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Directions: Study the following picture carefully and write an essay in which you should: 1) descri...
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PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions:Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
Directions: Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwri
Directions: Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwrite
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandw
Directions:Youareplanningtostudyinaforeignuniversi
Directions:Studythepictureabovecarefullyandwritean
Directions:Studythefollowingchartcarefullyandwrite
PartB Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcareful
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Researchershavefoundthatmigratinganimalsuseavarietyofinnercompassestohelpthemnavigate.Some1bythepositionoftheSun.Othersnavigatebythestars.SomeusetheSunas2guideduringthedayandthen3tostarnavigationbynight.OnestudyshowsthatthehomingpigeonusestheEarth’smagneticfieldsasaguide4findingitswayhomeandthereareindicationsthatvariousotheranimalsfrominsectstomollusks软体动物canalsomake5ofmagneticcompasses.6isofcourseveryusefulforamigratingbirdtobeabletoswitchtomagneticcompasswhencloudscoverthesun;7itWouldjusthavetolandandwaitfortheSuntocomeoutagain.8withtheSunorstarstosteerbytheproblemsofnavigationaremorecomplicated9theymightseematfirst.Forexampleaworkerhoneybee10hasfoundarichsourceofnectarandpollenfliesrapidlyhometothehiveto11:Anaturalisthasdiscoveredthatthebeescout12herreportthroughcomplicateddanceinthehive13shetellstheotherworkersnotonlyhowfarawaythefoodisbutalsowhatdirectiontoflyin14totheSun.15theSundoesnotstayinoneplaceallday.Astheworkersstart16togatherthefoodtheSunmay17havechangeditspositionintheskysomewhat.InlatertripsduringthedaytheSunseemstomovefartherandfarthertowardthewest.Yettheworkerbeesseemtohaveno18atallinfindingthefoodsource.Theirinner19tellthemjustwheretheSunwillbeandtheychangetheircourse20. 2
Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehiclesthenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequentlymorethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxideparticulatematterandozonegeneratedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaustthatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions--shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgasethanolormethanol.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmomcleanlythangasolineinpartbecausetheyhavefewerifanycarbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermoleculeswhichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreaction.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseun-combustedandphoto-chemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhandalternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsinsupply.Ethanolandmethanolontheotherhandhaveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbonbasedalternativefuels:theyhaveahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplementbutkiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanolthelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeaturehoweveristhatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozonethemostseriousurbanairpollutant.Likeanyalternativefuelmethan61hasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseofgasolinedonevehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrueforexamplethatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequalthefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.Howeversincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthangasolineclonevehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuelVehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.Theauthorofthepassageisprimarilyconcernedwith______.
