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简述平行研究与影响研究的差异。
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比较文学中最具中国特色的类型是
影响研究
平行研究
阐发研究
比较文学中的形象学脱胎于
影响研究
平行研究
接受研究
把中国丰富的文学资源引入了世界文学的宏大视野是中国比较文学进入国际比较文学的桥梁
平行研究
影响研究
接受研究
阐发研究
西厢记和罗密欧与朱丽叶的比较研究属于
影响研究
平行研究
阐发研究
接受研究
简述影响研究与平行研究的区别
简述传统学派与批判学派两大学派研究方法的差异
取外来之观念与固有之材料相互参证指的是
影响研究
平行研究
阐发研究
接受研究
简述心理测验和个体差异的研究
简述两派在研究方法上的差异
简述学生认知差异研究对教学的主要启示
最早出现的比较文学基本类型是
影响研究
平行研究
接受研究
阐发研究
比较文学两种最基本的研究类型是
影响研究
平行研究
阐发研究
接受研究
审美研究
简述研究遗传因素影响的方法
在跨越中西比较的文学研究过程中中国学派所独创的研究方法是
考据研究
阐发研究
影响研究
平行研究
请简述影响预后研究质量的因素
下列哪些领域的研究既可以使用影响研究又可以使用平行研究的方法
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Themessagewillbethatneitherthemarketnorthegovernmentiscapableofdealingwithalloftheiruncontrollablepractices.
Whilethere’sneveragoodagetoget cancerpeopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverage ageofacancerpatientatdiagnosisis67.Childrenwithcanceroftenare treatedatpediatric小儿科的cancercentersbutyoungadultshaveatoughtime findingpeersoftensittingside-by-sideduringtreatmentswithpeoplewho couldbetheirgrandparents.InhernewbookCrazySexyCancer TipswriterKrisCarrlooksatcancerfromtheperspectiveofayoungadultwho confrontsdeathjustasshe’sdiscoveringlife.Ms.Carrwas31whenshewas diagnosedwitharareformofcancerthathadgeneratedtumorsonherliverand lungs.Ms.Carrreactedwiththenormalfeelingsofshockand sadness.Shecalledherparentsandstockeduponorganicfooddeterminedto becomeafull-timehealingaddict.Thenshepickedupthephoneandcalled everyoneinheraddressbookaskingiftheyknewotheryoungwomenwithcancer. Theresultwasherownpersonalcancerposse:arockconcerttourmanagera modelafashionmagazineeditoracartoonistandaMTVcelebritytonamea few.Thisclubofcancerbabesofferedsupportadviceandfashiontipsamong otherthings.Ms.Carrputhercancerexperienceinarecent LearningChanneldocumentaryandshehaswrittenapracticalguideabouthow shecoped.Cancerisn’tfunnybutMs.Carroftenis.Sheswearsshemakesup namesforthepeoplewhotreatherDr.FabulousandDr.Guruandsheeven makessecondopinionssoundfuncancerroadtripsshecallsthem. Sheleavesthemedicaladvicetodoctorsinsteadofferinginsightfuland practicaltipsthatreflecttheworldviewofayoungadult.Irefusedtolet cancerruinmypartyshewrites.Therearejusttoomanycoolthingstodo andplanandlivefor.Ms.Carrstillhascancerbutithas stoppedprogressing.Hercancertipsincludeusingtime-savingmasse-mailsto keepfriendsinformedsewingorbuyingfashionablehospitalgownssoyou’renot stuckwithregulationblueorgrayandplayingGloriaGaynor’sIWillSurvive soloudyourneighborscallthepolice.Ms.Carralsoadvisesaneyebrowwaxand anewoutfitbeforeyontelltheimportantpeopleinyourlifeaboutyour illness.Peopleyoutellaregoingtocautiouslyandnotsocautiouslytryto seethecancersodazzletheminsteadwithyourmiracleshewrites. Whileheradvicemaysoundsuperficialitgetstotheheartofwhatevery cancerpatientwants:thechancetolivelifejustasshealwaysdidandmaybe better.ThephrasecancerposseLine4Para.3probablyrefersto______.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
Whilethere’sneveragoodagetoget cancerpeopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverage ageofacancerpatientatdiagnosisis67.Childrenwithcanceroftenare treatedatpediatric小儿科的cancercentersbutyoungadultshaveatoughtime findingpeersoftensittingside-by-sideduringtreatmentswithpeoplewho couldbetheirgrandparents.InhernewbookCrazySexyCancer TipswriterKrisCarrlooksatcancerfromtheperspectiveofayoungadultwho confrontsdeathjustasshe’sdiscoveringlife.Ms.Carrwas31whenshewas diagnosedwitharareformofcancerthathadgeneratedtumorsonherliverand lungs.Ms.Carrreactedwiththenormalfeelingsofshockand sadness.Shecalledherparentsandstockeduponorganicfooddeterminedto becomeafull-timehealingaddict.Thenshepickedupthephoneandcalled everyoneinheraddressbookaskingiftheyknewotheryoungwomenwithcancer. Theresultwasherownpersonalcancerposse:arockconcerttourmanagera