincreasedcontrolovertheirownlearningsincetheycanchoosethetopicandchangethedirectionofthediscussion.TheendgoalistocommunicatewithanotherpersonintheFLratherthantoproduceamistake-freecomposition. 45.EncouragesEqualOpportunityParticipation: Beauvois1997reportedthatcomputer-mediatedcommunicationincreasedtotalclassparticipationto100%. ConnectsSpeakersQuicklyandCheaply E-mailallowsstudentstocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguagewithoutthehighcostoftravelingabroadHedderich1997;Roakes1998.BeforetheadventoftheInternetitwasnotpossibletocommunicatesoimmediatelyandsofrequentlywithnativespeakersorwithotherlearners. [A]Othershavenotedthatstudentsreticenttospeakinface-to-facecontextsaremorewillingtoparticipateintheelectroniccontextBeauvois1995;Gonzalez-Bueno1998;Warschauer1995. [B]Rankin1997notesthattheadditionalinteractionintheforeignlanguageprovidesFLlearnerswithmoreinputthantheywouldbeabletoexpectfromclasstimewhichtypicallyamountstonotmorethanfourhoursperweekinmosthighschoolorcollegesettings. [C]E-mailallowsforcommunicationbetweenstudentsinacontextwheretheteacher’sroleisnolongeratthecenterPatrikis1995. [D]E-mailgiveslearnersanadditionalcontextfordiscussionthatcanbe--butdoesnotnecessarilyhavetobelinkedtotopicsbeingcoveredinclass. [E]Frequentlyitisdifficultforstudentstoengageinanactivityinaforeignlanguageclasswithoutpreparationaheadoftime.Apre-classe-mailassignmentcantakecareofthegroundworkandsavevaluableclasstime.Examplesaregivenofwaysinwhichtheteachermightpreparestudentsforwritinglisteningandspeakingactivities. [F]AsSchwienkorst1998stressed"Themajoradvantageofwrittencommunicationis...thepossibilityforeachlearnertopreservetheentirecommunication..."andtohaveforfutureuse"anenormoussampleofhisorherowneffortsinthetargetlanguage." 41
Text2 Accordingtopsychologistsanemotionisarousedwhenamanoranimalviewssomethingaseitherbadorgood.Whenapersonfeelslikerunningawayfromsomethinghethinkswillhurthimwecallthisemotionfear.Ifthepersonwantstoremovethedangerbyattackingitwecalltheemotionanger.Theemotionsofjoyandlovearearousedwhenwethinksomethingcanhelpus.Anemotiondoesnothavetobecreatedbysomethingintheoutsideworld.Itcanbecreatedbyaperson’sthoughts. Everyonehasemotions.Manypsychologistsbelievethatinfantsarebornwithoutemotions.Theybelievechildrenlearnemotionsjustastheylearntoreadandwrite.Agrowingchildnotonlylearnshisemotionsbutlearnshowtoactincertainsituationsbecauseofanemotion. Psychologiststhinkthattherearetwotypesofemotions:positiveandnegative.Positiveemotionsincludelovelikingjoydelightandhope.Theyarearousedbysomethingthatappealstoaperson.Negativeemotionsmakeapersonunhappyordissatisfied.Theyincludeangerfeardespairsadnessanddisgust.Ingrowingupapersonlearnstocopewiththenegativeemotionsinordertobehappy. Emotionsmaybeweakorstrong.Somestrongemotionsaresounpleasantthatapersonwilltryanymeanstoescapefromthem.Inordertofeelhappythepersonmaychooseunusualwaystoavoidtheemotion. Strongemotionscanmakeithardtothinkandtosolveproblems.Theymaypreventapersonfromlearningorpayingattentiontowhatheisdoing.Forexampleastudenttakinganexaminationmaybesoworriedaboutfailingthathecannotthinkproperly.Theworrydrainsvaluablementalenergyheneedsfortheexamination. Wecansafelyconcludethatastudentmayfailinanexamif