WhenIwasinhighschoolIhadalmostnoindividualidentityleft.IwasaHillcrestHuskyandallotherhighschoolswereenemies.Iwasawrestlerandalltheothersportsweregorwimps.Iwasonthedebateteamandeveryoneelsewasdumb.Atmyhighschooleveryonehadagroup;noonewasanindividual.Wait.Itakethatback.Therewereafewindividualsbuttheywerecompletelyoutcastfromoursocialorder.NeverinmylifecanIrememberstrongerfeelingsofhatetianinhighschool.Butwenevercalledithate.Wecalleditloyalty.Asadultsmostofusarebetteratbeinganindividualthanwewereinhighschoolbuttheinfluencesofgroupidentitycontinuetopromotecompetitionandprejudiceinourworld.Ifyouarelikemeyouwanttoavoidteachingrivalryconflictandprejudicetoyourchildren.Onepossiblestrategyforstoppingthenegativeinfluencesofgroupidentitywouldbe:recognizeandreplay.Lookfortheprejudiceinyourlifeandreplaceitwithcharity.Treateverypersonasanindividualandignorethesocialclassificationscreatedbyagroup-dependentworld.AgoodfriendandIoncediscussedourdifferingreligionsbeliefs.HeidentifiedwithacertaingroupandIwithanother.Becauseofourdependenceongroupidentityourconversationsrevolvedaroundthebeliefsofthegroups.Ourindividualbeliefswhichwerequitesimilartookabackseatwhilewediscussedtopicsweknewlittleabout.Wedefendedourgroupsevenwhenwedidnotunderstandorknowtheofficialgrouppositiononmanyissues.Theresultingrivalryhasdamagedourfriendshipeversince.Mybehaviorinthissituationisexactlywhatscriptureandwisdomteachustoavoid.HowstupidIwastojudgemyfriendbyagroupstandard!HowstupidIwastodefendmyowngroupeveninareasIknewnothingabout!IhopeIcanteachmychildrentobehavedifferently.HereIhaveusedreligiousbeliefstopointonlyoneareainwhichtheinfluenceofgroupidentitycancreateproblems.Therearemanyotherstoconsideralso.Someofthesearemarriageraceculturelanguagegeographicorigineducationandbehavior.Weshouldtreatallpeopleasindividualsregardlessoftheseconditions.Finallyloyaltyandgroupidentityarenotalwaysbad.Attimestheycanhelpalonelypersontofeellovedorabrokensoultofeelsuccess.Groupidentitycanalsohelpustoliveahigherstandard.Butpositivepeerpressureshouldneverreplaceindividualone-to-oneactsofserviceandlove.ThefollowingstatementsarethereasonsthatclarifygroupidentityarenotalwaysbadEXCEPT______.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 10
Directions:StudythepictureabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitledItisGood/BadtoWriteaboutMartialArtsNovelsintheTexbooksIntheessayyoushould1describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning;2giveyouropinionandsupportitwithsomeproof;3gettheconclusion.Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency.Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration.Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth.Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime.Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem.Whatcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. 46
Directions: Studythepicturecarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageconveyedand; 2giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 12
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 8
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 4
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. 50
ThegapbetweenthosewhohaveaccesstocomputersandtheInternetandthosewhodon’tcouldspelltroublenotonlyforclassroomlearningtodaybutinturnforproducingthekindofstudentswhoarereadytocompeteforthejobsoftomorrow.Bytheyear200060percentofalljobswillrequirehigh-techcomputerskills.OverthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoBureauofLaborstatisticscomputerandtechnologyrelatedjobswillgrowbyanastounding70percent.WeasanationaremissingtheopportunityofalifetimeinsistsRiley.Theabilityofallstudentstolearnatthehighestlevelswiththegreatestresourcesandhavethepromiseofafutureofrealopportunity-thisisthepotentialoftechnology.Rileyproposesdosingthegapsintechnologyaccessbyprovidingdiscountedservicesforschoolsandlibraries.The1996TelecommunicationsActcalledforprovidingallK-12publicandnonprofitprivateschoolsaswellaslibrarieswithdiscounts-anEducationRateorE-Rate-’-fortelecommunicationservicesinMay1997theFederalCommunicationsCommissionunanimouslyvotedtoprovide$2.25billionayearindiscountsrangingfrom20to90percentonaslidingscalewiththebiggestdiscountsforthepoorestschools.TheE-RatecoversInternetaccessandinternalschoolconnectionsbutnotcomputersorsoftware.ThefirstroundofapplicationsforthediscountsendedinApril1998withmorethan30000receivedintimeforthebeginningoftheschoolyear.WiththeE-RateinplaceitwashopedthatmostU.S.classroomswouldbeconnectedtotheInternetupfrom44percentnowincludingalmosteveryclassroominthenation’s50largestschooldistricts.HowevercriticismfromCongressandthetelecommunicationsindustryledtheFCCinJurmtoreducetheamountavailablefor1998to＄1.3billion.StilltheimportanceofconnectingourschoolstothisvastandpotentiallypowerfullearningtoolcalledtheInternetistakinghold.InaJunecommencementaddressatMITthefirstbyasittingpresidenttobebroadcastontheInternetPresidentClintonfirmlyemphasizedtheneedtoeliminatethedigitaldivide.Untileverychildhasacomputerintheclassroomandtheskillstouseit...untileverystudentcantaptheenormousresourcesoftheInternet...untileveryhightechcompanycanfindskilledworkerstofillitshigh-techjobs...AmericawillmissthefullpromiseoftheInformationAgehenoted.Thechoicehesaidissimple.WecanextendopportunitytodaytoallAmericansorleavemebehind.Wecaneraselinesofinequityoretchthemindelibly.Wecanacceleratethemostpowerfulengineofgrowthandprosperitytheworldhaseverknownorallowtheenginetostall./Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage
WhenIwasinhighschoolIhadalmostnoindividualidentityleft.IwasaHillcrestHuskyandallotherhighschoolswereenemies.Iwasawrestlerandalltheothersportsweregorwimps.Iwasonthedebateteamandeveryoneelsewasdumb.Atmyhighschooleveryonehadagroup;noonewasanindividual.Wait.Itakethatback.Therewereafewindividualsbuttheywerecompletelyoutcastfromoursocialorder.NeverinmylifecanIrememberstrongerfeelingsofhatetianinhighschool.Butwenevercalledithate.Wecalleditloyalty.Asadultsmostofusarebetteratbeinganindividualthanwewereinhighschoolbuttheinfluencesofgroupidentitycontinuetopromotecompetitionandprejudiceinourworld.Ifyouarelikemeyouwanttoavoidteachingrivalryconflictandprejudicetoyourchildren.Onepossiblestrategyforstoppingthenegativeinfluencesofgroupidentitywouldbe:recognizeandreplay.Lookfortheprejudiceinyourlifeandreplaceitwithcharity.Treateverypersonasanindividualandignorethesocialclassificationscreatedbyagroup-dependentworld.AgoodfriendandIoncediscussedourdifferingreligionsbeliefs.HeidentifiedwithacertaingroupandIwithanother.Becauseofourdependenceongroupidentityourconversationsrevolvedaroundthebeliefsofthegroups.Ourindividualbeliefswhichwerequitesimilartookabackseatwhilewediscussedtopicsweknewlittleabout.Wedefendedourgroupsevenwhenwedidnotunderstandorknowtheofficialgrouppositiononmanyissues.Theresultingrivalryhasdamagedourfriendshipeversince.Mybehaviorinthissituationisexactlywhatscriptureandwisdomteachustoavoid.HowstupidIwastojudgemyfriendbyagroupstandard!HowstupidIwastodefendmyowngroupeveninareasIknewnothingabout!IhopeIcanteachmychildrentobehavedifferently.HereIhaveusedreligiousbeliefstopointonlyoneareainwhichtheinfluenceofgroupidentitycancreateproblems.Therearemanyotherstoconsideralso.Someofthesearemarriageraceculturelanguagegeographicorigineducationandbehavior.Weshouldtreatallpeopleasindividualsregardlessoftheseconditions.Finallyloyaltyandgroupidentityarenotalwaysbad.Attimestheycanhelpalonelypersontofeellovedorabrokensoultofeelsuccess.Groupidentitycanalsohelpustoliveahigherstandard.Butpositivepeerpressureshouldneverreplaceindividualone-to-oneactsofserviceandlove.Accordingtotheauthor______wasemphasizedinhighschool.
Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehiclesthenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequentlymorethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxideparticulatematterandozonegeneratedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaustthatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions--shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgasethanolormethanol.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmomcleanlythangasolineinpartbecausetheyhavefewerifanycarbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermoleculeswhichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreaction.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseun-combustedandphoto-chemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhandalternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsinsupply.Ethanolandmethanolontheotherhandhaveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbonbasedalternativefuels:theyhaveahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplementbutkiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanolthelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeaturehoweveristhatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozonethemostseriousurbanairpollutant.Likeanyalternativefuelmethan61hasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseofgasolinedonevehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrueforexamplethatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequalthefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.Howeversincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthangasolineclonevehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuelVehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatavehiclespecificallydesignedtousemethanolforfuelwould______.
Nothinghascometoembodycorporategreedlikeexecutiveperks:thecorporatejetschauffeuredlimousinesandcountry-clubmembershipsthatbossesconsumeinaseeminglydeliberateattempttooutragepublicopinion.NotfornothingbasWarrenBuffett.Omaha’scelebratedinvestornamedhiscorporatejet"TheIndefensible". Theusualexplanationfortheperkisthatitisaratherenjoyablewayforcorporateinsiderstomisappropriateshareholders’money.46Becauseperksarepoorlydisclosedshareholdershavenowayofknowingwhenthebossislivingitupattheirexpense.Thishasledtothetheorythatperk-ladenexecutivesarelikeliesttobefoundinfirmswithlotsofcash.butfewinvestmentprospects. ButinarecentpaperRaghuramRajahtheIMF’schiefeconomistandJulieWulfoftheWhartonSchoollookedathowmorethan300bigcompaniesdishedoutperkstotheirexecutivesin1986-99.47Itturnsoutthatneithercash-richlow-growthfirmsnorfirmswithweakgovernanceshowertheirexecutiveswithunusuallygenerousperks.Theauthorsdid.howeverfindevidencetosupporttwocompetingexplanations. 48Firstfirmsinthesamplewithmorehierarchicalorganisationslavishedmoreperksontheirexecutivesthanfirmswithflatterstructures.WhyPerksareacheapwaytodemonstratestares.Justasthearmedforcesrationmedalsfirmsrationthedistributionofconspicuoussymbolsofcorporatestatus.Secondperksareacheapwaytoboostexecutiveproductivity.49Firmsbasedinplaceswhereittakesalongtimetocommutearemorelikelytogivethebossachauffeuredlimousine.Firmslocatedfarfromlargeairportsarelikeliertolayonacorporatejet. Sothereitis.ThebossneedshisluxurypadonFifthAvenueandhischauffeuredstretch-limobecausehemightotherwisedolesswork.50Makingitharderforthebosstoconsumeconspicuouslyrisksdangerousanarchyasbereftofitssymbolsofcorporatestatusthefirm’shierarchycollapsesintoamuddledheap.PerhapsinlightofthesefindingsMr.Buffettshouldcallhisnextjet"TheIndispensable". 50
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 18
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency.Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration.Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth.Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime.Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem.Thecontentofthisselectioncanbestbedescribedas______.
ThegapbetweenthosewhohaveaccesstocomputersandtheInternetandthosewhodon’tcouldspelltroublenotonlyforclassroomlearningtodaybutinturnforproducingthekindofstudentswhoarereadytocompeteforthejobsoftomorrow.Bytheyear200060percentofalljobswillrequirehigh-techcomputerskills.OverthenextsevenyearsaccordingtoBureauofLaborstatisticscomputerandtechnologyrelatedjobswillgrowbyanastounding70percent.WeasanationaremissingtheopportunityofalifetimeinsistsRiley.Theabilityofallstudentstolearnatthehighestlevelswiththegreatestresourcesandhavethepromiseofafutureofrealopportunity-thisisthepotentialoftechnology.Rileyproposesdosingthegapsintechnologyaccessbyprovidingdiscountedservicesforschoolsandlibraries.The1996TelecommunicationsActcalledforprovidingallK-12publicandnonprofitprivateschoolsaswellaslibrarieswithdiscounts-anEducationRateorE-Rate-’-fortelecommunicationservicesinMay1997theFederalCommunicationsCommissionunanimouslyvotedtoprovide$2.25billionayearindiscountsrangingfrom20to90percentonaslidingscalewiththebiggestdiscountsforthepoorestschools.TheE-RatecoversInternetaccessandinternalschoolconnectionsbutnotcomputersorsoftware.ThefirstroundofapplicationsforthediscountsendedinApril1998withmorethan30000receivedintimeforthebeginningoftheschoolyear.WiththeE-RateinplaceitwashopedthatmostU.S.classroomswouldbeconnectedtotheInternetupfrom44percentnowincludingalmosteveryclassroominthenation’s50largestschooldistricts.HowevercriticismfromCongressandthetelecommunicationsindustryledtheFCCinJurmtoreducetheamountavailablefor1998to＄1.3billion.StilltheimportanceofconnectingourschoolstothisvastandpotentiallypowerfullearningtoolcalledtheInternetistakinghold.InaJunecommencementaddressatMITthefirstbyasittingpresidenttobebroadcastontheInternetPresidentClintonfirmlyemphasizedtheneedtoeliminatethedigitaldivide.Untileverychildhasacomputerintheclassroomandtheskillstouseit...untileverystudentcantaptheenormousresourcesoftheInternet...untileveryhightechcompanycanfindskilledworkerstofillitshigh-techjobs...AmericawillmissthefullpromiseoftheInformationAgehenoted.Thechoicehesaidissimple.WecanextendopportunitytodaytoallAmericansorleavemebehind.Wecaneraselinesofinequityoretchthemindelibly.Wecanacceleratethemostpowerfulengineofgrowthandprosperitytheworldhaseverknownorallowtheenginetostall./Inordertogetthediscountsinquestiontheschoolsorlibrarieshaveto______.
TheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41__________.Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood.AndinChinatheirdecisionsareperfectlyinkeepingwiththedrivetolimitpopulationgrowth. 42__________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43__________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhexgrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44__________.Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage—butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadendhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45__________.Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsendotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceivelt.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkendnofun. A.WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallyderequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring B.AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollageandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong—foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime C.Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples D.Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwaningchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretit[orwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsaxeusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens E.Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity F.MywifeendIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching G.Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike 42
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 2
Amajorreasonmostexpertstodaysupportconceptssuchasayouthservicesbureauisthat.traditionalcorrectionalpracticesfailtorehabilitatemanydelinquentyouth.Ithasbeenestimatedthatasmanyas70percentofallyouthwhohavebeeninstitutionalizedareinvolvedinnewoffensesfollowingtheirrelease.Contemporarycorrectionalinstitutionsareusuallyisolated—geographicallyandsocially--fromthecommunitiesinwhichmostoftheirinmateslive.Inadditionrehabilitativeprogramsinthetypicaltrainingschoolandreformatoryfocusontheindividualdelinquentratherthantheenvironmentalconditionswhichfosterdelinquency.Finallymanyinstitutionsdonotplayanadvocacyroleonbehalfofthosecommittedtotheircare.Theyfailtodoanythingconstructiveaboutthehack-homeconditions-familyschoolwork--facedbytheyouthfulinmates.Asaresulttooofteninstitutionalizationservesasabarriertothesuccessfulreturnofformerinmatestotheircommunities.Perhapsthemostseriousconsequenceofsendingyouthtolargecentralizedinstitutionshoweveristhattoofrequentlytheyserveasatraininggroundforcriminalcareers.Theclassicexampleoftheadultoffenderwholeavesprisonmoreknowledgeableinthewaysofcrimethanwhenheenteredisnolesstrueofthejuvenilecommittedtoacorrectionalfacility.Thefailuresoftraditionalcorrectionalinstitutionsthenpointtotheneedforthedevelopmentofafullrangeofstrategiesandtreatmenttechniquesasalternativestoincarceration.Mostexpertstodayfavortheuseofsmalldecentralizedcorrectionalprogramslocatedinorclosetocommunitieswheretheyoungoffenderlives.Half-wayhousesail-dayprobationprogramsvocationaltrainingandjobplacementservicesremedialeducationactivitiesandstreetworkingprogramsareamongthecommunity-basedalternativesavailableforworkingwithdelinquentandpotentiallydelinquentyouth.Overandaboveallthehumanfactorscitedthecaseforcommunity-basedprogramsisfurtherstrengthenedwhencostisconsidered.Themostrecent’figuresshowthatmore$258millionisbeingspentannuallyonpublicinstitutionsfordelinquentyouth.Theaverageannualoperatingexpenditureforeachincarceratedyouthisestimatedatalittleoverfivethousanddollarssignificantlymorethanthecostofsendingaboyorgirltothebestprivatecollegeforthesameperiodoftime.Thecontinuingincreaseinjuveniledelinquencyratesonlyservestoheightenthedrasticunder-financingthelackofadequatelytrainedstaffandthesevereshortageofmanpowerthatcharacterizevirtuallyeveryjuvenilecorrectionsystem.Whichofthefollowingstatementsisfalse
