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Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.ThewordexclusionaryLine3Para.2canbebestexplainedby______.
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Achildmayleanagainstadoorpostwithhisorherarmsfolded.Totheonlookeritmaylooklikeabenignposture—howevertheremaybeavictimizedchildwhounderstandsthatthisisthebully’sshorthandcodeofconveyingthemessage:Handmeyourlunchasyouwalkbymeorelse.Bullyingmaybeexpressedinmanyforms.Boysaregenerallytargetedmorethangirls.Boystendtousephysicalaggressionwhentheybully.byhittingkickingandfighting.Girlsontheotherhandmoreoftenuseexclusionarytechniquestobully—aformofaggressionoftenreferredtoasrelationalaggression.Girlsoftenstartrumorsformcliquestokeepcertainpeopleoutandignoreotherchildreninattemptstoshowdominanceoveranotherchild.Manychildrenwhoarevictimizedfitintooneoftwotypes:thepassivevictimandtheprovocativevictim.Whilepeopleoftenfeelbadaboutpassivevictimsprovocativevictimsoftenelicitlesscompassionfromothers.Sometimesitappearsthattheprovocativevictimhasbroughtonhisorherownfate—butdoesanychilddeservetobethetargetofrepeatedphysicalorverbalaggressionWhymightso-calledprovocativevictimsactivelyparticipateinbeingthetargetofbullying:ForexamplearetheirprovocativegesturessimplyaclumsywayofattemptingtointeractwithothersOnefeelscompassionfortheinhibitedchildbecauseheisreserved;asocialmisfortuneinoursocietybutanaggressivechildisgivennoneofthis.Thedynamicsofthebully/victimrelationshipneedtobeunderstoodinalargercontextPeplerCraig&O’Connell1999.Itisnotonlythebullyandthevictimthatisinvolvedinasystemofinteraction:Thebullyingcontextincludesmultiplelevelsofthechild’ssocialenvironment.Thebullymayenlistthehelpofhenchmenthosewhoassistthebullybutoftendonothavetheinitiativeorleadershiptoinitiatebullying.Alsobystanderswhetheractivelyencouragingthebullyingactorpassivelystandingbyplayaroleinmaintainingthepatternofbullying.Eventhestudentswhohabituallyfleethesiteofabullyingactplayaroleinmaintainingthebully/victiminteraction.Inhandlingthesituationitisimportantnottofocusonlyontheoneortwostudentsthataredirectlyinvolvedbutontheplaygroundandschoolasawhole.Studieshaveshownthatinordertobreakdownthestabilityofpeerbullyingyoumustinitiatechangeonmanylevels:Notonlyinteachingthebulliedchildhowtoasserthimselforherselfandtodeflectattacksbutalsotoraiseawarenessabouttheproblemofbullyingandencouragetheschoolcommunityatlargetotakeaunitedstanceagainstbullying.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasonepartofthelargercontextofbullying
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 16
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.Nationalismwillbecomeracismwhenitiscombinedwith______.
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.ThewordambivalentLine3Paragraph3mostprobablymeans______.
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./WhichoneofthefollowingisNOToneofthemeasurestopromotetheuseofthenewlanterns
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.Whatseemstomakethesituationofinternetaddictionworse
Thetermnationalismisgenerallyusedtodescribetwophenomena:1themembersofanationcareabouttheirnationalidentityand2thatthemembersofanationseektoachieveorsustainself-determination.Itistraditionalthereforetodistinguishnationsfromstates—whereasanationoftenconsistsofanethnicorculturalcommunityastateisapoliticalentitywithahighdegreeofsovereignty.Whilemanystatesarenationsinsomesensetherearemanynationswhicharenotfullysovereignstates.AsanexampletheNativeAmericanIroquoisconstituteanationbutnotastatesincetheydonotpossesstherequisitepoliticalauthorityovertheirinternalorexternalaffairs.IfthemembersoftheIroquoisnationweretostrivetoformasovereignstateintheefforttopreservetheiridentityasapeopletheywouldbeexhibitingastate—focusednationalism.Nationalismhaslongbeenignoredasatopicinpoliticalphilosophywrittenoffasarelicfrombygonetimes.Ithasonlyrecentlycomeintothefocusofphilosophicaldebate.Thesurgeofnationalismusuallypresentsamorallyambivalentandforthisreasonoftenfascinatingpicture.Nationalawakeningsandstrugglesforpoliticalindependenceareoftenbothheroicandinhumanlycruel;theformationofarecognizablynationalstateoftenrespondstodeeppopularsentimentbutcananddoessometimesbringinitswakeinhumanconsequencesincludingviolentexpulsionandcleansingofnon-nationalsallthewaytoorganizedmassmurder.Themoraldebateonnationalismreflectsadeepmoraltensionbetweensolidaritywithoppressednationalgroupsontheonehandandrepulsioninthefaceofcrimesperpetratedinthenameofnationalismontheother.Nationalismmaymanifestitselfaspartofofficialstateideologyorasapopularnon-statemovementandmaybeexpressedalongcivicethnicculturalreligiousorideologicallines.Theseself-definitionsofthenationareusedtoclassifytypesofnationalism.Howeversuchcategoriesarenotmutuallyexclusiveandmanynationalistmovementscombinesomeoralloftheseelementstovaryingdegrees.Nationalistmovementscanalsobeclassifiedbyothercriteriasuchasscaleandlocation.Nationalismdoesnotnecessarilyimplyabeliefinthesuperiorityofoneraceoverothersbutinpracticemanynationalistssupportracialprotectionismorracialsupremacy.Suchracismistypicallybaseduponpreferenceorsuperiorityoftheindigenousraceofthenation.Thetwophenomenamentionedinparagraph1canbesummarizedas______.
