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在环境温度低于30摄氏度，机体处于安静状态下的主要散热方式是
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基站蓄电池的最佳环境温度是
25-30摄氏度
10-15摄氏度
15-20摄氏度
20-25摄氏度
环境温度低于体表温度时机体的主要散热方式是
辐射
传导
对流
蒸发
常温下安静机体的主要散热方式是________当环境温度等于或高于皮肤温度时机体的主要散热方式是__
在寒冷季节安静状态下皮肤的蒸发散热仍是机体散热的方式之一
在环境温度21℃机体处于安静状态下的主要散热方式是
辐射散热
传导散热
对流散热
不感蒸发
可感蒸发
外界环境温度低于或等于皮肤温度时机体的主要散热方式有三即______________________
包装机设备运行环境温度应为
0到20摄氏度
0到30摄氏度
0到40摄氏度
0到50摄氏度
一般通信机房测量温度要求节点环境温度低于25摄氏度温度变化率小于
±5摄氏度/小时
±6摄氏度/小时
±7摄氏度/小时
±8摄氏度/小时
乙炔瓶的使用及贮运环境温度不得超过摄氏度
30
40
50
经验表明环境温度超过25摄氏度环境温度每升高10摄氏度VRLA蓄电池的寿命将
每个月都要按照操作规程对净水器进行清洗保证净水器所处环境温度为
5～30摄氏度
15～30摄氏度
0～30摄氏度
5～25摄氏度
机体在安静状态下的散热方式主要是
辐射散热
传导散热
对流散热
不感蒸发
发汗蒸发
在环境温度低于30℃机体处于安静状态下的主要散热方式是
辐射散热
传导散热
对流散热
不感蒸发
可感蒸发
对用户机房的环境进行温度检查要求节点环境温度低于摄氏度温度变化率小于±5摄氏度/小时
16
20
25
35
数控机床的环境温度应低于__________
30 摄氏度，
40 摄氏度，
50 摄氏度，
60 摄氏度。
常温安静状态下机体散热的主要方式是
传导
辐射
对流
蒸发
在环境温度低于30℃机体处于安静状态下的主要散热方式是
辐射散热
传导散热
对流散热
不感蒸发
可感蒸发(12/2002)
在环境温度低于30℃机体处于安静状态下的主要散热方式是
辐射、传导和对流
出汗
传导和对流散热
不感蒸发
可感蒸发
电梯机房运行环境温度应小于
45摄氏度
40摄氏度
35摄氏度
30摄氏度
轴箱的最高温度不得超过70摄氏度轴箱温度高于环境温度以上时可判断为轴箱过热
50摄氏度
45摄氏度
40摄氏度
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Thenumberofcityschoolsputonalistforstrictscrutinybythestateforpooracademicperformancewentupslightlythisyear.andthenumberofcityschoolstakenoffthelistbyshowingimprovementdroppedthestate’scommissionerofeducationannouncedyesterday. Tencityschools—nowatriskofbeingshutdown—wereaddedtothelistofSchoolsUnderRegistrationReviewknownasSURRbringingthetotalinthecitym40.Statewide.61schoolsareunderreviewsaidthecommissionerRichardMills.Theadditionof10cityschoolsreverseswhathadbeenatrendinthepastfewyears:thenumberofschoolsonthelisthadbeenfalling.Therewere55schoolsin200346in2004and35lastyearanall-timelow. Butthisyearanewfactorwasatwork:Thestateraisedthelevelofperformancerequiredtopassitsstandards.Inaddition6ofthe10newlynamedschoolsaremiddleschools--andthoseschoolshaveforyearsconfoundededucatorsbyresistingtheimprovementsthathaveworkedinlowergradesandeveninhighschools.Threecityschoolswereremovedfromthelistthisyearforimprovementinacademicperformancebutthatnumberwassignificantlylowerthanthenumberremovedineachofthepastseveralyears.Forinstance16schoolsweretakenoffthelistlastyear. SchoolsChancellorJoelI.Kleinobservedthatthenumberofendangeredschoolsstillremainsatanear-recordlow."Nevertheless.wecannotacceptfailingperformancebyanyofourschoolsforanyreason"hesaid."Ifaschoolprovesincapableofprovidingahigh-qualityeducationmourstudentsdespiteeffortstoimproveititwillbeclosed."Hesaid8ofthe40schoolsthathavebeenonthelistwerescheduledmbeclosedthisyearand5morewillbeclosednextyear.ThestatealsoexpandeditsreviewprocessforthefirsttimethisyearmDistrict75whichcoversspecialeducationschoolsandoneDistrict75schoolPublicSchool12intheBronxwasputonthelist. DespitetheadditionsMr.Millssaidhewaspleased."Ithinkit’simpressivesincewehavebeenrinsingthebar"hesaid."Thecityhasessentiallybeenstayingaheadofamovinglocomotive." ElsewhereinthestatethreeschoolsinBuffaloandtwoinSyracusewereaddedtothelist.The10NewYorkCityschoolsonthelistareLegacySchoolforIntegratedStudiesinManhattan;P.S.220P.S.12JuniorHighSchool123andMiddleSchool302intheBronx;J.H.S.265.J.H.S.57M.S.143IntermediateSchool291andP.S.12inBrooklyn.ThethreeschoolsremovedfromthelistareP.S.140intheBronx.RepertoryCompanyHighSchoolinManhattanandEBC/ENYHighSchoolforPublicSafetyandLawinBrooklyn. SchoolsChancellor’swordsimplythat