Thecarrot-and-sticktheoryofmotivationlikeNewtonianphysicaltheoryworksreasonablywellundercertaincircumstances.46Themeansforsatisfyingmansphysiologicalandwithinlimitshissafetyneedscanbeprovidedorwithheldbymanagement.Employmentitselfissuchameansandsoarewagesworkingconditionsandbenefits.Bythesemeanstheindividualcanbecontrolledsolongasheisstrugglingforsubsistence. Butthecarrot-and-sticktheorydoesnotworkatalloncemanhasreachedanadequatesubsistencelevelandismotivatedprimarilybyhigherneeds.Managementcannotprovideamanwithself-respectorwiththerespectofhisfellowsorwiththesatisfactionofneedsforself-fulfillment.47Itcancreatesuchconditionsthatheisencouragedandenabledtoseeksuchsatisfactionsforhimselforitcanthwarthimbyfailingtocreatethoseconditions. Butthiscreationofconditionsisnotcontrol.Itisnotagooddevicefordirectingbehavior. Andsomanagementfindsitselfinanoddposition.Thehighstandardoflivingcreatedbyourmoderntechnologicalknow-howprovidesquiteadequatelyforthesatisfactionofphysiologicalandsafetyneeds.Theonlysignificantexceptioniswheremanagementpracticeshavenotcreatedconfidenceina"fairbreak"andthuswheresafetyneedsarethwarted.48Butbymakingpossiblethesatisfactionoflow-levelneedsmanagementhasdepriveditselfoftheabilitytouseasmotive.totsthedevicesonwhichconventionaltheoryhastaughtittorely--rewardspromisesincentivestorthreatsandothercoercivedevices. 49Thephilosophyofmanagementbydirectionandcontrol--regardlessofwhetheritishardorsoft--is.inadequatetomotivatebecausethehumanneedsonwhichthisapproachreliesaretodayunimportantmotivatorsofbehavior.Directionandcontrolareessentiallyuselessinmotivatingpeoplewhoseimportantneedsaresocialandegoistic.Boththehardandthesoftapproachfailtodaybecausetheyaresimplyirrelevanttothesituation. 50Peopledeprivedofopportunitiestosatisfyatworktheneedswhicharenowimportanttothembehaveexactlyaswefightpredict--withindolencepassivityresistancetochangelackofresponsibilitywillingnesstofollowthedemagogueunreasonabledemandsforeconomicbenefits. Itwouldseemthatwearecaughtinawebofourownweaving. Thephilosophyofmanagementbydirectionandcontrol--regardlessofwhetheritishardorsoft--is.inadequatetomotivatebecausethehumanneedsonwhichthisapproachreliesaretodayunimportantmotivatorsofbehavior.
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
41.ExtendsLanguageLearningTimeandPlace: Asmanyresearchershavenotede-mailextendswhatonecandointheclassroomsinceitprovidesavenueformeetingandcommunicatingintheforeignlanguageoutsideofclass.Becauseofthenatureofe-mailsFLlearnersdonothavetobeinaspecificclassroomataparticulartimeofdayinordertocommunicatewithothersintheforeignlanguage.Theycanloginandwritee-mailsfromthecomfortoftheirownroomfromapubliclibraryorfromacyber-cafeandthesespatialpossibilitiesincreasetheamountoftimetheycanspendbothcomposingandreadingintheforeignlanguageinacommunicativecontext. 42.ProvidesaContextforReal-worldCommunicationandAuthenticInteraction: ByconnectingFLspeakersoutsideoftheclassroome-mailalsoprovidesacontextforcommunicatingwithotherspeakersinauthenticcommunicativesituations.Interactionviae-maillendsafeelingofrealitytostudents’communicativeeffortsthatmayseemartificialinaclassroomsetting.Thiscommunicativeinteractionismuchlikespokenlanguagebecauseofitsinformalandinteractivenature.Yetunlikeface-to-facecommunicatione-mailisinwrittenformandthiscanservethelanguagelearnerwell. 43.ExpandsTopicsBeyondClassroom-basedOnes: Languageteachersoftenhavetofollowarigorousscheduleintermsofcontentand/orgrammaticaltopicstobepresentedandpracticedinasemesterormarkingperiod.Largechunksoftimecanrarelybesparedforfreecommunication. 44.PromotesStudent-centeredLanguageLearning: Ine-mailcommunicationFLlearnerscanexperienceincreasedcontrolovertheirownlearningsincetheycanchoosethetopicandchangethedirectionofthediscussion.TheendgoalistocommunicatewithanotherpersonintheFLratherthantoproduceamistake-freecomposition. 