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AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
丁拱辰
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeoverwhelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoreunstableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints. Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublishedWhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorism TherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquirywillreopentomorrow.Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq. TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistry’ofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunesMr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat--eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism. ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem. Welearnfromthefirsttwoparagraphsthat
Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheologythestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovementtheacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturiesarethecommonaimsattitudesandmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnettodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance. ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudesthemostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributeshecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGoditpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoningfaithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologian’sdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcenturyScholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.NonethelessthroughouttheScholasticperiodphilosophywascalledtheservantoftheologynotonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheologybutalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation. ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanishArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroes.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyservedhenceasimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroe’smaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradictatleastverballytheteachingsofIslamictheology. AsaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreasontheScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholasticssuchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselmdidnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.LaterattheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticismtheItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation. Whichofthefollowingbestillustratetherelationbetweenreasonandrevelation
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
阅读下列材料 材料一“善师四夷者能制四夷不善师外夷者外夷治之”“夷之长技三一战舰二火器三养兵练兵之法”“是书何以作日为以夷攻夷而作为以夷款夷而作为师夷长技以制夷而作” 材料二“中国之祸不在四海之外而在九州之内”“民权之说无一益而有百害”“中学为体西学为用” ——张之洞劝学篇 材料三要拥护那德先生便不得不反对孔教礼法贞节旧伦理旧政治要拥护那赛先生便不得不反对旧艺术旧zōng jiāo 要拥护德先生又拥护赛先生便不得不反对国粹和旧文学 ——陈独秀新青年 请回答 1材料一引自哪本书作者是谁该材料反映了鸦片战争之后中国思想界发生了什么变化 2材料二中“中学为体西学为用”反映了近代中国哪一派的观点他们在认识近代中国面临的形势问题上与材料一有何不同 3材料三比材料一二在内容上有哪些进步 4材料三在内容上有哪些不足
Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshadeverything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheatpushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoreadeverylastoneofthe3billionDNA"letters"inthehumanbody.Thescientificimportanceoftheworkisunquestionable.ThecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedtogivescientistsunprecedentedinsightsintotheworkingsofthehumanbodyrevolutionizingmedicineandbiology.Buttheraceitselfbetweenthegovernment’sHumanGenomeProjectandRockvilleMd.biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomicswasatleastpartlysymbolicthepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab. Nowtheraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliationthetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HOPheadFrancisCollinsand.AriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergyanimportantallyonthegovernmentsideandCraigVenterthefounderofCeleraagreedtoholdajointpressconferenceinWashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasoversortofthatbothsideshadwonkindofandthatthehostilitieswereresolvedforthetimebeing. Nooneisexactlysurehowthingswillbedifferentnow.Neithersidewillbeturningoffitssequencingmachinesanytimesoon--the"finishlines"eachhascrossedarelargelyarbitrarypoints"firstdrafts"ratherthanthedefinitiveversion.AndwhilethejointannouncementbringstheformerGenomeWarriorsclosertogetherthanthey’vebeeninyearsinsiderssayIthatfutureagreementsaremorelikelytotaketheformofcoordinationratherthanoutrightcollaboration. TheconflictblewupthisFebruarywhenBritain’sWelcomeTrustanHGPparticipantreleasedaconfidentiallettertoCeleraoutliningtheHGP’scomplaints.Ventercalledthemove"alowlifethingtodo"butbyspringtherewerethefirstsignsofathaw."Theattacksandnastinessarebadforscienceandourinvestors"VentertoldNewsweekinMarch"andfightingbackisprobablynothelpful."AtacancermeetingearlierthismonthVenterandCollinspraisedeachother’sapproachesandexpressedhopethatallofthescientistsinvolvedinsequencingthehumangenomewouldbeabletosharethecreditBylatelastweekthathopewasbecomingarealityasdetailsforMonday’sjointannouncementwerehammeredout.Scientistsinbothcampswelcomedanendtothehostilities."Ifthisendsthehorseracesciencewins."Withtheirdifferencebehindthemoratleastsetasidethescientistsshouldnowbeabletogetdowntotheinterestingstufffiguringhowtomakeuseofallthatdata ThetoneoftheauthorinreportingthejointpressconferencethisMondayis
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeoverwhelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoreunstableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints. Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublishedWhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorism TherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquirywillreopentomorrow.Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq. TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistry’ofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunesMr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat--eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism. ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheParliament
古今算学丛书
AtthestartoftheyearTheIndependentonSundayarguedthattherewerethreeoverwhelmingreasonswhyIraqshouldnotbeinvaded:therewasnoproofthatSaddamposedanimminentthreat;Iraqwouldbeevenmoreunstableasaresultofitsliberation;andaconflictwouldincreasethethreatposedbyterrorists.WhatwedidnotknowwasthatTonyBlairhadreceivedintelligenceandadvicethatraisedtheverysamepoints. Lastweek’sreportfromtheIntelligenceandSecurityCommitteeincludedtherevelationthatsomeoftheintelligencehadwarnedthatawaragainstIraqriskedanincreasedthreatofterrorism.WhydidMr.BlairnotmakethisevidenceavailabletothepublicinthewaythatsomuchofthealarmistintelligenceonSaddam’sweaponswaspublishedWhydidhechoosetoignoretheintelligenceandargueinsteadthatthewarwasnecessarypreciselybecauseofthethreatposedbyinternationalterrorism TherehavebeentwoparliamentaryinvestigationsintothiswarandtheHuttoninquirywillreopentomorrow.Intheirdifferentwaystheyhavebeenilluminatingbutnoneofthemhasaddressedthemainissuesrelatingtothewar.TheForeignAffairsCommitteehadthescopetorangewidelybutchosetobecomeentangledinthedisputebetweentheGovernmentandtheBBC.TheIntelligenceCommitteereachedtheconclusionthattheGovernment’sfileonSaddam’sweaponswasnotmixedupbutfailedtoexplainwhytheintelligencewassohopelesslywrong.TheHuttoninquiryisinvestigatingthedeathofDr.DavidKellyapersonaltragedyofmarginalrelevancetothewaragainstIraq. TonyBlairhasstilltocomeundercloseexaminationabouthisconductinthebuilding-uptowar.InsteadtheDefenceSecretaryGeoffHoonisbeingfingeredasifheweremaster-mindingthewarbehindeveryone’sbacksfromtheMinistry’ofDefence.Mr.HoonisnotaministerwhodarestothinkwithoutconsultingDowningStreetfirst.AtalltimeshewouldhavebeendancingtoDowningStreet’stunesMr.BlairwouldbewrongtoassumethathecandrawalineunderallofthisbymakingMr.Hoonthefall-guy.ItwasMr.BlairwhodecidedtotakeBritaintowarandaCabinetoflargelyskepticalministersthatbackedhim.ItwasMr.BlairwhotoldMPsthatunlessSaddamwasremovedterroristswouldposeagreaterglobalthreat--eventhoughhehadreceivedintelligencethatsuggestedawarwouldleadtoanincreaseinterrorism. ParliamentshouldbetheforuminwhichthePrimeMinisteriscalledmorefullytoaccountbutlainDuncanSmith’ssupportforthewarhasneuteredanalreadyineptopposition.IntheabsenceofproperparliamentaryscrutinyitislefttonewspaperslikethisonetokeepaskingthemostimportantquestionsuntilthePrimeMinisteranswersthem. BychosetobecomeentangledLine3Para.3theauthorimpliesthat