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
AnannualcensusofwolvesatYellowstoneNationalParkhasfoundasharpdropinthepopulation.Butparkbiologistswhosuspectadeadlydiseasecanineparvovirussaytheywillletnaturetakeitscourse."Parvocanbevaccinatedforandcanbetreatedbutwewouldn’tdoitbecausewecouldn’tcatcheveryanimal"DanielStahler.aparkwaifbiologistsaid."Andthisallowsthemtobuildupanaturalresistance." Thecensusfound22pupscomparedwith69lastyear.Thetotalcountofwolvesdroppedm118from171thelowestsince2000."Itwassomewhatdevastatingtohavesuchpoorpupsurvival"Mr.Stahlersaid."Butresearchshowsthatyoungpupscanbouncebackfromitquitesuccessfully."ThatpupshavesufferedthedeclineseemstosuggesttheculpritisparvosaidEdBangswaifrecoverycoordinatorfortheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServicehere.Nursingpupsreceiveimmunityfromtheirmother’smilk.buttheimmunitydropswhennursingstops. Thelargenumberofwolvesintheparkmightalsobeafactor."Whenyouhaveabiglitterandadultsarehavingtroublekillingenoughtofeedallthesepupsandtheanimalsarestressedparvoflaresup"Mr.Bangssaid."Ifyouhave15brothersandsistersinsteadof3youdon’tgetenoughtoeat;parvokillsyou." CanineparvoviruswasdiscoveredintheUnitedStatesin1978.Extremelyhardythediseasespreadrapidlytodomesticdogsandthenintowildanimalpopulations.BiologistssuspectthatitwasintroducedtoYellowstonebyatourist’sinfecteddogoracoyote.Becauseparvoissohardyitpersistsinthesoilformonths.Awolfcouldcatchitfromsimplysniffinginfectioussoil.thebiologistssaid.Thediseasehashitwolvesonthenorthernrangetheelk-filledmeadowsofthenorthernhalfoftheparkespeciallyhard.Outof49pupsbornthere8survived. SomescientistsincludingMr.Bangstheorizethattheparkmayhaveovershotitscapacityforwolvesandthatthenumbersarenaturallyadjustingdownwardwithdiseasebeingoneoftheagents.Thelong-termcarryingcapacityoftheparkhesaidisprobably110to150wolves. Wolveshavebeenkilledinotherwaystoo.Frequentencountersamongcompetingwolfpacksarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongadults.Inthefirstfiveyearsoftheirreintroductiontotheparkoneortwoanimalsayearwerekilledbyotherwolves.Thatnumberhasrisentofourorfiveayear. VehiclesalsotakeatollFourteenwolveshavebeenkilledbyvehiclesinthelast10yearseightofthemnearMileMarker30onRoute191astraightstretchonthewesternsideoftheparkwheremotoriststendtospeedandwolvesareplentiful. Canineparvovirusisadiseasewhich
