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我国最早的人类化石为距今170万年前的( )。
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浙江省最早的古人类化石建德人发现于
五十万年前
十五万年前
五万年前
2.5 万年前
人类学家认为人类始祖生活的年代距今约
500万——100万年前
170万年前
四五十万年前
二三十万年前
地球上的生命大约起源于45亿年前而根据目前所发现的人类化石大约到距今500万年前古猿才进化演变成最初
目前我国境内已知最早的人类是距今170万年的____________
我国云南谋县发现的古人类化石和石器距今的年代和所属发展阶段分别是
约170万年 直立人
约150万年 智人
约400万年 能人
约400万年 智人
我国境内已知最早的人类生活在距今约多少万年前
350万年
260万年
170万年
80万年
我国现已发现的距今170万年的古人类化石是.
是我国境内最早的人类距今年约为170万年北京人已经使用
我国最早的人类化石为距今年前的
20万～30万年，蓝田人
40万～50万年，丁村人
170万年，元谋猿人
200万～300万年，许家窑人
我国原始社会的起止时间是
距今约170万年前至约公元前1600年
距今约200万年前至约公元前2070年
距今约170万年前至约公元前2070年
距今约200万年前至约公元前1600年
浙江境内发现的最早的人类化石的5万年前的
浙江境内发现的最早人类化石是5万年前的什么
距今约170万年前的云南元谋人是我国境内迄今发现的最早人类
目前我国境内已知最早的人类是距今约170万年的元谋人
我国现已发现的距今170万年的古人类化石是
蓝田人
山顶洞人
北京人
元谋人
距今约170万年的北京人是我国境内已知最早的人类错误改正
我国已发现的最早的人类是距今约有170万年
生活在距今170万年前的云南元谋猿人是迄今为止发现的亚 洲最早人类
我国境内已知的最早的人类元谋人距今有
300万年
170万年
70万年
20万年
下面陈述中属于事实的是
人类起源于非洲
人类和类人猿具有共同的祖先
其他地区没有距今200万—300万年前的古人类化石
“露西”生活在距今300万年前
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HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.WhydidtheEUseldomfinancebasicscientificresearchinthepast
Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenandspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceandpersonalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting.Handandbodygesturesfacialexpressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheformofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcan"shiftgears"andadapttochangingcircumstances. 41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingandwriting Writinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandifthereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter. 42.Whylongsentencescanbeusedinwriting Effectivetalkingisaimedatpeople’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirectconversationalsentences. Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness. 43.Clarity. Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessageinstantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossiblemeasuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectlycleartotheaudience. 44.Accuracy. Asaconscientiousspeakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmakeit. 45.Appropriateness. Inadditiontobeingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudienceandoccasion.[ A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheotherhandhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbracestoachievethat. [B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitiveandfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedwordforwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgoodwriting. [C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprimemeansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnesstheprofoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresources.youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeanyconclusionshattheyleadto. [D]Forexampleaspeakerwho’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticalandpsychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokensheshouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeheraudiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly. [E]Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforthmisinformationoroutdatedinformation.HowmanytimeshaveyouseenastoryanameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapersUnfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedinprint.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoidedifsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkisonacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotationsandsourcestofortifyyourfacts. [F]Longinvolvedsentencesareacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymorewordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesonamarathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceutteredthey’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothsheandthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexceptperhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethelistenercanaskthespeakertorepeat. 41
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodiswellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Thephrasegoingtothedogsline4paragraph3mostprobablymeans
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Inarecentresearchafterthreeyears______smallenterpriseswillbealiveamong3000smallbusinesses.