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
江南制造局译书馆
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity. Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce. Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers. Whatisthemainideaofthepassage
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
广方言馆
Itwasthebiggestscientificgrudgematchsincethespacerace.TheGenomeWarshadeverything:twogroupswithappealingleadersreadytofightinascientificdeadheatpushingthelimitsoftechnologyandrhetoricastheybattledtobecomethefirsttoreadeverylastoneofthe3billionDNA"letters"inthehumanbody.Thescientificimportanceoftheworkisunquestionable.ThecompletedDNAsequenceisexpectedtogivescientistsunprecedentedinsightsintotheworkingsofthehumanbodyrevolutionizingmedicineandbiology.Buttheraceitselfbetweenthegovernment’sHumanGenomeProjectandRockvilleMd.biotechnologycompanyCeleraGenomicswasatleastpartlysymbolicthepublic/privateconflictplayedoutinageneticlab. Nowtheraceisover.Afteryearsofpublicattacksandseveralfailedattemptsatreconciliationthetwosidesaretakingasteptowardaperiodofcalm.HOPheadFrancisCollinsand.AriPatrinosoftheDepartmentofEnergyanimportantallyonthegovernmentsideandCraigVenterthefounderofCeleraagreedtoholdajointpressconferenceinWashingtonthisMondaytodeclarethattheracewasoversortofthatbothsideshadwonkindofandthatthehostilitieswereresolvedforthetimebeing. Nooneisexactlysurehowthingswillbedifferentnow.Neithersidewillbeturningoffitssequencingmachinesanytimesoon--the"finishlines"eachhascrossedarelargelyarbitrarypoints"firstdrafts"ratherthanthedefinitiveversion.AndwhilethejointannouncementbringstheformerGenomeWarriorsclosertogetherthanthey’vebeeninyearsinsiderssayIthatfutureagreementsaremorelikelytotaketheformofcoordinationratherthanoutrightcollaboration. TheconflictblewupthisFebruarywhenBritain’sWelcomeTrustanHGPparticipantreleasedaconfidentiallettertoCeleraoutliningtheHGP’scomplaints.Ventercalledthemove"alowlifethingtodo"butbyspringtherewerethefirstsignsofathaw."Theattacksandnastinessarebadforscienceandourinvestors"VentertoldNewsweekinMarch"andfightingbackisprobablynothelpful."AtacancermeetingearlierthismonthVenterandCollinspraisedeachother’sapproachesandexpressedhopethatallofthescientistsinvolvedinsequencingthehumangenomewouldbeabletosharethecreditBylatelastweekthathopewasbecomingarealityasdetailsforMonday’sjointannouncementwerehammeredout.Scientistsinbothcampswelcomedanendtothehostilities."Ifthisendsthehorseracesciencewins."Withtheirdifferencebehindthemoratleastsetasidethescientistsshouldnowbeabletogetdowntotheinterestingstufffiguringhowtomakeuseofallthatdata ThewordthawLine3Para.4mostprobablymeans
论废除科举对中国近代变迁的影响
Scholasticthinkersheldawidevarietyofdoctrinesinbothphilosophyandtheologythestudyofreligion.WhatgivesunitytothewholeScholasticmovementtheacademicpracticeinEuropefromthe9thtothe17thcenturiesarethecommonaimsattitudesandmethodsgenerallyacceptedbyallitsmembers.ThechiefconcernoftheScholasticswasnettodiscovernewfactsbuttointegratetheknowledgealreadyacquiredseparatelybyGreekreasoningandChristianrevelation.ThisconcernisoneofthemostcharacteristicdifferencesbetweenScholasticismandmodernthoughtsincetheRenaissance. ThebasicaimoftheScholasticsdeterminedcertaincommonattitudesthemostimportantofwhichwastheirconvictionofthefundamentalharmonybetweenreasonandrevelation.TheScholasticsmaintainedthatbecausethesameGodwasthesourceofbothtypesofknowledgeandtruthwasoneofhischiefattributeshecouldnotcontradicthimselfinthesetwowaysofspeaking.Anyapparentoppositionbetweenrevelationandreasoncouldbetracedeithertoanincorrectuseofreasonortoaninaccurateinterpretationofthewordsofrevelation.BecausetheScholasticsbelievedthatrevelationwasthedirectteachingofGoditpossessedforthemahigherdegreeoftruthandcertaintythandidnaturalreason.Inapparentconflictsbetweenreligiousfaithandphilosophicreasoningfaithwasthusalwaysthesupremearbiter;thetheologian’sdecisionoverruledthatofthephilosopher.Aftertheearly13thcenturyScholasticthoughtemphasizedmoretheindependenceofphilosophywithinitsowndomain.NonethelessthroughouttheScholasticperiodphilosophywascalledtheservantoftheologynotonlybecausethetruthofphilosophywassubordinatedtothatoftheologybutalsobecausethetheologianusedphilosophytounderstandandexplainrevelation. ThisattitudeofScholasticismstandsinsharpcontrasttotheso-calleddouble-truththeoryoftheSpanishArabphilosopherandphysicianAverroes.HistheoryassumedthattruthwasaccessibletobothphilosophyandIslamictheologybutthatonlyphilosophycouldattainitperfectly.Theso-calledtruthsoftheologyservedhenceasimperfectimaginativeexpressionsforthecommonpeopleoftheauthentictruthaccessibleonlytophilosophy.Averroe’smaintainedthatphilosophictruthcouldevencontradictatleastverballytheteachingsofIslamictheology. AsaresultoftheirbeliefintheharmonybetweenfaithandreasontheScholasticsattemptedtodeterminetheprecisescopeandcompetenceofeachofthesefaculties.ManyearlyScholasticssuchastheItalianecclesiasticandphilosopherSt.Anselmdidnotclearlydistinguishthetwoandwereoverconfidentthatreasoncouldprovecertaindoctrinesofrevelation.LaterattheheightofthematureperiodofScholasticismtheItaliantheologianandphilosopherSt.ThomasAquinasworkedoutabalancebetweenreasonandrevelation. Averroesheldthat
评析甲午战后至辛亥革命期间民族资本主义发展的原因和局限性
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity. Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce. Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers. Temperamentalirritablekidshavedifficultyadaptingtoparentaldivorcebecause
Despitethegeneralnegativefindingsitisimportanttorememberthatallchildrenwholivethroughadivorcedonotbehaveinthesameway.Thespecificbehaviordependsonthechild’sindividualpersonalitycharacteristicsageatthetimeofdivorceandgender.Intermsofpersonalitywhencomparedtothoseratedasrelaxedandeasygoingchildrendescribedastemperamentalandirritablehavemoredifficultycopingwithparentaldivorceasindeedtheyhavemoredifficultyadaptingtolifechangeingeneral.Stresssuchasthatfoundindisruptedfamiliesseemstoimpairtheabilityoftemperamentalchildrentoadapttotheirsurroundingsthegreatertheamountofstressthelesswelltheyadapt.Incontrastamoderateamountofstressmayactuallyhelpaneasygoingrelaxedchildlearntocopewithadversity. Thereissomerelationshipbetweenageandchildren’scharacteristicreactiontodivorce.AsthechildgrowsolderthegreateristhelikelihoodofafreeexpressionofavarietyofcomplexfeelingsanunderstandingofthosefeelingsandarealizationthatthedecisiontodivorcecannotbeattributedtoanyonesimplecauseSelf-blamevirtuallydisappearsaftertheageof6fearofabandonmentdiminishesaftertheageof8andtheconfusionandfearoftheyoungchildisreplacedintheolderchildbyshameangerandself-reflection.GenderofthechildisalsoafactorthatpredictsthenatureofreactiontodivorceTheimpactofdivorceisinitiallygreateronboysthanongirls.Theyaremoreaggressivelesscomplianthavegreaterdifficultiesininterpersonalrelationshipsandexhibitproblembehaviorsbothathomeandatschool.Furthermoretheadjustmentproblemsofboysarestillnoticeableeventwoyearsafterthedivorce. Girls’adjustmentproblemsareusuallyinternalizedratherthanactedoutandareoftenresolvedbythesecondyearafterthedivorce.Howevernewproblemsmaysurfaceforgirlsastheyenteradolescenceandadulthood.HowcantherelativelygreaterimpactofdivorceonboysthanongirlsbeexplainedThegreatermaleaggressionandnoncompliancemayreflectthefactthatsuchbehaviorsaretoleratedandevenencouragedinmalesinourculturemorethantheyareinfemales.Furthermoreboysmayhaveaparticularneedforastrongmalemodelofself-controlaswellasforastrongdisciplinarianparent.Finallyboysaremorelikelytobeexposedtotheirparents’fightsthangirlsareandafterthebreakupboysarelesslikelythangirlstoreceivesympathyandsupportfrommothersteachersorpeers. Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheimpactofdivorce
PartB UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geologysoilandgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergrouphoweverhasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.41_____________________.EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. 42_____________________.Inadditionovertimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessivelyallofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadoptedandthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. 43_____________________.Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoilsslopesanddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.InafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrusthegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originatedthroughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoilandfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. 44_____________________.Correspondinglyclassificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaminggroupinganddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforestwoodlandthornbushthicketandshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavannatreelessgrassyplainandsteppegrassyplainwithfewtrees.ThisisbestseeninthenomenclaturenamingofplantsadoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica’svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay’sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessorTheVegetationMapofAfricacompiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformationsbasedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemaphoweverdiscardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful. 45_____________________.Howeversome100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications. [A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecologynamingclassificationandmappinghavealsobee0memoreparticularstressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential. [B]InregionsofhigherrainfallsuchaseasternAfricasavannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseasonthefiresburnbacktheforestvegetationchecktheinvasionoftreesandshrubsandstimulatenewgrassgrowth. [C]OnceaswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoilsamuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates. [D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations. [E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzoneswiththesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzonesdifferencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation. [F]Neverthelessinbroadtermsclimateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.ZonalbeltsofprecipitationreflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrentsgivesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation. [G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetendedonbalancetoreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel. 44
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
上海格致书院
AllSumeriancitiesrecognizedanumberofgodsincommonincludingtheskygodthelordofstormsandthemorningandeveningstar.1theSumerianworshippedthegoddessoffertilityloveandwarshewasevidentlylower2statusthanthemalegodsindicatingthatinamoreurbanizedsocietythe3thatthepeoplesofprevioustimeshadpaidtotheearthmothergoddesshad4.Thegodsseemedhopelesslyviolentand5andone’slifeaperiodofslaveryattheireasywill.TheepicpoemTheCreationemphasizesthat6werecreatedtoenablethegodsto7upworking.Eachcitymoreoverhaditsowngodwhowasconsideredto8thetempleliterallyandwhowasintheorytheownerofallpropertywithinthecity.9thepriestswhointerpretedthewillofthegodandcontrolledthe10oftheeconomicproduceofthecitywerefavored11theirsupernaturalandmaterialfunctions12.Whenafter3000B.C.growingwarfareamongthecitiesmademilitaryleadership13theheadofthearmywhobecamekingassumedan14positionbetweenthegodwhoseagenthewasandthepriestlyclasswhomhehadbothtouseandto15Thuskingandpriestsrepresentedtheupperclassinahierarchicalsociety.16themwerethescribesthesecularattendantsofthetemplewho17everyaspectofthecity’seconomiclifeandwhodevelopedaroughjudicialsystem.18thetempleofficialssocietywasdividedamonganeliteor19groupoflargelandownersandmilitaryleaders;amixedgroupofmerchantsartisansandcraftsmenfreepeasantswho20themajorityofthepopulation;andslaves. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