ItiscommonlysupposedthatthehealthofLongIslandSoundischieflytheresponsibilityoftheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterCountyandConnecticut.Thisislargelytrue.ItisalsotruehoweverthatNewYorkCityhaslongbeenamajorcontributortotheenvironmentalillsthattorturethisnoblestofAmericanestuaries. ThemainreasonisfouroldmunicipalsewagetreatmentplantsontheEastRiver.EverydayofeveryyeartheseplantsdeposithundredsofthousandsofgallonsofpartlytreatedwastewaterintotheriverwhichthenwithtidalcertaintypropelsthepollutedwaterintotheSounditself Themostdamagingofthepollutantsleavingtheplantsisnitrogen—usefulasafertilizeronlandbutinsufficientquantitiesfataltobodiesofwaterliketheSoundwhereitstimulatesthegrowthofbacteriaandalgaeandrobsthewaterofoxygen.Thisconditionisknownashypoxiaanditsuppressesmarinelife.Roughlyhalfthenitrogencomesfromtreatmentplantsandothersourcesinabout80shorelinecommunitiestheotherhalfcomesfromtheNewYorkCityplants. Itisthuscauseforgreatcelebrationthatthecityagreedlastweektosettlealongstandinglegalactionandspendatleast$700milliontoupgradethesefourplantscuttingtheirnitrogenoutputbynearly60percentby2017.AudubonNewYorkaleaderamongtheenvironmentalgroupsthathelpedshapetheagreementandmoveitforwardwhennegotiationsseemedtofaltercalledtheagreementanhistoricmomentinthestruggletorestoretheSoundtogoodhealth. Inretrospectthemostimportantmomentinthatstrugglethemomentfromwhichallelsehasflowedincludinglastweek’sagreement—camem1994whenNewYorkandConnecticut.aftersustainedpressurefromthefederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyapprovedacomprehensiveplantocleanuptheSound.Thecity’smainresponsibilitywastomodernizeitssewagetreatmentplants.TheGiulianiadministrationleftthebulkofthetasktoMayorMichaelBloomberg. Alarmedbytheproject’sestimated$1.3billionpricetagMr.BloombergdispatchedChristopherWardthentheenvironmentalcommissionertoEuropeandelsewheretofindnewmorecost-efficientwastetreatmenttechnologies.InduecourseMr.WardandhiscounterpartinAlbanyErinCrottyreachedanagreementinprincipletoreformtheplantsatwellundertheoriginalcost.Mr.WardandMs.CrottyleftpublicservicebutafterfurtherdebatingaimedpartlyatensuringthatfuturecityadministrationscouldnotwiggleoutofthedealandafterfurtherproddingbyAttorneyGeneralEliotSpitzertheirsuccessors.EmilyLloydandDeniseSheehanbroughtthemattertoaclose. ThisdoesnotmeantheSoundisnolongeratrisk.TheSoundpassesthroughthedensestpopulationcorridorinthecountryandwillremainforeverstressedbythe20millionpeoplewholivewithin50milesofitsshores.ThustheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterandConnecticutmustdomorethanevertocontainpollution. AccordingtothetextthefollowingstatementsaboutnitrogenaretrueEXCEPT
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
AnannualcensusofwolvesatYellowstoneNationalParkhasfoundasharpdropinthepopulation.Butparkbiologistswhosuspectadeadlydiseasecanineparvovirussaytheywillletnaturetakeitscourse."Parvocanbevaccinatedforandcanbetreatedbutwewouldn’tdoitbecausewecouldn’tcatcheveryanimal"DanielStahler.aparkwaifbiologistsaid."Andthisallowsthemtobuildupanaturalresistance." Thecensusfound22pupscomparedwith69lastyear.Thetotalcountofwolvesdroppedm118from171thelowestsince2000."Itwassomewhatdevastatingtohavesuchpoorpupsurvival"Mr.Stahlersaid."Butresearchshowsthatyoungpupscanbouncebackfromitquitesuccessfully."ThatpupshavesufferedthedeclineseemstosuggesttheculpritisparvosaidEdBangswaifrecoverycoordinatorfortheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServicehere.Nursingpupsreceiveimmunityfromtheirmother’smilk