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.Thephrasesteppedupanotchline1paragraph5mostprobablymeans
Largemultinationalcorporationsmaybethecompanieswhoseupsanddownsseizeheadlines.ButtoafargreaterextentthanmostAmericansrealizetheeconomy’svitalitydependsonthefortunesoftinyshopsandrestaurantsneighborhoodservicesandfactories.Smallbusinessesdefinedasthosewithfewerthan100workersnowemploynearly60percentoftheworkforceandareexpectedtogeneratehalfofallnewjobsbetweennowandtheyear2000.Some1.2millionsmallfirmshaveopenedtheirdoorsoverthepastsixyearsofeconomicgrowthand1989willseeanadditional200000entrepreneursstrikingoffontheirown.Toomanyofthesepioneershoweverwillblazeaheadunprepared.Idealistswilloverestimatetheclamorfortheirproductsorfailtofactorinthecompetition.Nearlyeveryonewillunderestimateoftenfatallythecapitalthatsuccessrequires.Midcareerexecutivesforcedbyatakeoverorarestructuringtoquitthecorporationandfindanotherwaytosupportthemselvesmaysavortheideaofbeingtheirownbossbutmayforgetthatentrepreneursmustalsoatleastforawhilebebookkeeperandreceptionisttoo.AccordingtoSmallBusinessAdministrationdata24ofevery100businessesstartingouttodayarelikelytohavedisappearedintwoyearsand27morewillhaveshuttheirdoorsfouryearsfromnow.By1995morethan60ofthose100start-upswillhavefolded.Anewstudyof3000smallbusinessessponsoredbyAmericanExpressandtheNationalFederationofIndependentBusinesssuggestsslightlybetterodds:Threeyearsafterstart-up77percentofthecompaniessurveyedwerestillalive.Mostcreditedtheirsuccessinlargeparttohavingpickedabusinesstheyalreadywerecomfortablein.Eightypercenthadworkedwiththesameproductorserviceintheirlastjobs.Thinkingthroughanenterprisebeforethelaunchisobviouslycritical.Butmanyentrepreneursforgetthatafirm’shealthinitsinfancymaybelittleindicationofhowwellitwillage.Youmusttenderlymonitoritspulse.Intheirzealtoexpandsmall-businessownersoftenignoreearlywarningsignsofastagnantmarketorofdecayingprofitability.Theyhopefullypourmoreandmoremoneyintotheenterprisepreferringnottoacknowledgeerodingprofitmarginsthatmeanthemarketfortheiringeniousserviceorproducthasevaporatedorthattheymustcutthepayrollorvacatetheirlavishoffices.Onlywhenthefinancialwellrunsdrydotheyseetheseriousnessoftheillnessandbythenthepatientisusuallytoofargonetosave.Frequentchecksofyourfirm’svitalsignswillalsoguideyoutoasensiblerateofgrowth.Tosnatchopportunityyoumustspotthesignalsthatitistimetoconquernewmarketsaddproductsorperhapsfranchiseyourhotidea.Wemayconcludefromthetextthat
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
HalfwaythroughTheRebelSelltheauthorspausetomakefunoffree-rangechicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.Butafree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearth-worm:givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcornerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%offree-rangechickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem.ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPotterajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbutintheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.MrHeathandMrPotterarguethatthecountercultureinallitsattemptstobesubversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketandthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgramthefilmsPleasantvilleTheMatrixandAmericanBeauty15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estatepricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld’sfunniestjoke.WhyrangesowidelyTheauthors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersofsellingout.Insteadofencouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrationsagainstglobalizationorbuyfair-tradecoffeeandflee-rangechickenwhichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.TwoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrandsNaomiKleinNoLogoandAlissaQuartBrandedcomeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions.AnticipatingcriticismperhapsMessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutionssuchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes.Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofaculturalarmsrace:eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors’.Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweekmightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure.Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthecounterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchforcoolcouldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith—theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswholeasitwere.Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarⅡcritiquesofmodemsocietyTheRebelSellisalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken.Thejokeaboutfree-rangechickenisusedinthetextto
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"—thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.
