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十六大报告提出了我国经济建设和改革的任务之一就是走新型工业化道路，为此我们必须
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十九大报告指出要按照十六大十七大十八大提出的全面建成小康社会各项要求紧 扣我国社会主要矛盾变化统筹推
制度建设
党的建设
生态文明建设
组织建设
党的十六大报告指出是我国21世纪的一项重大战略举措
以信息化促进工业化
用工业化带动信息化
以工业化促进信息化
用信息化带动工业化
党的十六大报告指出发展经济的根本目的是
增强国力
提高全国人民的生活水平和质量
实现工业化
使国家富强
__同志在党的十六大报告中提出了在新世纪头20年全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标和继续完成社会主义现代化
党的十六大报告提出坚持国防建设与经济建设发展的方针在经济发展的基础上推进国防和军队现代化
十六大报告指出信息化是我国加快实现工业化和现代化的必然选择坚持以信息化带动工业化以工业化促进信息化要
科技含量高
经济效益好
资源消耗低，环境污染少
人力资源优势得到充分发挥
党的十六大报告指出实现工业化仍然是我国现代化进程中艰巨的历史性任务信息化是我国加快实现工业化和现代化
__同志在党的十六大报告中提出了在新世纪头20年全面建设小康社会的奋斗目标和继续完成社会主义现代
党的十六大报告指出实现工业化仍然是我国现代化进程中艰巨的历史性任务信息化是我国加快实现工业化和现代化
十六大报告提出了我国经济建设和革的任务之一就是走新型工业化道路为此我们必须
要以信息化带动工业化，以工业化促进信息化
发挥科学技术作为第一生产力的重要作用
注重依靠科技进步和提高劳动者素质，改善经济增长质量和效益
把可持续发展放在十分突出的地位，坚持计划生育和保护环境的基本国策
十六大报告指出信息化是我国加快实现工业化和现代化的必然选择坚持以信息化带 动工业化以工业化促进信息化
科技含量高
经济效益好
资源消耗低
环境污染少
人力资源优势得到充分发挥
材料一__同志在十六大__本世纪头20年经济建设和改革的主要任务是完善社会主义市场经济体制推
中国__第十六次代表大会报告指出要坚持以信息化带动工业化以工业化促进信息化走出一条科技含量高经济效
①②③④
①③④
①②④
①②③
中共十六大报告的灵魂和贯穿报告全篇的一条主线是
全面建设小康社会
坚持和改进党的建设
三个代表重要思想
坚持以经济建设为中心
走新型工业化道路是我国经济建设和改革的主要内容之一
阅读下面一组材料材料1这里所讲的工业化道路问题主要是指重工业轻工业和农业的发展关系问题我国的经济建设
中国__第十八次全国代表大会上提出美丽中国这一美好建设蓝图为全国人民描绘了一幅美丽中国的未来景象十
党的十六大报告提出走新型工业化的道路大力实施科教兴国战略和可 持续发展战略强调提出要完善知识产权保护
2002年11月党的十六大报告提出了____的奋斗目标全面建设小康社会最根本的是坚持以经济建设为中心
社会主义现代化
深化改革
全面建设小康社会
扩大开放
十六大报告指出走新型工业化道路大力实施科教兴国战略和可持续发展战略新型工业化道路新在
与大机器化相结合
与传统工业化完全不同，走出了一条新路子
坚持以信息化带动工业化，以工业化促进信息化，走出一条科技含量高，经济效益好、资源消耗低、环境污染少、人力资源得到充分发挥的新路子
明确了工业的主导地位，工业的发展可以有力地促进农业和第三产业的发展，为国民经济各部门提供技术设备
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Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.WhichofthefollowingistrueaboutPfizer
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Whichofthefollowingisareasonforthelegalizationofthehempplant
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Mr.Magee’sattitudetowardsusingvideosinE-commerceseemstobe
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Accordingtothepassagedrugcompanyrepresentatives
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.GordonBrown’smajorconcernis
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Theexampleofacustomerbuyingahandbagisusedtoshowthat
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Canadianforestswillnotfacedestructionif
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthor
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.WhatcanbeinferredabouttheONS
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Theauthorseemstoimplyinthepassagethat
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
Text4 Britain’sundeclaredgeneralelection campaignhasalreadyseenthepoliticianstradingnumbersasboxerstrade punches.Thereisnothingnewinsuchstatisticalslangingmatches相互谩骂.What isnewisanunderestimationofworryaboutwhathasbeenhappeningtoofficial statisticsundertheLabourgovernment.Oneofthemost importantfiguresforGordonBrownwhenpresentinghispre-electionbudgeton March16thwasthecurrent-budgetbalance.Thisisthegapbetweencurrent revenuesandcurrentspending.Itmatterstothechancellorofthe exchequer财政部长becauseheiscommittedtomeetinghisowngoldenruleof borrowingonlytoinvestsohehastoensurethatthecurrentbudgetisin balanceorsurplusovertheeconomiccycle.Mr.BrowntoldMPs thathewouldmeetthegoldenruleforthecurrentcyclewith&6billion $11.4billiontospare--arespectable-soundingmarginthoughmuchlessthanin thepast.Howeverthemarginwouldhavebeenhalvedbutforanobscure technicalchangeannouncedinFebruarybytheOfficeforNationalStatisticsto thefiguresforroadmaintenanceofmajorhighways.TheONSsaidthatthe revisionwasnecessarybecauseithadbeendouble-countingthisspendingwithin thecurrentbudget.Ifthiswereanisolatedincidentthenit mightbedisregarded.ButitisnotthefirsttimethattheONShasmade