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. 46
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 42
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.WhichoneofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasoneoftheactivitieschildrendoingonlinethataregivingparentsheadaches
Theincreasinglyhighratesofjuveniledelinquencyareagreatprobleminmodemsociety.Moreandmorepeoplearepayingspecialattentiontoit.Whenitcomestothereasonsherearetwoofthem.Modemyoutharemorerevolutionaryandmoreindependentthantheeldergeneration.Whenthistendencygoestoanextremeproblemsarise.Someoftheyoungwanttothrowawayallthetraditionalprinciplesandbeliefsmostofwhichareverygoodforself-cultivation.Theyarereluctanttolistentotheadvicefromeldergeneration.Iftheybehaveinthewayastheyliketheymightcommitcrimeswithoutrealizingit.Studiesalsoshowthatjuvenile-delinquencyratesaretwiceashighforyoungstersfromsingle-parenthomesasforthoseintraditionalhouseholds.Childreninsingle-parentfamiliesaretakenlesscareofandthushavefeelingsofbeingneglecteddiscriminatedandisolated.Thelackofparentallovemakesthemhostileandcynicaltowardsthesociety.Thereareseveralwaystopreventtheyouthfromcommittingcrimes.Schooleducationplaysanimportantroletoteachtraditionalbeliefs.Booksandprogramsshouldbeingoodquality.Thereshouldbemoreeducationalbooksandprogramsforyoungchildrentotellthemhowtodistinguishtherightfromthewrong.Alsomutualunderstandingbetweenparentsandchildrenisalsoveryimportant.Parentalsupervisionandguidanceareakeyfactorofself-cultivationinlifetime.Thetwogenerationsneedtosmoothawaydisagreement.Parentscanspendmuchtimestayingwiththeirchildrenandpatientlycarryoutthedutyoffamilyeducation.Andothersarestartingtopayattentiontoanotherprobleminmodernsocietythatmayunderlineallsortsofcrimesincludingjuveniledelinquencythoughitisbelievedthatthedevelopmentofinformationtechnologyhasmadetheworldsmaller.Modernpeoplehavegreatertensionssothattheyhavelesstimetocommunicatewitheachother.Moreandmorepeoplearelivinginurbanareaswherelifeisinaquickrhythm.Duetofiercecompetitionwhichisthemostimportantreasonofallcitydwellershavetobeworkinghardinordertokeepupwiththestepsofcitylife.Everybodyisbusyallthetime.Workpressuresdeprivethemofacasualwayoflife.Moreoverlivinginapartmentsindifferentblockspeopleareisolatedfromeachother.Itisnotconvenientforthemtomeeteachotherfreely.Whatarethereasonsforjuveniledelinquencypresentedinparagraph2
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 18
BurkinaFasostudentteacherHemaCecilehasalotmoretimetocrackthebooksthankstoarecentinitiativefromtheWorldBankandtheInternationalFinanceCorporationIFC.ThelaunchoftheLightingAfricaprogrambythetwoorganizationsthisyearhasmadeitpossibleforCeciletoswapkerosenelampsforasolar-poweredLEDlantern.LightingAfricaisa＄12millionprojectwhichintendstobringlighttothepoorestregionsacrosssub-SaharanAfrica.Theprogramworkswiththelightingindustrytodevelopcleanaffordablelightingandenergysolutionsformillionswithoutaccesstoelectricgrids.Itsaimistoacceleratethemarketandtodevelopeducationprogramsthatinformoff-gridpopulationscurrentlydependentoncostlyinefficientandhazardousfuel-basedlightingaboutmodernalternatives.Cecileusedtospend＄3-4amonthonkeroseneforherlamp.Thatisalargeproportionofherearnings—like70percentofthepopulationshelivesonlessthan＄2aday.IntheweekssincebuyingherlanternshehasmanagedtoreadfourbooksincludingMadameBovary.byGustaveFlaubertandEmileZola’sGerminal.Sheisamongthemostlearnedinasocietywhichhastheworld’slowestliteracyrateaccordingtoa2007UNHumanDevelopmentReport.WhenshegraduatesnextyearshewillteachinalocaljuniorschoolShemakesendsmeetbyholidayjobsasacleanerandanITtrainer.ToearnherdailyrationofcornmealshedoesshiftsfromMaytoSeptemberinacornfield.Thelanternsaredesignedtolooklikethekeroseneonestheyarereplacinginordertoincreaseadoptionamongthepopulation.Eachhasasmallsolarpanelonthetopandcostsanaverage＄30althoughsomecost＄100dependingonthesizeofthebatteryandthenumberofLEDlightsitcontains.BecauseofthelargenumberofsunlighthoursinBurkinaFasothelampscanbereliedontoworkwheneverneeded.Thebatterylifeis2-4yearsandcanbereplacedoncetheylosetheirstoragecapacity.TheLEDlightslast5-10years.AlthoughitisbarelyoutofitstrialperiodtheprojectChabannesaidtherearesignstheprojectisaboonforthepopulationinareasotherthanhouseholdsavingsandeducation.Therearefewerpeoplereportingeyeproblemstothelocalhospital./ThepurposeoftheLightingAfricaprogramisto______.
[A]Anti-virussoftwareoftenbouncesawarningbacktothesenderofaninfectede-mailsayingthatthee-mailinquestioncannotbedeliveredbecauseitcontainsavirus.SoBig.Fwasabletospoofthissystemby"harvesting"e-mailaddressesfromtheharddisksofinfectedcomputers.Someoftheseaddresseswerethensentinfectede-mailsthathadbeendoctoredtolookasthoughtheyhadcomefromotherharvestedaddresses.Thelatterwerethussentwarningseventhoughtheirmachinesmaynothavebeeninfected. [B]Blasterworkedbycreatinga"bufferoverrunintheremoteprocedurecall".InEnglishthatearnsitattackedapieceofsoftwareusedbyMicrosoft’sWindowsoperatingsystemtoallowonecomputertocontrolanother.Itdidsobycausingthatsoftwaretousetoomuchmemory. [C]Thoughbothoftheseprogramsfellshortoftheapparentobjectivesoftheirauthorstheystillcauseddamage.ForinstancetheyforcedtheshutdownofanumberofcomputernetworksincludingtheoneusedbytheNewYorkTimesnewsroomandtheoneorganizingtrainsoperatedbyCSXafreightcompanyonAmerica’seastcoast.Computerscientistsexpectthatitisonlyamatteroftimebeforeatrulydevastatingvirusisunleashed. [D]MostwormsworkbyexploitingweaknessesinanoperatingsystembutwhoeverwroteBlasterhadaparticularlyrefinedsenseofhumoursincethewebsiteunderattackwastheonefromwhichuserscouldobtainaprogramtofixtheveryweaknessinWindowsthatthewormitselfwasexploiting. [E]OnewaytodealwithawickedwormlikeBlasteristodesignafairygodmotherwormthatgoesaroundrepairingvulnerablemachinesautomatically.InthecaseofBlastersomeoneseemstohavetriedexactlythatwithaprogramcalledWelchi.HoweveraccordingtoMr.HaleyWelchihascausedalmostasmanyproblemsasBlasteritselfbyoverwhelmingnetworkswith"pings"signalsthatcheckedforthepresenceofothercomputers. [F]SoBig.Fwasthemorevisibleofthetworecentwavesofinfectionbecauseitpropagateditselfbye-mailmeaningthatvictimsnoticedwhatwasgoingon.SoBig.Fwassoeffectivethatitcausedsubstantialdisruptioneventothoseprotectedbyanti-virussoftware.Thatwasbecausesomanycopiesofthevirusspreadsome500000computerswereinfectedthatmanymachineswereoverwhelmedbymessagesfromtheirownanti-virussoftware.Ontopofthatonecommoncounter-measurebackfiredincreasingtrafficstillfurther. [G]KevinHaleyofSymantecafirmthatmakesanti-virussoftwarethinksthatonereasonSoBig.Fwassomuchmoreeffectivethanothervirusesthatworkthiswayisbecauseitwasbetteratsearchinghard-drivesforaddresses.BrianKingofCERTaninternet-securitycentreatCarnegie-MellonUniversityinPittsburghnotesthatunlikeitsprecursorsSoBig.Fwascapableof"multi-threading":itcouldsendmultiplee-mailssimultaneouslyallowingittodispatchthousandsinminutes. 44
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. 48