Withaseriesofwell-timeddealsprivate-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmedia-managerscausetobeenvious.TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthreeprivate-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner＄2.6billionfortheunitin2003isalreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelytodrawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikelytogetbigger:individualprivate-equityfundsaregrowing—a＄10billionfundislikelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrangeespeciallyifprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogether.Someprivate-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliablerelativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemareplacingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies.Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthattheadvertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyup-wards.Onereasonwhyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotofmoneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.Butprivate-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessinparticular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebigacquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTimeWarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuyMGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Insteadprivate-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuyMGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthefactthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradioisnowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesofestablishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwasjust3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equityputsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublicstockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersamedia-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennowbringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusanenthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaimthenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheirindustry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatsofarprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheirentertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostoftheir$2.6billionfromthefirmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmakingspecialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunchaninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillionsmore.Traditionalmediamanagersmightbeenviousbecause
HistoricallytheEuropeanUnionhasnotbotheredwithfundingmuchbasicscientificresearch.Suchactivitieshavemainlyremainedthepreserveofnationalgovernmentsnotleastbecausegivingscientistsfreereincanleadtodiscoveriesthatnotonlymakemoneybutultimatelyenhancemilitarymight.Thatattitudeisnowchanging.TheEuropeanCommissionproposestoestablishaEuropeanResearchCouncilERCthatwouldspendamaximumof12billion＄14billionoversevenyearsonblueskiesresearch.WhiletheplansarebeinggenerallywelcomedbyEurope’smemberstatestheirdetailsareproblematic.TheproposedERCisintendedtomakeEuropemorecompetitive.Europehassomefirst-classuniversitiesscientificinstitutionsandresearchorganisations.ButtheERC’sproponentsarguetheiractivitiesarefragmentedsotheyarenotreachingtheirfullpotential.InAmericateamsfromacrossthecountrycompetewitheachotherforgrantsfromtheNationalScienceFoundation.TheproposedERCismodelledonthisscheme.Itwouldawardgrantstoindividualresearchteamsforaspecificprojectsolelyonthebasisofscientificmeritjudgedbypeerreview.IftheERCwerecreatedscientistsfromacrossEuropewouldcompetewitheachotherforfundsratherthanmerelycompetingwiththeirfellowcountrymenashappensatpresent.ThiscompareswiththelimitedfundingforbasicresearchthatcurrentlyexistsintheEUwhichplacesitsemphasisoncollaborationbetweenresearchers.ItisopenonlytoresearchersinanarrowrangeofdisciplineschosenbytheEuropeanParliamentandthecommission.TheERCwouldbequitedifferentplacingitsemphasisoncompetitionbetweenresearchersandleavingscientiststhemselvestodecidewhichareasofsciencetopursue.HelgaNowotnywhochairstheEuropeanResearchAdvisoryBoard—anadvisorybodytothecommission—saysthatwinningagrantfromtheERCcouldcometobeseenasunmistakablerecognitionofresearchexcellence.ThequalityofEuropeanresearchneedstobesteppedupanotch.Between1980and2003Europehad68Nobellaureatesinmedicinephysicsandchemistrycomparedwith154inAmerica.WithcompetitionfromChinaandIndiaEurope’ssharecouldfallfurther.OneofthereasonsforEurope’srelativelyweakperformanceisthoughttobealackofgenuinecompetitionbetweenEurope’sresearchers.Anotherisitspoorabilitytoattractyoungpeopleintoaresearchcareer.RecentestimatessuggestthatEuropeneedsanextra700000researchersifitistomeetitsoveralltargetofraisingspendingprivatenationalandEUonresearchanddevelopmentto3%ofGDPby2010.ManyyoungscientistsleaveEuropeforAmericaoncetheyhavefinishedtheirtraining.DrNowotnysaystheERCcouldhelpheretoo.ItcouldestablishaschemetogiveyoungresearcherstheopportunitytofollowtheirownideasandbecomeindependentatanearlierstageintheircareersencouragingtalenttostayinEurope.ThecrucialissuenowiswhethertheERCwillbeabletosetitsownresearchagendafreefromtheinterferenceandbureaucracyofthecommissionandinfluenceofmemberstates.Lastmonth22leadingEuropeanscientistschargedwithshapingtheERC’sscientificstrategymetforthefirsttimetostarthammeringoutacharterandconstitution.Seriousconcernsremainoverthelegalstructureofthebody.ThefinaldecisionontheERC’slegalformonadateyetunspecifiedrestswiththeEuropeanParliamentandmemberstatesintheEuropeanCouncil.IfbotharegenuineintheirsupportfortheERCandEurope’saimofbecomingmorecompetitivethentheymustfindawayofkeepingtheERCfreefrompoliticalinterference.Europewouldbenefitfromacompetitionforitsbestresearcherswhichrewardsscientificexcellence.Aquasi-competitionthatrecognizeshowmanyvoteseachmemberstateisallottedwouldbepointless.ERC’sultimatesuccessseemstoliein
46SurprisinglyenoughmodernhistorianshaverarelyinterestedthemselvesinthehistoryoftheAmericanSouthintheperiodbeforetheSouthbegantobecomeself-consciouslyanddistinctively"Southern"—thedecadesafter1815.ConsequentlytheculturalhistoryofBritain’sNorthAmericanempireintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturieshasbeenwrittenalmostasiftheSoutherncolonieshadneverexisted.TheAmericanculturethatemergedduringtheColonialandRevolutionaryerashasbeendepictedashavingbeensimplyanextensionofNewEnglandPuritanculture.HoweverProfessorDavishasrecentlyarguedthattheSouthstoodapartfromtherestofAmericansocietyduringthisearlyperiodfollowingitsownuniquepatternofculturaldevelopment.47ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.ThefirstforwhichDavisoffersanenormousamountofevidencecanbeacceptedwithoutmajorreservations;thesecondisfarmoreproblematic. WhatmakesthesecondpremiseproblematicistheuseofthePuritancoloniesasabasisforcomparison.QuiteproperlyDavisdecriestheexcessiveinfluenceascribedbyhistorianstothePuritansintheformationofAmericanculture.YetDavisinadvertentlyaddsweighttosuchascriptionsbyusingthePuritansasthestandardagainstwhichtoassesstheachievementsandcontributionsofSoutherncolonials.48ThroughoutDavisfocusesontheimportantandundeniabledifferencesbetweentheSouthernandNortherncoloniesinmotivesforandpatternsofearlysettlementinattitudestowardnatureandNativeAmericansandinthedegreeofreceptivitytometropolitanculturalinfluences. 49HoweverrecentscholarshiphasstronglysuggestedthatthoseaspectsofearlyNewEnglandculturethatseemtohavebeenmostdistinctlyPuritansuchasthestrongreligiousorientationandthecommunalimpulsewerenoteventypicalofNewEnglandasawholebutwerelargelyconfinedtothetwocoloniesofAmerica.ThuswhatincontrasttothePuritanNortherncoloniesappearstoDavistobepeculiarlySouthern—acquisitivenessastronginterestinpoliticsandthelawandatendencytocultivatemetropolitanculturalmodels—wasnotonlymoretypicallyEnglishthantheculturalpatternsexhibitedbyPuritanMassachusettsandConnecticutbutalsoalmostcertainlycharacteristicofmostotherearlymodernBritishcoloniesfromBarbadosnorthtoRhodeIslandandNewHampshire.50WithinthelargerframeworkofAmericancoloniallifethennottheSouthernbuttheNortherncoloniesappeartohavebeendistinctiveandeventheyseemtohavebeenrapidlyassimilatingtothedominantculturalpatternsbythelastColonialperiod. ThecaseforSoutherndistinctivenessrestsupontworelatedpremises:firstthattheculturalsimilaritiesamongthefiveSoutherncolonieswerefarmoreimpressivethanthedifferencesandsecondthatwhatmadethosecoloniesalikealsomadethemdifferentfromtheothercolonies.