decisionsthatappearratherconvenientforthegovernment.Mr.Brownaimsto meetanotherfiscalrulenamelytokeeppubicnetdebtbelow40%ofGDPagain overtheeconomiccycle.Atpresentheismeetingitbuthiscomfortroomwould bereducedifthe&21billionborrowingsofNetworkRailwereincludedas partofpublicdebt.TheyarenotthankstoacontroversialdecisionbytheONS toclassifytherail-infrastructurecorporationwithintheprivatesectoreven thoughtheNationalAuditOfficeParliament’swatchdogsaiditsborrowings wereinfactgovernmentliabilities.Thismakesitparticularly worryingthattheofficialfigurescanshowonethingwhereasthepublic experiencesanother.Oneofthehighest-profiletargetsfortheNHSisthatno patientshouldspendmorethanfourhoursinahospitalaccidentandemergency department.Governmentfiguresshowthatbymid-2004thetargetwasbeingmet for96%ofpatients.Butaccordingtoasurveyof55000patientsbythe HealthcareCommissionanindependentbodyonly77%ofpatientssaidthey stayednomorethanfourhoursinA&E.Onewaytohelp restorepublicconfidenceinofficialstatisticswouldbetomaketheONS independentastheConservativesandLiberalDemocratshavesuggested.Another wouldbefortheNationalAuditOfficetoassesshowthegovernmenthasbeen performingagainsttargetsasthePublicAdministrationCommitteehas recommended.Itcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraphthat
Directions:Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonot fitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Mostpeoplewouldnotobjecttolivingafewyearslongerthan normalaslongasitmeanttheycouldlivethoseyearsingoodhealth.Sadly theonlyprovenwaytoextendthelifespanofananimalinthiswayistoreduce itscalorieintake.Studiesgoingbacktothe1930shaveshownthata considerablereductioninconsumptionabout50%canextendthelifespanof everythingfromdogstonematodewormsbybetween30%and70%.Althoughhumans areneitherdogsnorwormsafewpeoplearewillingtogivethe calorie-restricteddietatryinthehopethatitmightworkforthemtoo.But notmany—astheoldjokehasitgiveupthethingsyouenjoyandyoumaynot livelongerbutitwillsureseemasifyoudid.Nowthough workdonebyMarcHellersteinandhiscolleaguesattheUniversityof CaliforniaBerkeleysuggeststhatitmaybepossibletohaveasitwereyour cakeandeatittoo.Oratleasttoeat95%ofit.Theirstudytobe publishedintheAmericanJournalofPhysiology—EndocrinologyandMetabolism suggeststhatsignificantgainsinlongevitymightbemadebyamere5% reductionincalorieintake.Thestudywasdoneonmiceratherthanpeople. Buttheubiquityofpreviouscalorie-restrictionresultssuggeststhesame outcomemightwelloccurinotherspeciespossiblyincludinghumans.However youwouldhavetofastonalternatedays.41______Cancer istheuncontrolledgrowthofcells.Foracancertodevelopefficientlyit needsmultiplemutationstoaccumulateintheDNAofthecellthatbecomesthe tumor’sancestor.42______Aslowerrateofcelldivision thusresultsinasloweraccumulationofcancer-causing mutations.43______Heavywaterisheavybecausethe hydrogeninitweighstwiceasmuchasordinaryhydrogenithasaproton andaneutroninitsnucleusinsteadofjustaproton.Chemicallyhoweverit behaveslikeitslighterrelative.Thismeansamongotherthingsthatitgets incorporatedintoDNAasthatmoleculedoublesinquantityduringcell division.44______DrHellersteinfirstestablishedhow muchmiceeatifallowedtofeedasmuchastheywant.Thenhesetupagroupof micethatwereallowedtoeatonly95%ofthatamount.Inbothcasesheused theheavy-watermethodtomonitorcelldivision.Theupshotwasthattherateof divisioninthecalorie-restrictedmicewas37%lowerthanthatinthosemice thatcouldeatasmuchastheywanted--whichcouldhaveasignificanteffecton theaccumulationofcancer-causingmutations.45______ [A]TostopthishappeningcellshaveDNA-repairmechanisms.Butifa celldividesbeforethedamageisrepairedthechanceofasuccessfulrepairis significantlyreduced.