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Inasensethenewprotectionismisnotprotectionismatallatleastnotinthetraditionalsenseoftheterm.Theoldprotectionismreferredonlytotrade-restrictingandtrade-expandingdevicessuchasthetarifforexportsubsidy.Thenewprotectionismismuchbroaderthanthis;itincludesinterventionsintoforeigntradebutisnotlimitedtothem.46Thenewprotectionisminfactreferstohowthewholeofgovernmentinterventionintotheprivateeconomyaffectsinternationaltrade.Theemphasisontradeisstilltherethuscametheterm"protection".Butwhatisnewistherealizationthatvirtuallyallgovernmentactivitiescanaffectinternationaleconomicrelations. 47TheemergenceofthenewprotectionismintheWesternworldreflectsthevictoryoftheinterventionistorwelfareeconomyoverthemarketeconomy.JabTumilerwrites"Theoldprotectionism…coexistedwithoutanyapparentintellectualdifficultywiththeacceptableofthemarketasanationalaswellasaninternationaleconomicdistributionmechanism-indeedprotectionistsaswellasifnotmorethanfreetradersstoodforlaissez-faire放任政策.48Nowasinthe1930’sprotectionismisanexpressionofaprofoundskepticismastotheabilityofthemarkettodistributeresourcesandincomestosocietiessatisfaction." Itispreciselythisprofoundskepticismofthemarketeconomythatisresponsiblefortheprotectionism.Inamarketeconomyeconomicchangeofvariouscolorsimpliesredistributionsofresourcesandincomes.Thesameopinioninmanycommunitiesapparentlyisthatsuchredistributionsoftenarenotproper.Thereforethegovernmentintervenestobringaboutamoredesiredresult. ThevictoryofthewelfarestateisalmostcompleteinnorthernEurope.InSwedenNorwayFinlandDenmarkandtheNetherlandsgovernmentinterventioninalmostallaspectsofeconomicandsociallifeisconsiderednormal.49InGreatBritainthisisonlysomewhatlesstrue.GovernmenttraditionallyhasplayedaveryactiveroleineconomiclifeinFranceandcontinuedtodoso.OnlyGermanydarestogoagainstthetidetowardsexcessiveinterventionisminWesternEurope.ItalsohappenstobethemostsuccessfulWesternEuropeaneconomy. 50ThewelfarestatehasmadesignificantprogressintheUnitedStagesaswellasinWesternEurope.Socialsecurityunemploymentinsuranceminimum-wagelawsandrentcontrolarebynowtraditionalwelfarestateelementsontheAmericanscene. 50
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwriteanarticle.Inyourarticleyoushouldcoverthefollowingpoints: 1describethephenomenon; 2analyzethephenomenonandgiveyourcommentonit. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
DoyourchildrenlietoyouandtheirfriendsabouttheiractivitiesonlineDotheyfeelemptydepressedandirritablewhennotatthecomputerDotheyhaveproblemswithschoolorworkyettheyalwaysseemtofeelenergizedagainwhentheyareatthecomputerssurfingtheinternetIfyouansweredyestooneorevenmoreoftheabovequestionsyourchildrenaresufferingfrominternetaddiction.Theamountoftimekidsspendonlineisasourceofheadachesformanyparents.AtfirstparentswelcomedtheInternetintotheirhomesbelievingtheywereopeningupanexcitingnewworldofeducationalopportunitiesfortheirchildren.ButsoontotheirdisappointmentinsteadofusingtheInternetforhomeworkorresearchtheirkidswerespendinghoursinstantchattingwithfriendsplayingonlinegamesoreventalkingtostrangersinchatroomswhichisposingrealdangerstothechildren.Maintainingahealthybalancebetweenentertainmentmediaandotheractivitiesinchildren’sliveshasalwaysbeenachallengeforparents.TheInternethasmadethischallengeevenmoredifficult.TheengagingnatureofInternetcommunicationsandinteractivegamesmeansmanychildrenandteenshavetroublecontrollingthetimetheyspentonline.Unfortunatelyparentsandteachersdonotrealizethatthereisaproblemuntilitbecomesserious.TomakeitworseInternetaddictionisnotwidelyrecognizedbythemedicalcommunity.Mentalhealthpractitionerscontinuetodebatewhetherthisbehaviorisanaddictionwithsomepreferringtoidentifyitasbehaviorcontrolproblems.Childrenandyoungpeoplecaneasilybecomehookedononlineactivitiessuchasmulti-usergamesinstantmessagingwiththeirpalsandchatrooms.ThechildrenmosteasilyinfluencedaccordingtotheComputer-AddictionServicesatHarvardMedicalSchoolarethosewhoarelonelyandboredorfromfamilieswherenobodyisathometorelatetoafterschool.Childrenwhoareunpopularorshywithpeersareoftenattractedtotheopportunitiesforcreatingnewidentitiesinonlinecommunities.Boysinparticulararefrequentusersofonlinerole-playinggameswheretheyhavenewidentitiesandinteractwithotherplayers.Althoughplayingthesegameswiththousandsofotherusersmayappeartobeasocialactivityforthetroubledchildorteentoomuchplayingcanfurtherseparatethemfromfriendsandpeers.Whatgroupofpeopleisthispassageintendedtotalkto
WhatdoesitmeantosaythatweliveinaworldofpersuasionItmeansthatwelive1competinginterests.Yourroommate’sneedtostudyforanexammaytake2overpizza.Yourinstructormayhavegoodreasonsnottochangeyourgrade.Andthe3ofyourromanticinterestmayhaveotheroptions. Insuchaworldpersuasionistheartofgettingotherstogivefairand4considerationtoourpointofview.Whenwepersuadewewanttoinfluence5othersbelieveandbehave.Wemaynotalwaysprevail-otherpointsofviewmaybemorepersuasive6onthelistenerthesituationandthemeritsofthecase.Butwhenwepracticetheartofpersuasionwetryto7thatourpositionreceivestheattentionitdeserves. Somepeoplehowever8totheveryideaofpersuasion.Theymayregarditasanunwelcomeintrusion9theirlivesorasamanipulationordomination.10webelievethatpersuasionis11-toliveistopersuade.Persuasionmaybeethicalorunethicalselflessorselfish12ordegrading.Persuadersmayenlightenourmindsor13onourvulnerability.Ethicalpersuasionhowevercalls14soundreasoningandissensitivetothefeelingsandneedsoflisteners.Suchpersuasioncanhelpus15thewisdomofthepasttothedecisionswenowmustmake.16anessentialpartofeducationislearningto17theonekindofpersuasionandtoencourageandpracticetheother. 18itspersonalimportancetouspersuasionisessentialtosociety.The19topersuadeandbepersuadedisthefoundationoftheAmericanpoliticalsystemguaranteedbytheFirstAmendment20theConstitution. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
LikeallthehugemetropolisesoftheworldtherearelotsofdiversionsbothoutdoorsandindoorsinChicago.TheArtInstituteofChicagohasoneoftheworld’s1artcollectionsincludingmoreFrenchImpressionistpaintingsthanevenintheParisLouvreitself.TheFieldMuseumofNaturalHistoryandtheMuseumofScienceandIndustryarealsogreathistoricalandculturaltreasurehousesto2aswellasentertainchildrenandadults3IntheFieldMuseumonecomes4asurprisinglybigcollectionofChineseexhibitsfromtheancient5totheearlycentury.TheSearsTowerandtheBuckinghamFountainaretheprideoftheChicagoans;6having110storeysissaidtobethehighesttowerintheworldandthe7isthelargestfountainintheUnitedStates.LakeMichiganisforyachtinginsummertime8thehighlightsofChicagolifealltheyearroundareconcertsoperasandplays9bythecity’sorchestraoperahousesandtheatres.InsummerespeciallyaroundtheIndependenceDayJuly4thmanyfestivalsandfairsaregivenoutdoorswhich10crowdsandcrowdsofpeoplewiththeirparadesfireworks11concertswater-skiingandgoodfoods. ButwithallitsattractionsandbeautifulspotsChicagoisalsoacity12forcrimes.Allthedwellinghousesare13withthreedoorsandvisitorshavetospeakthroughmicrophone14inthewalltotheresidentsbeforetheycangetadmitted.Inthestreetstherearewhite-colortelephones.Whenonefindsoneself15heneedsonlytoknockthereceiver16thehookandthenextinstantthepolicewill17.Ifonedoesnotdriveacaritmaywellbedangerousforhimorhertogooutaloneintheevening.AtfirstIdidnottakethiswarningseriously.18mytwoencounterswiththeBlackpeople19duskintheneighborhoodweresounpleasantandfrighteningthatIhave20shutmyselfeveningsinmyroominalmostallstudyingimposingacurfewonmyself. 20
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