modelafashionmagazineeditoracartoonistandaMTVcelebritytonamea few.Thisclubofcancerbabesofferedsupportadviceandfashiontipsamong otherthings.Ms.Carrputhercancerexperienceinarecent LearningChanneldocumentaryandshehaswrittenapracticalguideabouthow shecoped.Cancerisn’tfunnybutMs.Carroftenis.Sheswearsshemakesup namesforthepeoplewhotreatherDr.FabulousandDr.Guruandsheeven makessecondopinionssoundfuncancerroadtripsshecallsthem. Sheleavesthemedicaladvicetodoctorsinsteadofferinginsightfuland practicaltipsthatreflecttheworldviewofayoungadult.Irefusedtolet cancerruinmypartyshewrites.Therearejusttoomanycoolthingstodo andplanandlivefor.Ms.Carrstillhascancerbutithas stoppedprogressing.Hercancertipsincludeusingtime-savingmasse-mailsto keepfriendsinformedsewingorbuyingfashionablehospitalgownssoyou’renot stuckwithregulationblueorgrayandplayingGloriaGaynor’sIWillSurvive soloudyourneighborscallthepolice.Ms.Carralsoadvisesaneyebrowwaxand anewoutfitbeforeyontelltheimportantpeopleinyourlifeaboutyour illness.Peopleyoutellaregoingtocautiouslyandnotsocautiouslytryto seethecancersodazzletheminsteadwithyourmiracleshewrites. Whileheradvicemaysoundsuperficialitgetstotheheartofwhatevery cancerpatientwants:thechancetolivelifejustasshealwaysdidandmaybe better.FromKrisCarr’scancertipswemayinferthat
AlthoughateenagerFredcouldresist____________whattodoandwhatnottodo.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
HenricIbsenauthoroftheplayA Doll’sHouseinwhichaprettyhelplesshousewifeabandonsherhusbandand childrentoseekamoreseriouslifewouldsurelyhaveapproved.FromJanuary 1st2008allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast 40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelawwhich waspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsare stilltoomaleforthegovernment’sliking.Theywillshortlyreceivealetter informingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoactorfacethe legalconsequences—whichcouldincludebeingdissolved.Before thelawwasproposedabout7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywerefemaleaccording totheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.That isfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeor America’s15%fortheFortune500.Norway’sstockexchangeanditsmainbusiness lobbyopposethelawasdomanybusinessmen.Iamagainstquotasforwomenor menasamatterofprinciplesaysSverreMunckheadofinternational operationsatamediafirm.Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosen solelyonthebasisofmeritandexperiencehesays.Severalfirmshaveeven givenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw. Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1000womeninfouryears.Many complainthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseof thissomeofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach andareknowninNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthegoldenskirts.Onereason forthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegian companies—theyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularly hardforfirmsintheoiltechnologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomen withenoughexperience.Somepeopleworrythattheirrelative lackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboardsandthatinturncouldmean thatboardsmightbecomelessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.Recenthistory inNorwayhoweversuggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors. WomenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheirhomeworksaysMsReksten SkaugenwhowasvotedNorway’schairmanoftheyearfor2007andwecan affordtoaskthehardquestionsbecausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknow theanswers.Theauthorattributesthephenomenonofgoldenskirtsto______.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