[B]Bingeingandstarvingishow manyanimalstendtofeedinthewild.Theuncertainfoodsupplymeansthey regularlygothroughcyclesoftoomuchandtoolittlefooditalsomeansthat theyareoftenrestrictedtoeatinglessthantheycouldmanagefffoodwere omnipresent.[C]Butcalorie-reductionisnotallthe micehadtoendure.Theywereinadditionfedonlyonalternatedays:bingeing onedayandstarvingthenext.Sowhethermodernmanandwomanconstantly surroundedbyfoodandadvertisementsforfoodwouldreallybeabletoforgo eatingeveryotherdayisdebatable.[D]Whycaloric restrictionextendsthelifespanofanyanimalisunclearbutmuchofthesmart moneybackstheideathatitslowsdowncelldivisionbydenyingcellsthe resourcestheyneedtogrowandproliferate.Oneconsequenceofthatslow-down wouldbetohamperthedevelopmentofcanceroustumors.[E]So byputtingheavywaterinthedietsoftheirmicetheresearcherswereableto measurehowmuchDNAinthetissuesofthoseanimalshadbeenmadesincethe startoftheexperimentandbyinferencehowmuchcelldivisionhadtaken placebythesimpleexpedientofextractingtheDNAandweighing it.[F]ThesecondreasonaccordingtoElaineHsiehoneofDr Hellerstein’scolleaguesisthatcuttingjustafewcaloriesoverallbut feedingintermittentlymaybeamorefeasibleeatingpatternforsomepeopleto maintainthanmakingsmallreductionseachandeveryday.[G] Atleastthatisthetheory.Untilnowthoughnoonehastestedwhether reducedcalorieintakeactuallydoesresultinslowercelldivision.Dr Hellersteinandhisteamwereabletodosousingheavywaterasachemical markeroftheprocess.
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPart ADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthe questionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWER SHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.TheresultofForesee’srecentsurveyshowsthat
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Thedrugcompaniesarewillingtopayleadingdoctorsto
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 ForyearsInternetmerchantshave pouredmillionsofdollarsintonewtechnologiestomaketheirsiteseasierto use.Sowhyaren’tonlinecustomershappierCustomer satisfactionlevelshaveremainedalmostflatthroughthelastseveralyears. TheproblemaccordingtoLarryFreedchiefexecutiveofaconsultingand researchfirmcalledForeSeeResultsisnotsomuchthatconsumershaveignored themanyimprovementsmadeinrecentyears.Ratherhesaidtheystillexpect morefromInternetshoppingthanithasdelivered.Ifwewalk intoalocalstorewedon’texpectthatexperiencetobebetterthanitwasa coupleyearsagoMr.Freedsaid.Butweexpectsitestobebetter.Thebar goesupeveryyear.InForeSee’slatestsurveyreleasedlastmonthjustfive e-commercesitesregisteredscoreshigherthan80outof100andnositescored higherthan85.Itwasmuchthesamestoryayearagowhenjustfivescored higherthan80withnositesurpassing85.Scoreshaveinchedupovertimefor thebeste-commercecompaniesbuttheoverallnumbershaven’tmoved drasticallyMr.Freedsaid.Atthesametimethoughifyoudon’tdoanything youseeyourscoresdropsteadily.Thatdynamichasbeena challengeforonlinemerchantsandinvestorswhoadecadeagoenvisioned Internetstoresasrelativelyinexpensiveandthereforeextremelyprofitable operations.Nowsomeobserverspredictafuturewhereonlineretailerswill essentiallyadoptsomethingliketheQVCmodelwithsalesstaffpitchingthe site’smerchandisewithpolishedvideopresentationsproducedinahigh-tech televisionstudio.QVC.comisevolvinginthatdirection.The Websitewhichsoldmorethan$1billioninmerchandise’in2006hasforthe lastfiveyearsletvisitorswatchalivefeedofthenetwork’sbroadcast.But inrecentmonthsQVC.comhasalsogivenvisitorsthechancetowatcharchives ofentireshowsandinthecomingmonthsvisitorswillbeabletofindmore videosegmentsfromrecentshowsfeaturingindividualproductsthatremainin stock.BobMyersseniorvicepresidentofQVC.comsaidtheWebsite’svideo salesmanshipisespeciallyeffectivewhencombinedwithdetailedproduct informationcustomerreviewsandmultiplephotographs.About