45.EncouragesEqualOpportunityParticipation: Beauvois1997reportedthatcomputer-mediatedcommunicationincreasedtotalclassparticipationto100%. ConnectsSpeakersQuicklyandCheaply E-mailallowsstudentstocommunicatewithnativespeakersofthetargetlanguagewithoutthehighcostoftravelingabroadHedderich1997;Roakes1998.BeforetheadventoftheInternetitwasnotpossibletocommunicatesoimmediatelyandsofrequentlywithnativespeakersorwithotherlearners. [A]Othershavenotedthatstudentsreticenttospeakinface-to-facecontextsaremorewillingtoparticipateintheelectroniccontextBeauvois1995;Gonzalez-Bueno1998;Warschauer1995. [B]Rankin1997notesthattheadditionalinteractionintheforeignlanguageprovidesFLlearnerswithmoreinputthantheywouldbeabletoexpectfromclasstimewhichtypicallyamountstonotmorethanfourhoursperweekinmosthighschoolorcollegesettings. [C]E-mailallowsforcommunicationbetweenstudentsinacontextwheretheteacher’sroleisnolongeratthecenterPatrikis1995. [D]E-mailgiveslearnersanadditionalcontextfordiscussionthatcanbe--butdoesnotnecessarilyhavetobelinkedtotopicsbeingcoveredinclass. [E]Frequentlyitisdifficultforstudentstoengageinanactivityinaforeignlanguageclasswithoutpreparationaheadoftime.Apre-classe-mailassignmentcantakecareofthegroundworkandsavevaluableclasstime.Examplesaregivenofwaysinwhichtheteachermightpreparestudentsforwritinglisteningandspeakingactivities. [F]AsSchwienkorst1998stressed"Themajoradvantageofwrittencommunicationis...thepossibilityforeachlearnertopreservetheentirecommunication..."andtohaveforfutureuse"anenormoussampleofhisorherowneffortsinthetargetlanguage." 43
Entertheinformationage.Informationistherawmaterialformanyofthebusinessactivitiesshapingthisnewera1ironandsteelwerethebasiccommoditiesinthedawningoftheindustrialage. Theworld’sknowledgeissaidtobedoubling2eightyears.Thisknowledgeexplosionis3economicprogress.Theneedtocollectanalyzeandcommunicate4quantitiesofinformationisSpawningnewproductsandservicescreatingjobsandwideningcareeropportunities. Theinformationageis5consideredtobeaphenomenonoftheservicesectoroftheeconomy6aproductofheavyindustry.Certainlyburgeoninginformationtechnologiesarecreatingnewcapabilities7knowledge-basedservicespheres.Butchangesjustasdramaticare8industrygivingpeopletheopportunitytodochallengingworkinexcitingnewways. Manufacturingisafullparticipantintheinformationage.Fromdesign9productionthemanufacturingprocesshaslongbeeninformation-intensive.Italwayshasrequiredexactingcommunicationtodescribe10goesintoproductsandhowtomakethemNowcomputertechnologyisgivingfactorymanagersnewcapabilitytogatherallofthisinformationand11ittocontrolproduction. Telecommunicationsareproducingerror-freecommunicationbetweenthedesignoffice12thefactorycomputer-aideddesignisenablingengineerstoevaluateproductperformanceandmanufacturingprocess13videodisplaysbeforeresourcesarecommittedtobuildandtestprototypes.Techniqueslikethesearebringing14newadvancesinmanufacturingproductivity. Justascoalfueledthetransformationtoanindustrialsociety15microelectronicsispoweringtheriseoftheinformationage.Microelectronicinformation-managementtoolsarestrengtheningU.S.industrialcapability16remainsvitaltoAmerica’seconomicwellbeingandnationalsecurity. Moreandmoremanufacturingcompaniesare17thatthewiseofinformationcangivethemacompetitiveedge.Ascompaniesemphasize18informationmanagementtalentedpeoplewillcontinuetofind19tomakefactoriesandmilkssingwithincreasedproductivity. Inmanufacturingaswellasinservicesinformationtechnologyisatoolto20humancreativityintoproductivity. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
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