Americansdon’tliketolosewars.Of coursealotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris.Thereareshooting wars—thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage—andthosearethekindatwhich theU.S.excels.Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiestoo.Whatelsewasthe GreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroadsIf Americansindulgeinabitofflag-wavingwhenthejobisdonetheyearned it.Nowthereisasimilarchallenge:globalwarming.Thesteady deterioration恶化oftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarof thefirstorderandbyanymeasuretheU.S.islosing.IndeedifAmericais fightingatallit’sfightingonthewrongside.TheU.S.producesnearlya quarteroftheworld’sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeit clearthatitdoesn’tintendtodoawholelotaboutit.Although174nations approvedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevelstheU.S. walkedawayfromthem.Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbs orpoweringcarswithhydrogen.Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotism asoneofitscorevaluestheU.S.istakingapassonwhatmightbethemost patrioticstruggleofall.It’shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthe survivalofacountry’scoastsandfarmsthehealthofitspeopleandthe stabilityofitseconomy.Therubisifthevastmajorityof peopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobalemergencythere’sfar lessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitsplanswhichtoooften wouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirswhichtoooftenamounttona; vewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerica’sgrowth.Butlet’sassumethatthose interestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbeatthetableandwillalwaysdemand thattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldan aggressiveambitiouseffectiveplanlooklike—onethatwouldleavetheU.S. bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysoundHalting climatechangewillbefarharder.Oneofthemoreconservativeplansfor addressingtheproblemcallsforareductionof25billiontonsofcarbon emissionsoverthenext52years.Andyetbydevisingaconsistentstrategythat mixesshort-termsolutionswithfar-sightedgoalscombinesgovernmentactivism withprivate-sectorenterpriseandblendspragmatism实用主义withambitionthe U.S.canwithoutmajordamagetotheeconomyhelphalttheworsteffectsof climatechangeandensurethesurvivalofitswayoflifeforfuture generations.Moneywilldosomeoftheworkbutwhat’sneededmostiswill. I’mnotsayingthechallengeisn’talmostoverwhelmingsaysFredKrupp.But thisisAmericaandAmericahasrisentothesechallenges before.JudgingfromthecontextthewordrubLine1Para.3probablymeans
Whilethere’sneveragoodagetoget cancerpeopleintheir20sand30scanfeelparticularlyisolated.Theaverage ageofacancerpatientatdiagnosisis67.Childrenwithcanceroftenare treatedatpediatric小儿科的cancercentersbutyoungadultshaveatoughtime findingpeersoftensittingside-by-sideduringtreatmentswithpeoplewho couldbetheirgrandparents.InhernewbookCrazySexyCancer TipswriterKrisCarrlooksatcancerfromtheperspectiveofayoungadultwho confrontsdeathjustasshe’sdiscoveringlife.Ms.Carrwas31whenshewas diagnosedwitharareformofcancerthathadgeneratedtumorsonherliverand lungs.Ms.Carrreactedwiththenormalfeelingsofshockand sadness.Shecalledherparentsandstockeduponorganicfooddeterminedto becomeafull-timehealingaddict.Thenshepickedupthephoneandcalled everyoneinheraddressbookaskingiftheyknewotheryoungwomenwithcancer. Theresultwasherownpersonalcancerposse:arockconcerttourmanagera modelafashionmagazineeditoracartoonistandaMTVcelebritytonamea few.Thisclubofcancerbabesofferedsupportadviceandfashiontipsamong otherthings.Ms.Carrputhercancerexperienceinarecent LearningChanneldocumentaryandshehaswrittenapracticalguideabouthow shecoped.Cancerisn’tfunnybutMs.Carroftenis.Sheswearsshemakesup namesforthepeoplewhotreatherDr.FabulousandDr.Guruandsheeven