PartB UntilabouttwomillionyearsagoAfrica’svegetationhadalwaysbeencontrolledbytheinteractionsofclimate;geologysoilandgroundwaterconditions;andtheactivitiesofanimals.Theadditionofhumanstothelattergrouphoweverhasincreasinglyrenderedunrealtheconceptofafullydeveloped"natural"vegetation--i.e.oneapproximatingtheidealofavegetationalclimax.41_____________________.EarlyattemptsatmappingandclassifyingAfrica’svegetationstressedthisrelationship:sometimesthenamesofplantzoneswerederiveddirectlyfromclimates.Inthisdiscussiontheideaofzonesisretainedonlyinabroaddescriptivesense. 42_____________________.Inadditionovertimemorefloralregionsofvaryingshapeandsizehavebeenrecognized.Manyschemeshavearisensuccessivelyallofwhichhavehadtotakeviewsontwoimportantaspects:thegeneralscaleoftreatmenttobeadoptedandthedegreetowhichhumanmodificationistobecomprehendedordiscounted. 43_____________________.Quitetheoppositeassumptionisnowfrequentlyadvanced.Anintimatecombinationofmanyspecies--incomplexassociationsandrelatedtolocalizedsoilsslopesanddrainage--hasbeendetailedinmanystudiesoftheAfricantropics.InafewsquaremilestheremaybeavisiblesuccessionfromswampwithpapyrusthegrassofwhichtheancientEgyptiansmadepaperandfromwhichtheword"paper"originatedthroughswampygrasslandandbroad-leavedwoodlandandgrasstoapatchofforestonricherhillsidesoilandfinallytojuicyfleshyplantsonanearlynakedrocksummit. 44_____________________.Correspondinglyclassificationshavedifferedgreatlyintheirprinciplesfornaminggroupinganddescribingformations:somehavechosentermssuchasforestwoodlandthornbushthicketandshrubformuchofthesamebroadtractsthatothershavegroupedaswoodedsavannatreelessgrassyplainandsteppegrassyplainwithfewtrees.ThisisbestseeninthenomenclaturenamingofplantsadoptedbytwoofthemostcomprehensiveandauthoritativemapsofAfrica’svegetationthathavebeenpublished:R.W.J.Keay’sVegetationMapofAfricaSouthoftheTropicofCanceranditsmorewidelybasedsuccessorTheVegetationMapofAfricacompiledbyFrankWhite.IntheKeaymaptheterms"savanna"and"steppe"wereadoptedasprecisedefinitionofformationsbasedontheherblayerandthecoverageofwoodyvegetation;theWhitemaphoweverdiscardedthesetwocategoriesasspecificclassifications.Yetanyrapidabsenceofsavannaasinitspopularandmoregeneralsenseisdoubtful. 45_____________________.Howeversome100specifictypesofvegetationidentifiedonthesourcemaphavebeencompressedinto14broaderclassifications. [A]AsmorehasbecomeknownofthemanythousandsofAfricanplantspeciesandtheircomplexecologynamingclassificationandmappinghavealsobee0memoreparticularstressingwhatwasactuallypresentratherthanpostulatingaboutclimaticpotential. [B]InregionsofhigherrainfallsuchaseasternAfricasavannavegetationismaintainedbyperiodicfires.Consumingdrygrassattheendoftherainyseasonthefiresburnbacktheforestvegetationchecktheinvasionoftreesandshrubsandstimulatenewgrassgrowth. [C]OnceaswiththescientifictreatmentofAfricansoilsamuchgreateruniformitywasattributedtothevegetationthanwouldhavebeengenerallyacceptedinthesameperiodfortreatmentsofthelandsofwesternEuropeortheUnitedStates. [D]ThevegetationalmapofAfricaandgeneralvegetationgroupingsusedherefollowtheWhitemapanditsextensiveannotations. [E]Africanvegetationzonesarecloselylinkedtoclimaticzoneswiththesamezonesoccurringbothnorthandsouthoftheequatorinbroadlysimilarpatterns.Aswithclimaticzonesdifferencesintheamountandseasonaldistributionofprecipitationconstitutethemostimportantinfluenceonthedevelopmentofvegetation. [F]Neverthelessinbroadtermsclimateremainsthedominantcontrolovervegetation.ZonalbeltsofprecipitationreflectionlatitudeandcontrastingexposuretotheAtlanticandIndianoceansandtheircurrentsgivesomerealitytorelatedbeltsofvegetation. [G]ThespanofhumanoccupationinAfricaisbelievedtoexceedthatofanyothercontinent.Alltheresultantactivitieshavetendedonbalancetoreducetreecoverandincreasegrassland;buttherehasbeenconsiderabledisputeamongscholarsconcerningthenaturalversushuman-causeddevelopmentofmostAfricangrasslandsattheregionallevel. 42
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