eightmonthsagoforinstanceacustomersaidthatshecouldnotdeterminethe sizeofahandbagfromthephotographsonthesitebecauseshecouldnottell theheightofthemodelwhowasholdingit.Withintwoweeksthesitetestedand introducedanewsystemshowingthebagswithwomenofthreedifferentheights. Theresultswereimmediate:womenwhosawthenewphotographsboughtthebagsat least10percentmorefrequentlythanthosewhohadnot.Still Mr.Myerssaidvideoisacriticallyimportantelementtosales.E-commerce startedwithtelevisioncommercehesaid.Thesiteswhoengageandentertain customerswillbewinninghereinthenearfuture.Suchaprospectisnot necessarilydauntingtoothere-commerceexecutives.GordonMageeheadof InternetmarketingforDrs.Foster&SmithbasedinaRhinelanderWis. saidatransitiontovideowillbeseamlessforus.ThecompanyMr.Magee saidhasinrecentweeksdiscussedputtingsomeofitsproductonvideoso customerscouldseea360-degreeviewtheydon’thavetomanipulate themselves.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethat
Text3 Somedrugmakerspaykeyleadersina fieldofmedicinesuchaschairsofdepartmentsinmedicalschoolstensof thousandsofdollarsiftheyaresayingtherightthingsabouttheirproduct. Theymanipulatemedicaleducationsessionslecturesarticlesinmedical journalsresearchstudiesevenpersonalconversationsbetweenphysiciansto gettheirproductmessageacross.Nowahugecollectionofdrug companyinternaldocuments--revealedaspartofalawsuit—offersawealthof detail.In1996Dr.DavidFranklinanemployeeofthedrugcompany Parke-Davisfiledthelawsuitunderfederalwhistleblowerstatutesalleging thatthecompanywasillegallypromotingadrugcalledNeurontinforsocalled off-label’uses.UnderfederallawoncetheFDAapprovesadrugadoctorcan prescribeitforanything.Butthelawspecificallyprohibitsthedrugcompany frompromotingthedrugforanyunapproveduses.In2004thecompanybythena divisionofPfizeradmittedguiltandagreedtopay$430millionincriminal andcivilliabilityrelatedtopromotingthedrugforoff-labeluse. SpokespeopleforPfizersaythatanywrongdoingoccurredbeforePfizer acquiredthecompany.ButPfizerfoughthardtokeepallthepapersrelatedto thesuitunderseal.Ajudgedeniedtherequestandtheyarenowpartofthe DrugIndustryDocumentArchiveattheUniversityofCaliforniaSan Francisco.Whatismostinterestingisnottheillegalactions theyrevealbutthedetailsofactivitiesthatareperfectlylegal.And accordingtopeoplefamiliarwiththeindustrythemethodsdetailedinthese companymemosareroutine.Onetacticidentifiescertaindoctors asthoughtleaders—thosewhoseopinionsinfluencetheprescribingpatternof otherdoctors.Thosewhoseviewsconvergewiththecompanygoalsarethen showeredwithrewardsresearchandeducationalgrants.IntheParke-Daviscase 14suchbigshotsgotbetween$10250and$158250between1993and 1997.Medicaleducationdrivesthismarketwrotetheauthor ofoneParke-Davisbusinessplaninthefiles.Manystatelicensingboards requirephysicianstoattendsessionsinwhatiscalledcontinuingmedical educationCMEtokeepcurrentintheirfield.Atonetime medicalschoolsranmostCMEcourses.Nowanindustryofmedicaleducationand communicationscommitteesMECCsrunmostofthecourses.Thesecompanieswith innocentsoundingnameslikeMedicalEducationSystemssetupcoursessometimes inconjunctionwithmedicalmeetingsatothertimesofteninfancyrestaurants andresorts.Thedrugcompaniesfootthebillwiththeprogramusuallynoting itwasfinancedbyan.unrestrictededucationalgrantfromthe company.UsingMECCsParke-Davissetupconferencecallsso thatdoctorscouldtalktooneanotheraboutthedrugs.Themoderatorsofthe callsoftenthoughtleadersortheiryoungerassistantsreceived$250to$500 acall.Drugcompanyrepswereonthelineinstructedtostayinalisten onlymodebutmonitoringtobesurethepitchmettheir expectations.Clearly’manyofthephysiciansintheseschemes arenotinnocentbystanders.Whetheritisghostwritingmakingtelephonecalls tocolleaguesorleadingaCMEsessionmanyofthedoctorsgotpaidwell. Othersreceivedafreemealortransportationtoaresorttolistentoan educationalsession.Physiciansoftenclaimtheyarenot influencedbypaymentsfromthepharmaceuticalindustry.Butwiththe methodssothoroughlydetailedinthesepapersdrugcompaniesclearlybelieve theyaregettingtheirmoney’sworth.Thephraseoff-labelline4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.Loggingisnotbannedchieflybecause