makessecondopinionssoundfuncancerroadtripsshecallsthem. Sheleavesthemedicaladvicetodoctorsinsteadofferinginsightfuland practicaltipsthatreflecttheworldviewofayoungadult.Irefusedtolet cancerruinmypartyshewrites.Therearejusttoomanycoolthingstodo andplanandlivefor.Ms.Carrstillhascancerbutithas stoppedprogressing.Hercancertipsincludeusingtime-savingmasse-mailsto keepfriendsinformedsewingorbuyingfashionablehospitalgownssoyou’renot stuckwithregulationblueorgrayandplayingGloriaGaynor’sIWillSurvive soloudyourneighborscallthepolice.Ms.Carralsoadvisesaneyebrowwaxand anewoutfitbeforeyontelltheimportantpeopleinyourlifeaboutyour illness.Peopleyoutellaregoingtocautiouslyandnotsocautiouslytryto seethecancersodazzletheminsteadwithyourmiracleshewrites. Whileheradvicemaysoundsuperficialitgetstotheheartofwhatevery cancerpatientwants:thechancetolivelifejustasshealwaysdidandmaybe better.Whichofthefollowinggroupsismorevulnerabletocancer
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
Americansdon’tliketolosewars.Of coursealotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris.Thereareshooting wars—thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage—andthosearethekindatwhich theU.S.excels.Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiestoo.Whatelsewasthe GreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroadsIf Americansindulgeinabitofflag-wavingwhenthejobisdonetheyearned it.Nowthereisasimilarchallenge:globalwarming.Thesteady deterioration恶化oftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarof thefirstorderandbyanymeasuretheU.S.islosing.IndeedifAmericais fightingatallit’sfightingonthewrongside.TheU.S.producesnearlya quarteroftheworld’sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeit clearthatitdoesn’tintendtodoawholelotaboutit.Although174nations approvedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevelstheU.S. walkedawayfromthem.Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbs orpoweringcarswithhydrogen.Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotism asoneofitscorevaluestheU.S.istakingapassonwhatmightbethemost patrioticstruggleofall.It’shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthe survivalofacountry’scoastsandfarmsthehealthofitspeopleandthe stabilityofitseconomy.Therubisifthevastmajorityof peopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobalemergencythere’sfar lessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitsplanswhichtoooften wouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirswhichtoooftenamounttona; vewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerica’sgrowth.Butlet’sassumethatthose interestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbeatthetableandwillalwaysdemand thattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldan aggressiveambitiouseffectiveplanlooklike—onethatwouldleavetheU.S. bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysoundHalting climatechangewillbefarharder.Oneofthemoreconservativeplansfor addressingtheproblemcallsforareductionof25billiontonsofcarbon emissionsoverthenext52years.Andyetbydevisingaconsistentstrategythat mixesshort-termsolutionswithfar-sightedgoalscombinesgovernmentactivism withprivate-sectorenterpriseandblendspragmatism实用主义withambitionthe U.S.canwithoutmajordamagetotheeconomyhelphalttheworsteffectsof climatechangeandensurethesurvivalofitswayoflifeforfuture generations.Moneywilldosomeoftheworkbutwhat’sneededmostiswill. I’mnotsayingthechallengeisn’talmostoverwhelmingsaysFredKrupp.But thisisAmericaandAmericahasrisentothesechallenges before.Whatdoesthepassagemainlydiscuss
Sheworkedhardathertaskbeforeshefeltsurethattheresultswould____________herlongeffort.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
Heisplanninganothertourabroadyethispassportwill____________attheendofthismonth.
Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedor fearedThisquestionfamouslyposedbyMachiavelliliesattheheartof JosephNye’snewbook.Mr.NyeaformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolof GovernmentatHarvardandone-timechairmanofAmerica’sNationalIntelligence Councilisbestknownforpromotingtheideaofsoftpowerbasedon persuasionandinfluenceasacounterpointtohardpowerbasedoncoercion 强迫andforce.Havinganalyzedtheuseofsoftandhardpower inpoliticsanddiplomacyinhispreviousbooksMr.Nyehasnowturnedhis attentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadershipinboththe politicalandbusinessspheres.Machiavellihenotesconcludedthatoneought tobebothfearedandlovedbutasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved.Inshorthardpowerispreferableto softpower.Butmodernleadershiptheoristshavecometotheopposite conclusion.Thecontextofleadershipischangingtheyobserve andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmodern companiesanddemocraciespowerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditional hierarchies等级制arebeingunderminedmakingsoftpowerevermoreimportant. ButthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasionMr. Nyeargues.Insteadheadvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.Theconclusion ofThePowerstoLeadhissurveyofthetheoryofleadershipisthata combinationofhardandsoftpowerwhichhecallssmartpoweristhebest approach.Thedominanttheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthe momentisapparentlythetransformationalleadershippattern.Anyone allergic反感tomanagementtermwillalreadyberunningfortheexitbutMr. Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevarious academicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingleslimvolume.He examinesdifferentapproachestoleadershipthemoralityofleadershipandhow thewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.There areplentyofanecdotesandexamplesbothhistoricalandcontemporary politicalandcorporate.Alasleadershipisaslipperysubject andashedepictsvarioustheoriesevenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejellyto thewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsof leadership—inparticularthequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryfor goodleaderstolie—andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhis conclusions.Arecurringthemeisthatascircumstanceschangedifferentsorts ofleadersarerequired;aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystrugglein anotherandviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthat leadershipoffersnoeasyanswers.WhichofthefollowingmakessoftpowermoreimportanttodayaccordingtoMr.Nye
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
Sometimesthestudentmaybeaskedtowriteabouthis____________toacertainbookorarticlethathassomebearingonthesubjectbeingstudied.
HenricIbsenauthoroftheplayA Doll’sHouseinwhichaprettyhelplesshousewifeabandonsherhusbandand childrentoseekamoreseriouslifewouldsurelyhaveapproved.FromJanuary 1st2008allpubliccompaniesinNorwayareobligedtoensurethatatleast 40%oftheirboarddirectorsarewomen.Mostfirmshaveobeyedthelawwhich waspassedin2003.Butabout75outofthe480orsocompaniesitaffectsare stilltoomaleforthegovernment’sliking.Theywillshortlyreceivealetter informingthemthattheyhaveuntiltheendofFebruarytoactorfacethe legalconsequences—whichcouldincludebeingdissolved.Before thelawwasproposedabout7%ofboardmembersinNorwaywerefemaleaccording totheCentreforCorporateDiversity.Thenumberhassincejumpedto36%.That isfarhigherthantheaverageof9%forbigcompaniesacrossEuropeor America’s15%fortheFortune500.Norway’sstockexchangeanditsmainbusiness lobbyopposethelawasdomanybusinessmen.Iamagainstquotasforwomenor menasamatterofprinciplesaysSverreMunckheadofinternational operationsatamediafirm.Boardmembersofpubliccompaniesshouldbechosen solelyonthebasisofmeritandexperiencehesays.Severalfirmshaveeven givenuptheirpublicstatusinordertoescapethenewlaw. Companieshavehadtorecruitabout1000womeninfouryears.Many complainthatithasbeendifficulttofindexperiencedcandidates.Becauseof thissomeofthebestwomenhavecollectedasmanyas25-35directorshipseach andareknowninNorwegianbusinesscirclesasthegoldenskirts.Onereason forthescarcityisthattherearefairlyfewwomeninmanagementinNorwegian companies—theyoccupyaround15%ofseniorpositions.Ithasbeenparticularly hardforfirmsintheoiltechnologyandfinancialindustriestofindwomen withenoughexperience.Somepeopleworrythattheirrelative lackofexperiencemaykeepwomenquietonboardsandthatinturncouldmean thatboardsmightbecomelessabletoholdmanagerstoaccount.Recenthistory inNorwayhoweversuggeststhattherightwomencanmakestrongdirectors. WomenfeelmorecompelledthanmentodotheirhomeworksaysMsReksten SkaugenwhowasvotedNorway’schairmanoftheyearfor2007andwecan affordtoaskthehardquestionsbecausewomenarenotalwaysexpectedtoknow theanswers.Apubliccompanythatfailstoobeythenewlawcouldbeforcedto______.