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 14
Althoughrecentyearshaveseensubstantialreductionsinnoxiouspollutantsfromindividualmotorvehiclesthenumberofsuchvehicleshasbeensteadilyincreasing.Consequentlymorethan100citiesintheUnitedStatesstillhavelevelsofcarbonmonoxideparticulatematterandozonegeneratedbyphotochemicalreactionswithhydrocarbonsfromvehicleexhaustthatexceedlegallyestablishedlimits.Thereisagrowingrealizationthattheonlyeffectivewaytoachievefurtherreductionsinvehicleemissions--shortofamassiveshiftawayfromtheprivateautomobile—istoreplaceconventionaldieselfuelandgasolinewithcleaner-burningfuelssuchascompressednaturalgasliquefiedpetroleumgasethanolormethanol.Allofthesealternativesarecarbon-basedfuelswhosemoleculesaresmallerandsimplerthanthoseofgasoline.Thesemoleculesburnmomcleanlythangasolineinpartbecausetheyhavefewerifanycarbon-carbonbondsandthehydrocarbonstheydoemitarelesslikelytogenerateozone.Thecombustionoflargermoleculeswhichhavemultiplecarbon-carbonbondsinvolvesamorecomplexseriesofreaction.Thesereactionsincreasetheprobabilityofincompletecombustionandaremorelikelytoreleaseun-combustedandphoto-chemicallyactivehydrocarboncompoundsintotheatmosphere.Ontheotherhandalternativefuelsdohavedrawbacks.Compressednaturalgaswouldrequirethatvehicleshaveasetofheavyfueltanks—aseriousliabilityintermsofperformanceandfuelefficiency-andliquefiedpetroleumgasfacesfundamentallimitsinsupply.Ethanolandmethanolontheotherhandhaveimportantadvantagesoverothercarbonbasedalternativefuels:theyhaveahigherenergycontentpervolumeandwouldrequireminimalchangesintheexistingnetworkfordistributingmotorfuel.Ethanoliscommonlyusedasagasolinesupplementbutkiscurrentlyabouttwiceasexpensiveasmethanolthelowcostofwhichisoneofitsattractivefeatures.Methanol’smostattractivefeaturehoweveristhatitcanreducebyabout90percentthevehicleemissionsthatformozonethemostseriousurbanairpollutant.Likeanyalternativefuelmethan61hasitscritics.Yetmuchofthecriticismisbasedontheuseofgasolinedonevehiclesthatdonotincorporateeventhesimplestdesignimprovementsthataremadepossiblewiththeuseofmethanol.Itistrueforexamplethatagivenvolumeofmethanolprovidesonlyaboutone-halfoftheenergythatgasolineanddieselfueldo;otherthingsbeingequalthefueltankwouldhavetobesomewhatlargerandheavier.Howeversincemethanol-fueledvehiclescouldbedesignedtobemuchmoreefficientthangasolineclonevehiclesfueledwithmethanoltheywouldneedcomparativelylessfuelVehiclesincorporatingonlythesimplestoftheengineimprovementsthatmethanolmakesfeasiblewouldstillcontributetoanimmediatelesseningofurbanairpollution.Whichofthefollowingaboutairpollutiondoesthepassagesuggest
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 16
Nothinghascometoembodycorporategreedlikeexecutiveperks:thecorporatejetschauffeuredlimousinesandcountry-clubmembershipsthatbossesconsumeinaseeminglydeliberateattempttooutragepublicopinion.NotfornothingbasWarrenBuffett.Omaha’scelebratedinvestornamedhiscorporatejet"TheIndefensible". Theusualexplanationfortheperkisthatitisaratherenjoyablewayforcorporateinsiderstomisappropriateshareholders’money.46Becauseperksarepoorlydisclosedshareholdershavenowayofknowingwhenthebossislivingitupattheirexpense.Thishasledtothetheorythatperk-ladenexecutivesarelikeliesttobefoundinfirmswithlotsofcash.butfewinvestmentprospects. ButinarecentpaperRaghuramRajahtheIMF’schiefeconomistandJulieWulfoftheWhartonSchoollookedathowmorethan300bigcompaniesdishedoutperkstotheirexecutivesin1986-99.47Itturnsoutthatneithercash-richlow-growthfirmsnorfirmswithweakgovernanceshowertheirexecutiveswithunusuallygenerousperks.Theauthorsdid.howeverfindevidencetosupporttwocompetingexplanations. 