Text2 Everysecond1hectareoftheworld’s rainforestisdestroyed.That’sequivalenttotwofootballfields.Anareathe sizeofNewYorkCityislosteveryday.Inayearthataddsupto31million hectares—morethanthelandareaofPoland.Thisalarmingrateofdestruction hasseriousconsequencesfortheenvironment;scientistsestimateforexample that137speciesofplantinsectoranimalbecomeextincteverydaydueto logging.InBritishColumbiawheresince1990thirteenrainforestvalleys havebeenclearcut142speciesofsalmonhavealreadybecomeextinctandthe habitatsofgrizzlybearswolvesandmanyothercreaturesarethreatened. Logginghoweverprovidesjobsprofitstaxesforthegovernmentandcheap productsofallkindsforconsumerssothegovernmentisreluctanttorestrict orcontrolit.MuchofCanada’sforestryproductiongoestowards makingpulpandpaper.AccordingtotheCanadianPulpandPaperAssociation Canadasupplies34%oftheworld’swoodpulpand49%ofitsnewsprintpaper.If thesepaperproductscouldbeproducedinsomeotherwayCanadianforestscould bepreserved.Recentlyapossiblealternativewayofproducingpaperhasbeen suggestedbyagriculturalistsandenvironmentalists:aplantcalled hemp.Hemphasbeencultivatedbymanyculturesforthousandsof years.Itproducesfiberwhichcanbemadeintopaperfueloilstextiles foodandrope.Formanycenturiesitwasessentialtotheeconomiesofmany countriesbecauseitwasusedtomaketheropesandcablesusedonsailing ships;colonialexpansionandtheestablishmentofaworldwidetradingnetwork wouldnothavebeenpossiblewithouthemp.Nowadaysships’cablesareusually madefromwireorsyntheticfibresbutscientistsarenowsuggestingthatthe cultivationofhempshouldberevivedfortheproductionofpaperandpulp. Accordingtoitsproponentsfourtimesasmuchpapercanbeproducedfromland usinghempratherthantreesandmanyenvironmentalistsbelievethatthe large-scalecultivationofhempcouldreducethepressureonCanada’s forests.Howeverthereisaproblem:hempisillegalinmany countriesoftheworldThisplantsousefulforfiberropeoilfueland textilesisaspeciesofcannabisrelatedtotheplantfromwhichmarijuanais produced.Inthelate1930samovementtobanthedrugmarijuanabeganto gatherforceresultingintheeventualbanningofthecultivationnotonlyof theplantusedtoproducethedrugbutalsoofthecommercialfiber-producing hempplant.AlthoughbothGeorgeWashingtonandThomasJeffersongrewhempin largequantitiesontheirownlandanyAmericangrowingtheplanttodaywould soonfindhimselfinprison—despitethefactthatmarijuanacannotbeproduced fromthehempplantsinceitcontainsalmostnoTHCtheactiveingredientin thedrug.Inrecentyearstwomajormovementsforlegalization havebeengatheringstrength.OnegroupofactivistsbelievesthatALLcannabis shouldbelegal—boththehempplantandthemarijuanaplant—andthattheuseof thedrugmarijuanashouldnotbeanoffense.Theyarguethatmarijuanaisnot dangerousoraddictiveandthatitisusedbylargenumbersofpeoplewhoare notcriminalsbutproductivemembersofsociety.Theyalsopointoutthat marijuanaislesstoxicthanalcoholortobacco.Theotherlegalizationmovement isconcernedonlywiththehempplantusedtoproducefiber;thisgroupwantsto makeitlegaltocultivatetheplantandsellthefiberforpaperandpulp production.Thissecondgrouphashadamajortriumphrecently:in1997Canada legalizedthefarmingofhempforfiber.Forthefirsttimesince1938hundreds offarmersareplantingthiscropandsoonwecanexpecttoseepulpandpaper producedfromthisnewsource.AccordingtosomescientistsHempsarepreferabletotreeschieflybecause
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