Americansdon’tliketolosewars.Of coursealotdependsonhowyoudefinejustwhatawaris.Thereareshooting wars—thekindthattestpatriotismandcourage—andthosearethekindatwhich theU.S.excels.Butotherstrugglestestthosequalitiestoo.Whatelsewasthe GreatDepressionorthespaceraceortheconstructionoftherailroadsIf Americansindulgeinabitofflag-wavingwhenthejobisdonetheyearned it.Nowthereisasimilarchallenge:globalwarming.Thesteady deterioration恶化oftheveryclimateofthisveryplanetisbecomingawarof thefirstorderandbyanymeasuretheU.S.islosing.IndeedifAmericais fightingatallit’sfightingonthewrongside.TheU.S.producesnearlya quarteroftheworld’sgreenhousegaseseachyearandhasstubbornlymadeit clearthatitdoesn’tintendtodoawholelotaboutit.Although174nations approvedtheadmittedlyflawedKyotoaccordstoreducecarbonlevelstheU.S. walkedawayfromthem.Therearevaguepromisesofmanufacturingfuelfromherbs orpoweringcarswithhydrogen.Butforacountrythattightlycitespatriotism asoneofitscorevaluestheU.S.istakingapassonwhatmightbethemost patrioticstruggleofall.It’shardtoimagineabiggerfightthanoneforthe survivalofacountry’scoastsandfarmsthehealthofitspeopleandthe stabilityofitseconomy.Therubisifthevastmajorityof peopleincreasinglyagreethatclimatechangeisaglobalemergencythere’sfar lessagreementonhowtofixit.Industryoffersitsplanswhichtoooften wouldfixlittle.Environmentalistsoffertheirswhichtoooftenamounttona; vewishliststhatcouldweakenAmerica’sgrowth.Butlet’sassumethatthose interestedpartiesandotherswillalwaysbeatthetableandwillalwaysdemand thattheirvoicesbeheardandthattheirneedsbeaddressed.Whatwouldan aggressiveambitiouseffectiveplanlooklike—onethatwouldleavetheU.S. bothenvironmentallysafeandeconomicallysoundHalting climatechangewillbefarharder.Oneofthemoreconservativeplansfor addressingtheproblemcallsforareductionof25billiontonsofcarbon emissionsoverthenext52years.Andyetbydevisingaconsistentstrategythat mixesshort-termsolutionswithfar-sightedgoalscombinesgovernmentactivism withprivate-sectorenterpriseandblendspragmatism实用主义withambitionthe U.S.canwithoutmajordamagetotheeconomyhelphalttheworsteffectsof climatechangeandensurethesurvivalofitswayoflifeforfuture generations.Moneywilldosomeoftheworkbutwhat’sneededmostiswill. I’mnotsayingthechallengeisn’talmostoverwhelmingsaysFredKrupp.But thisisAmericaandAmericahasrisentothesechallenges before.Theparagraphsimmediatelyfollowingthispassagewouldmostprobablydealwith
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
21.Themachineneedsacomplete____________sinceithasbeeninuseforovertenyears.
Somejournalistsoftenoverstatethesituationsothattheirnewsmaycreateagreat____________.
IapologizeifI____________youbutIassureyouitwasunintentional.