HalfwaythroughTheRebelSelltheauthorspausetomakefunoffree-rangechicken.Payingovertheoddstoensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisallwellandgood.Butafree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-lovingearth-worm:givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedarkcornerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%offree-rangechickensactuallyusethespaceavailabletothem.ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJosephHeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPotterajournalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbutintheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfromconsumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.MrHeathandMrPotterarguethatthecountercultureinallitsattemptstobesubversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketandthusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopestodestroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceofStanleyMilgramthefilmsPleasantvilleTheMatrixandAmericanBeauty15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estatepricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovementandtheworld’sfunniestjoke.WhyrangesowidelyTheauthors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschewsmallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthehopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersofsellingout.Insteadofencouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-beleftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrationsagainstglobalizationorbuyfair-tradecoffeeandflee-rangechickenwhichonlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.TwoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainstbrandsNaomiKleinNoLogoandAlissaQuartBrandedcomeinforspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusingtoofferpracticalsolutions.AnticipatingcriticismperhapsMessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutionssuchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagersfromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes.Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupidworkersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofaculturalarmsrace:eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelativetohisneighbors’.Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweekmightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensiveexcesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventheauthorsdonotseementirelysure.Butonthewaytosuchmodestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthecounterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandstoitspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsandonthesearchforcoolcouldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethemistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith—theoneswhobuybrandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheirpurchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessageswholeasitwere.Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’sramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthecounterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarⅡcritiquesofmodemsocietyTheRebelSellisalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoreticalstretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeronatrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfortheirfree-rangechicken.Thewordeschewline1paragraph3isclosestinmeaningto
Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenandspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceandpersonalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting.Handandbodygesturesfacialexpressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheformofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcan"shiftgears"andadapttochangingcircumstances. 41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingandwriting Writinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandifthereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter. 42.Whylongsentencescanbeusedinwriting Effectivetalkingisaimedatpeople’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirectconversationalsentences. Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness. 43.Clarity. Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessageinstantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossiblemeasuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectlycleartotheaudience. 44.Accuracy. Asaconscientiousspeakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmakeit. 45.Appropriateness. Inadditiontobeingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudienceandoccasion.[ A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheotherhandhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbracestoachievethat. [B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitiveandfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedwordforwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgoodwriting. [C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprimemeansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnesstheprofoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresources.youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeanyconclusionshattheyleadto. [D]Forexampleaspeakerwho’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticalandpsychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokensheshouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeheraudiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly. [E]Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforthmisinformationoroutdatedinformation.HowmanytimeshaveyouseenastoryanameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapersUnfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedinprint.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoidedifsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkisonacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotationsandsourcestofortifyyourfacts. [F]Longinvolvedsentencesareacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymorewordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesonamarathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceutteredthey’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothsheandthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexceptperhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethelistenercanaskthespeakertorepeat. 43
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypt.tookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.Egyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedtheuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfilterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992.ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodiswellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.122001There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereilltheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofal-Qaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthepresentsituationintheUSis
Therearemanydifferencesbetweencommunicatinginwrittenandspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceandpersonalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting.Handandbodygesturesfacialexpressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-facecommunication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersintheformofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analertspeakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcan"shiftgears"andadapttochangingcircumstances. 41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingandwriting Writinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsandpunctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandifthereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter. 42.Whylongsentencescanbeusedinwriting Effectivetalkingisaimedatpeople’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirectconversationalsentences. Therearethreestandardsthatapplyequallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness. 43.Clarity. Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessageinstantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossiblemeasuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectlycleartotheaudience. 44.Accuracy. Asaconscientiousspeakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurateasresearchcanmakeit. 45.Appropriateness. Inadditiontobeingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudienceandoccasion.[ A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvaryhis/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheotherhandhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbracestoachievethat. [B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitiveandfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedwordforwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeatswordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgoodwriting. [C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprimemeansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnesstheprofoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusingadictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresources.youwillfailtoachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Anotherdevicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyourtalkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyourintroductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover.Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeanyconclusionshattheyleadto. [D]Forexampleaspeakerwho’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticalandpsychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokensheshouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeheraudiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly. [E]Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforthmisinformationoroutdatedinformation.HowmanytimeshaveyouseenastoryanameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapersUnfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedinprint.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoidedifsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkisonacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotationsandsourcestofortifyyourfacts. [F]Longinvolvedsentencesareacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymorewordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesonamarathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceutteredthey’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothsheandthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexceptperhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethelistenercanaskthespeakertorepeat. 45
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