48Firstfirmsinthesamplewithmorehierarchicalorganisationslavishedmoreperksontheirexecutivesthanfirmswithflatterstructures.WhyPerksareacheapwaytodemonstratestares.Justasthearmedforcesrationmedalsfirmsrationthedistributionofconspicuoussymbolsofcorporatestatus.Secondperksareacheapwaytoboostexecutiveproductivity.49Firmsbasedinplaceswhereittakesalongtimetocommutearemorelikelytogivethebossachauffeuredlimousine.Firmslocatedfarfromlargeairportsarelikeliertolayonacorporatejet. Sothereitis.ThebossneedshisluxurypadonFifthAvenueandhischauffeuredstretch-limobecausehemightotherwisedolesswork.50Makingitharderforthebosstoconsumeconspicuouslyrisksdangerousanarchyasbereftofitssymbolsofcorporatestatusthefirm’shierarchycollapsesintoamuddledheap.PerhapsinlightofthesefindingsMr.Buffettshouldcallhisnextjet"TheIndispensable". 48
Opinionpollsarenowbeginningtoshowthatwhoeveristoblameandwhateverhappensfromnowonhighunemploymentisprobablyheretostay.Thismeansweshallhavetofindwaysofsharingtheavailableemploymentmorewidely. Butweneedtogofurther.Wemustasksomefundamentalquestionsaboutthefutureofwork.ShouldwecontinuetothreatemploymentasthenormShouldwenotratherencouragemanyotherwaysforself-respectingpeopletoworkShouldwenotcreateconditionsinwhichmanyofuscanworkforourselvesratherthanforanemployerShouldwenotaimtorevivethehouseholdandtheneighborhoodaswellasthefactoryandtheofficeascentersofproductionandwork TheindustrialagehasBeentheonlyperiodofhumanhistoryinwhichmostpeople’sworkhastakentheformofjobs.46Theindustrialagemaynowbecomingtoanendandsomeofthechangesinworkpatternswhichitbroughtmaxhavetobereversed.Thisseemsadaunting令人气馁的thought.Butinfactitcouldoffertheprospectofabetterfutureforwork.Universalemploymentasitshistoryshowshasnomeanteconomicfreedom. 47Employmentbecamewidespreadwhentheenclosuresofthe17thandthe18thcenturiesmademanypeopledependentonpaidworkbydeprivingthemoftheuseoflandandthusofthemeanstoprovidealivingforthemselves.Thenthefactorysystemdestroyedthecottageindustriesandremovedworkfrompeople’shomes.48Latertastransportimprovedfirstbyrailandthenbyboatpeoplecommutedlongerdistancestotheirplacesofemploymentuntileventuallymanypeople’sworklostallconnectionwiththeirhomelivesandtheplacesinwhichtheylived. Meanwhileemploymentputwomenatadisadvantage.Inpre-industrialtimesmenandwomenhadsharedtheproductiveworkofthehouseholdandvillagecommunity.Nowitbecamecustomaryforthehusbandtogoouttopaidemploymentleavingtheunpaidworkofthehomeandfamilytohiswife.Taxandbenefitregulationsstillassumethisnormtodayandrestrictmoreflexiblesharingofworkrolesbetweenthesexes. Itwasnotonlywomenwhoseworkstatussuffered.49Asemploymentbecamethedominantformofworkyoungpeopleandoldpeoplewereexcluded-aproblemnowasmoreteenagersbecomefrustratedatschoolandmoreretiredpeoplewanttoliveactivelives. Allthismaynowhavetochange.50Thetimehascertainlycometoswitchsomeeffortandresourcesawayfromtheidealistgoalofcreatingjobsforalltourgentpracticaltaskofhelpingmanypeopletomanagewithoutfull-timejobs. 48
TheacronymDINK--doubleincomenokids--originatedintheUSinthe1960s.41__________.Thischoicewasnotirrational.Afterallnowadaysretiredpeoplecanliveontheirpensionsandsavingssotheyarenolongercompelledtodependontheiroffspringinoldage.Andachildisundeniablyanexpensiveproposition:somuchtimeandmoneyarerequired.WhybotherhavingoneItishardtocondemnthosewhooptoutofparenthood.AndinChinatheirdecisionsareperfectlyinkeepingwiththedrivetolimitpopulationgrowth. 