In1999thepriceofoilhovered around＄16abarrel.By2008ithad21the＄100abarrel mark.Thereasonsforthesurge22fromthedramatic growthoftheeconomiesofChinaandIndiatowidespread23 inoil-producingregionsincludingIraqandNigeria’sdeltaregion. Triple-digitoilpriceshave24theeconomicandpolitical mapoftheworld25someoldnotionsofpower.Oil-rich nationsareenjoyinghistoricgainsandopportunities26 majorimporters—includingChinaandIndiahometoathirdoftheworld’s population—27risingeconomicandsocialcosts. Managingthisneworderisfastbecomingacentral28 ofglobalpolitics.Countriesthatneedoilareclawingateachother to29scarcesuppliesandarewillingtodealwithany government30howunpleasanttodoit. Inmanypoornationswithoiltheprofitsarebeinglosttocorruption 31thesecountriesoftheirbesthopefordevelopment.And oilisfuelingenormousinvestmentfundsrunbyforeigngovernments 32someintheWestseeasanewthreat. CountrieslikeRussiaVenezuelaandIranarewellsuppliedwithrising oil33achangereflectedinnewlyaggressiveforeign policies.Butsomeunexpectedcountriesarereapingbenefits34 costsfromhigherprices.ConsiderGermany.35 itimportsvirtuallyallitsoilithasprosperedfromextensivetradewitha boomingRussiaandtheMiddleEast.GermanexportstoRussia36 128percentfrom2001to2006.IntheUnitedStates asalreadyhighgaspricesrose37higherinthespringof 2008theissuecroppedupinthepresidentialcampaignwithSenatorsMcCain andObama38forafederalgastaxholidayduringthepeak summerdrivingmonths.Anddrivinghabitsbeganto39as salesofsmallcarsjumpedandmasstransportsystems40 thecountryreportedasharpincreaseinriders.
Thereareover100nightschoolsinthecitymakingitpossibleforaprofessionaltobereeducatednomatter____________hedoes.
Themorethan50000nuclearweaponsinthehandsofvariousnationstodayaremorethanampledestroyingeverycityintheworldseveraltimesover.
Shouldaleaderstrivetobelovedor fearedThisquestionfamouslyposedbyMachiavelliliesattheheartof JosephNye’snewbook.Mr.NyeaformerdeanoftheKennedySchoolof GovernmentatHarvardandone-timechairmanofAmerica’sNationalIntelligence Councilisbestknownforpromotingtheideaofsoftpowerbasedon persuasionandinfluenceasacounterpointtohardpowerbasedoncoercion 强迫andforce.Havinganalyzedtheuseofsoftandhardpower inpoliticsanddiplomacyinhispreviousbooksMr.Nyehasnowturnedhis attentiontotherelationshipbetweenpowerandleadershipinboththe politicalandbusinessspheres.Machiavellihenotesconcludedthatoneought tobebothfearedandlovedbutasitisdifficultforthetwotogotogether itismuchsafertobefearedthanloved.Inshorthardpowerispreferableto softpower.Butmodernleadershiptheoristshavecometotheopposite conclusion.Thecontextofleadershipischangingtheyobserve andthehistoricalemphasisonhardpowerisbecomingoutdated.Inmodern companiesanddemocraciespowerisincreasinglydiffusedandtraditional hierarchies等级制arebeingunderminedmakingsoftpowerevermoreimportant. ButthatdoesnotmeancoercionshouldnowtakeabackseattopersuasionMr. Nyeargues.Insteadheadvocatesasynthesisofthesetwoviews.Theconclusion ofThePowerstoLeadhissurveyofthetheoryofleadershipisthata combinationofhardandsoftpowerwhichhecallssmartpoweristhebest approach.Thedominanttheoreticalmodelofleadershipatthe momentisapparentlythetransformationalleadershippattern.Anyone allergic反感tomanagementtermwillalreadyberunningfortheexitbutMr. Nyehasperformedavaluableserviceinroundingupandsummarizingthevarious academicstudiesandtheoriesofleadershipintoasingleslimvolume.He examinesdifferentapproachestoleadershipthemoralityofleadershipandhow thewidercontextcandeterminetheeffectivenessofaparticularleader.There areplentyofanecdotesandexamplesbothhistoricalandcontemporary politicalandcorporate.Alasleadershipisaslipperysubject andashedepictsvarioustheoriesevenMr.Nyeneverquitenailsthejellyto thewall.Heisathismostinterestingwhendiscussingthemoralaspectsof leadership—inparticularthequestionofwhetheritissometimesnecessaryfor goodleaderstolie—andheprovidesahelpful12-pointsummaryofhis conclusions.Arecurringthemeisthatascircumstanceschangedifferentsorts ofleadersarerequired;aleaderwhothrivesinoneenvironmentmaystrugglein anotherandviceversa.Ultimatelythatisjustafancywayofsayingthat leadershipoffersnoeasyanswers.Mr.Nye’sbookisparticularlyvaluableinthatit______.
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