42__________.Ababyenterstheworldwithamindlikeblankpaperandgraduallyheorsheacquirestheabilitytothinktotalkandfinallytocommunicateeasily.Isn’ttheresomethingmagicalaboutitWhenyouseetheprocesshappeningbeforeyourveryeyesyoufeelahappinesslikenoother. AChineseDINKsaidtomerecently"Ifyoudidn’thavethreechildrenyoucouldgotoabarorthecinemawithyourwifeonweekends--howunrestrainedandromanticthatwouldbe!ButIwouldsaythatnomatterhowwonderfulHollywoodfilmsorBroadwayperformancesarewatchingthemisfarlessinterestingthanseeingmyextrovertofadaughtersinganddance.Ifit’struethattherearerewardstobegottenfromhavingchildrenthensurelythehappinessofseeingthemgrowupisthegreatest.43__________. Butthisisahappinessthatcanbefeltonlyafteryoubecomeaparent;there’snoappreciatingitotherwise.HoweverwhobegetsachildoutofcuriositytoseehimorhexgrowupNoneofmyfriendshadthisinmindwhentheyortheirwifegotpregnant.Forsomethepregnancywasunexpected.44__________.Andsomesaidthathavingachildcanbringstabilitytoatroubledmarriage—butisthatreallytrueImyselfdidn’tgiveitmuchthought.Ijustassumeditwasthenaturalthingtodoandsincemywifeenjoyedbigcheerfullivelyfamilieswewentaheadendhadthreekids.Noregrets. Iknowmywordswon’tchangeanyminds.45__________.Noraisingachildisnoteasy.Thehappinessofseeingachildgrowincontrastislargelyinthemindoftheparentsendotherpeoplecannotsoreadilyperceivelt.Littlewonderthenthatsomanypeoplewithoutchildrenbelieveparenthoodisallworkendnofun. A.WhatDINKssayisobviouslytrue:childrenreallyderequirelotsofparentalenergyandmoney.Justwatchamotherbringasickchildtoahospital;youcanseethetensiontheworryandalltheself-controlittakestoseemcalmandreassuring B.AnotherChinesefriendofminecomplained:"IprovidedthefundsformychildtogotocollageandthenofftoAmericaforamaster’sdegreebutsofarIhaven’tgottenanyrewardsoutofplayingparent."TohimIwouldsaythattherewardswerethereallalong—foranyparentopentothewonderofseeingachildbegintospeakorsurpriseuswithanewwordusedforthefirsttime C.Fearingthatchildrenmightconstraintheirfreedommarriedworkingwomenbegantoavoidpregnancy;theresultwasmanybusyprosperousyoungDINKcouples D.Eachindividualhashisorherownreasonsforwantingornotwaningchildrenandhisorherownhappinesstobuild.Thesaddestpeoplearethosewhohavechildrenbutcometoregretit[orwhateverreason.Regretfulparentsaxeusuallyclosedtofamilyhappiness.Andwithoutthehappinessallthatremainaretheburdens E.Yetfewcoupleswithchildrenwouldagreethattheywerestupidtobecomeparents.Mostareveryhappythattheyhavehadtheexperienceofwitnessingachildgrowtomaturity F.MywifeendIhavethreesmallchildren.Chinesefriendsoftenaskwhythreechildrennotoneornone:Doesn’traisingthreechildrenlimitmycareerinbusinessandinmywife’scaseteaching G.Othershadparentseagertohavegrandchildren.Afewsaidtheyhadchildrenbecauseaperson’slifewouldbeincompletewithoutone.Somesaidthatthereweremillionsandmillionsofchildrenintheworldandtheyjustwantedtoseewhattheirswouldbelike 44
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 20
ThefederalentitycreatedbytheConstitutionisbyfarthedominantfeatureoftheAmericangovernmentalsystem.1thesystemitselfisinrealityamosaic2ofthousandsofsmallerunits--buildingblockswhichtogether3thewhole.Thereare50stategovernments4thegovernmentoftheDistrictofColumbiaandfurtherdowntheladderarestillsmallerunits5countiescitiestownsandvillages.This6ofgovernmentalunitsisbestunderstood7theevolutionoftheUnitedStates.Thefederalsystemithasbeenseenwasthelaststepinthe8process.Priortoitscreationtherewerethegovernmentsofthe9colonieslaterstatesandpriorto10thegovernmentsofcountiesandsmallerunits.Oneofthefirsttasks11bytheearlyEnglishsettlerswasthecreationofgovernmentalunitsforthetiny12theyestablishedalongtheAtlanticcoast.EvenbeforethePilgrimsdisembarked13theirshipin1620they14theMayflowerCompactthefirstwrittenAmericanconstitution.Andasthenewnationpushed15eachfrontieroutpostcreateditsowngovernmenttomanageitsaffairs.ThedraftersoftheU.S.Constitutionleftthismultilayeredgovernmentalsystem16.Whiletheymadethenationalstructuresupremetheywisely17theneedforaseriesofgovernmentsmoredirectlyin18withthepeopleandmorekeenlyattuned合拍totheirneeds.Thuscertain19suchasdefensecurrencyregulationandforeignrelations--couldonlybemanagedbyastrongcentralizedgovernment.But20suchassanitationeducationandlocaltransportation--belongmainlytolocaljurisdictions管辖权. 6
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