.buttheimmunitydropswhennursingstops. Thelargenumberofwolvesintheparkmightalsobeafactor."Whenyouhaveabiglitterandadultsarehavingtroublekillingenoughtofeedallthesepupsandtheanimalsarestressedparvoflaresup"Mr.Bangssaid."Ifyouhave15brothersandsistersinsteadof3youdon’tgetenoughtoeat;parvokillsyou." CanineparvoviruswasdiscoveredintheUnitedStatesin1978.Extremelyhardythediseasespreadrapidlytodomesticdogsandthenintowildanimalpopulations.BiologistssuspectthatitwasintroducedtoYellowstonebyatourist’sinfecteddogoracoyote.Becauseparvoissohardyitpersistsinthesoilformonths.Awolfcouldcatchitfromsimplysniffinginfectioussoil.thebiologistssaid.Thediseasehashitwolvesonthenorthernrangetheelk-filledmeadowsofthenorthernhalfoftheparkespeciallyhard.Outof49pupsbornthere8survived. SomescientistsincludingMr.Bangstheorizethattheparkmayhaveovershotitscapacityforwolvesandthatthenumbersarenaturallyadjustingdownwardwithdiseasebeingoneoftheagents.Thelong-termcarryingcapacityoftheparkhesaidisprobably110to150wolves. Wolveshavebeenkilledinotherwaystoo.Frequentencountersamongcompetingwolfpacksarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongadults.Inthefirstfiveyearsoftheirreintroductiontotheparkoneortwoanimalsayearwerekilledbyotherwolves.Thatnumberhasrisentofourorfiveayear. VehiclesalsotakeatollFourteenwolveshavebeenkilledbyvehiclesinthelast10yearseightofthemnearMileMarker30onRoute191astraightstretchonthewesternsideoftheparkwheremotoriststendtospeedandwolvesareplentiful. Thefollowingarecausesleadingtothewolves’declineinnumberEXCEPT
ItcomesasasurprisegivenMicrosoft’snotorioustenacitybutthesoftwaregiantisdefinitelyouttoclearitsantitrustplate.AfteritssettlementwiththeJusticeDepartmentthecompanyhasnowstruckanagreementtoendmorethan100privateclass-actionsuitsandsignalledthatitwantstodothesameforthecasebroughtagainstitbytheEuropeanCommission.41 YetrecenteventssuggestthatitwillnotbethateasyforMicrosofttoshrugoffitslegalwoes.Forastarttheninestateattorneys-generalopposingthefederalsettlementhaveaskedthetrialjudgetoImposetougherremedies.42.AndthisweekaSenatecommitteehearingwasdominatedbycriticismofthefederalsettlement. TheleastofMicrosoft’sproblemsaretheclass-actionsuitsfiledonbehalfofconsumerswhosaytheywereharmedbythecompany’sbehaviour.Givingmoneytoschoolsisagoodidea.ButhalfofthegiftwouldbeintheformoffreeMicrosoftsoftwarecostingthecompanyalmostnothingandhurtingcompetitorsintheeducationmarketmainlyApple.SoworriedisSteveJobsApple’sbossthathehaspubliclycriticisedthedeal—afterhayingkeptquietduringtheentireantitrusttrial.43 Theproposalofthedissentingstatesismoreserious.44.CentraltotheplanareremediesconcerningMicrosoft’sbrowsersoftwareandtheJavaprogramminglanguage:thecompanywouldbeforcedtolicensethesourcecodemitsbrowserandtomakesurethatJavaprogramscanrunonWindows.Microsoftwouldalsoberequiredmofferastripped-downversionofWindowssothatPCmakerscouldchooseadd-onsotherthanitsown. Microsoftsaysthattheproposedremediesare"extremeandnotcommensuratewithwhatisleftofthecase".ColleenKollar-Kotellythetrialjudgewilldecidenextspring.Shehasputthecaseontwoparalleltracks.OneisareviewoftheexistingJusticeDepartmentsettlementundertheTunneyacttodetermineifitisinthepublicinterest.Theotherislitigationoverthenewlyproposedremedies. TheEuropeanCommission.foritspartwillprobablywaitandseewhattranspiresmAmericabeforeproceeding.Itisunlikelysimplytorubber-stamptheoutcomeasMicrosofthassuggested.ForonethingEuropeanregulatorshavedisagreementsoftheirownwiththecompanychieflythatitistryingtoextenditsmonopolyintotheserverandmedia-playermarkets. ButcompetitorsandcriticsofthesoftwaregiantwhohaveheavilylobbiedboththestatesandBrusselsshouldnotgettheirhopesup.GiventheeconomicandpoliticalenvironmentitisstillunlikelythatMicrosoftwillgetmorethanaslaponthewristevenifithurtsmorethanthecompanywouldlike.45 Tosomeextentthisisalreadyhappening.The"LibertyAlliance"forexampleisgainingmomentum.AmericanExpressandAOLTimeWarnerrecentlyjoinedthiscoalitionwhosegoalistoprovideanalternativetoMicrosoft’sonlineauthenticationservicecalledPassport.SimilarlyiftheentertainmentindustrygotitsacttogetheritmightbeabletostopMicrosoftdefiningthestandardfordigitalcopy-protection.PerhapsthistimearoundsuchallianceswillproveabettermatchforMicrosoft’sdetermination. [A]Businessesandconsumerswantbenefitsofbeingconnectedanytimeanyplace—withoutcompromisingsecurityorcontrolofpersonalinformation. [B]ItsrivalswouldperhapsdobettertoconcentratetheirenergiesonformingalliancesthatcouldhelptokeepMicrosoftincheck. [C]About12500schools—manyofwhichareamongthenation’spoorest—wouldbeeligibletoreceivesoftwarefromMicrosoftundertheproposal. [D]Anotherjudgesupervisingtheclass-actionsuitshasquestionedMicrosoft’splantosettlealloftheeasesbydonating$1billiontopoorschools. [E]AsiftounderlinethisnewapproachMicrosoftrecentlyannouncedthatWilliamNeukomitslong-servinggeneralcounselwillsoonbereplacedbyBradSmithhismoreconvivialdeputy [F]Theirsuggestedremediesdomorethanjustplugtheloopholesinthemainsettlementandprovidefortougherenforcement.TheywouldtakebackmuchofwhatMicrosofthaswonbyabusingitsmonopolypower. [G]Thejudge’sremarkssuggestthatMicrosoftwillhavetopaycashinfullifitwantshimmapprovetheagreement. 42
Thenumberofcityschoolsputonalistforstrictscrutinybythestateforpooracademicperformancewentupslightlythisyear.andthenumberofcityschoolstakenoffthelistbyshowingimprovementdroppedthestate’scommissionerofeducationannouncedyesterday. Tencityschools—nowatriskofbeingshutdown—wereaddedtothelistofSchoolsUnderRegistrationReviewknownasSURRbringingthetotalinthecitym40.Statewide.61schoolsareunderreviewsaidthecommissionerRichardMills.Theadditionof10cityschoolsreverseswhathadbeenatrendinthepastfewyears:thenumberofschoolsonthelisthadbeenfalling.Therewere55schoolsin200346in2004and35lastyearanall-timelow. Butthisyearanewfactorwasatwork:Thestateraisedthelevelofperformancerequiredtopassitsstandards.Inaddition6ofthe10newlynamedschoolsaremiddleschools--andthoseschoolshaveforyearsconfoundededucatorsbyresistingtheimprovementsthathaveworkedinlowergradesandeveninhighschools.Threecityschoolswereremovedfromthelistthisyearforimprovementinacademicperformancebutthatnumberwassignificantlylowerthanthenumberremovedineachofthepastseveralyears.Forinstance16schoolsweretakenoffthelistlastyear. SchoolsChancellorJoelI.Kleinobservedthatthenumberofendangeredschoolsstillremainsatanear-recordlow."Nevertheless.wecannotacceptfailingperformancebyanyofourschoolsforanyreason"hesaid."Ifaschoolprovesincapableofprovidingahigh-qualityeducationmourstudentsdespiteeffortstoimproveititwillbeclosed."Hesaid8ofthe40schoolsthathavebeenonthelistwerescheduledmbeclosedthisyearand5morewillbeclosednextyear.ThestatealsoexpandeditsreviewprocessforthefirsttimethisyearmDistrict75whichcoversspecialeducationschoolsandoneDistrict75schoolPublicSchool12intheBronxwasputonthelist. DespitetheadditionsMr.Millssaidhewaspleased."Ithinkit’simpressivesincewehavebeenrinsingthebar"hesaid."Thecityhasessentiallybeenstayingaheadofamovinglocomotive." ElsewhereinthestatethreeschoolsinBuffaloandtwoinSyracusewereaddedtothelist.The10NewYorkCityschoolsonthelistareLegacySchoolforIntegratedStudiesinManhattan;P.S.220P.S.12JuniorHighSchool123andMiddleSchool302intheBronx;J.H.S.265.J.H.S.57M.S.143IntermediateSchool291andP.S.12inBrooklyn.ThethreeschoolsremovedfromthelistareP.S.140intheBronx.RepertoryCompanyHighSchoolinManhattanandEBC/ENYHighSchoolforPublicSafetyandLawinBrooklyn. Fromthefirst2paragraphswecanlearnthat
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
ItiscommonlysupposedthatthehealthofLongIslandSoundischieflytheresponsibilityoftheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterCountyandConnecticut.Thisislargelytrue.ItisalsotruehoweverthatNewYorkCityhaslongbeenamajorcontributortotheenvironmentalillsthattorturethisnoblestofAmericanestuaries. ThemainreasonisfouroldmunicipalsewagetreatmentplantsontheEastRiver.EverydayofeveryyeartheseplantsdeposithundredsofthousandsofgallonsofpartlytreatedwastewaterintotheriverwhichthenwithtidalcertaintypropelsthepollutedwaterintotheSounditself Themostdamagingofthepollutantsleavingtheplantsisnitrogen—usefulasafertilizeronlandbutinsufficientquantitiesfataltobodiesofwaterliketheSoundwhereitstimulatesthegrowthofbacteriaandalgaeandrobsthewaterofoxygen.Thisconditionisknownashypoxiaanditsuppressesmarinelife.Roughlyhalfthenitrogencomesfromtreatmentplantsandothersourcesinabout80shorelinecommunitiestheotherhalfcomesfromtheNewYorkCityplants. Itisthuscauseforgreatcelebrationthatthecityagreedlastweektosettlealongstandinglegalactionandspendatleast$700milliontoupgradethesefourplantscuttingtheirnitrogenoutputbynearly60percentby2017.AudubonNewYorkaleaderamongtheenvironmentalgroupsthathelpedshapetheagreementandmoveitforwardwhennegotiationsseemedtofaltercalledtheagreementanhistoricmomentinthestruggletorestoretheSoundtogoodhealth. Inretrospectthemostimportantmomentinthatstrugglethemomentfromwhichallelsehasflowedincludinglastweek’sagreement—camem1994whenNewYorkandConnecticut.aftersustainedpressurefromthefederalEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyapprovedacomprehensiveplantocleanuptheSound.Thecity’smainresponsibilitywastomodernizeitssewagetreatmentplants.TheGiulianiadministrationleftthebulkofthetasktoMayorMichaelBloomberg. Alarmedbytheproject’sestimated$1.3billionpricetagMr.BloombergdispatchedChristopherWardthentheenvironmentalcommissionertoEuropeandelsewheretofindnewmorecost-efficientwastetreatmenttechnologies.InduecourseMr.WardandhiscounterpartinAlbanyErinCrottyreachedanagreementinprincipletoreformtheplantsatwellundertheoriginalcost.Mr.WardandMs.CrottyleftpublicservicebutafterfurtherdebatingaimedpartlyatensuringthatfuturecityadministrationscouldnotwiggleoutofthedealandafterfurtherproddingbyAttorneyGeneralEliotSpitzertheirsuccessors.EmilyLloydandDeniseSheehanbroughtthemattertoaclose. ThisdoesnotmeantheSoundisnolongeratrisk.TheSoundpassesthroughthedensestpopulationcorridorinthecountryandwillremainforeverstressedbythe20millionpeoplewholivewithin50milesofitsshores.ThustheshorelinecommunitiesinLongIslandWestchesterandConnecticutmustdomorethanevertocontainpollution. ThefollowingunitsareresponsibleforthehealthofLongIslandSoundEXCEPT
Historiansaredetectivessearchingouttheevidenceofthepastintheirpursuitofhistory.Thisisachallengingandfrequentlyengagingquest1itsownbutevidencemustbeturnedto2.Primarysourcesthatareuncovered3manyformsthatvary4thequestionsaskedandtheperiodstudiedbutwrittenrecordsare5historiansusemorethananyother.Thehistoriandoesnot6evidenceinthemannerofcourtsoflawwherequestionsofadmissibilityandtruthversusfalsehoodare7.Thehistorian’’suseofevidenceismuchmore8Determininghowandwithwhatend9mindanypieceofevidencecameintoexistencearethefirsttasks10thehistorianintheinternalcriticismofhistoricalsources.Itisimportanttoknowforinstancewho11aparticularcensusandwithwhatinstructionsor12acorrespondentwasaddressingafriendorfoecolleagueoropponent. Formanyyearshistoriansdividedevidenceintothetwo13ofprimaryandsecondarysources.Theformerwereconsideredasany14orartifactfromtheperiod15studythelatterasdescriptionsorreconstructionsbasedonprimarysources.Thefunctionofthehistorianitwas16wastoconvertprimarysourcesintosecondarysources.This17misleads.Whathavebeencalledsecondarysourcesamnothistoricalsourcesatallbut18thatrevealthehistorian’’spointofview.Allevidenceusedbythehistorianwasaprimarysourceatthetimeitwas19anditisalwayspartialandincomplete.Thereinliespartofthe20ofhistory.
ItcomesasasurprisegivenMicrosoft’snotorioustenacitybutthesoftwaregiantisdefinitelyouttoclearitsantitrustplate.AfteritssettlementwiththeJusticeDepartmentthecompanyhasnowstruckanagreementtoendmorethan100privateclass-actionsuitsandsignalledthatitwantstodothesameforthecasebroughtagainstitbytheEuropeanCommission.41 YetrecenteventssuggestthatitwillnotbethateasyforMicrosofttoshrugoffitslegalwoes.Forastarttheninestateattorneys-generalopposingthefederalsettlementhaveaskedthetrialjudgetoImposetougherremedies.42.AndthisweekaSenatecommitteehearingwasdominatedbycriticismofthefederalsettlement. TheleastofMicrosoft’sproblemsaretheclass-actionsuitsfiledonbehalfofconsumerswhosaytheywereharmedbythecompany’sbehaviour.Givingmoneytoschoolsisagoodidea.ButhalfofthegiftwouldbeintheformoffreeMicrosoftsoftwarecostingthecompanyalmostnothingandhurtingcompetitorsintheeducationmarketmainlyApple.SoworriedisSteveJobsApple’sbossthathehaspubliclycriticisedthedeal—afterhayingkeptquietduringtheentireantitrusttrial.43 Theproposalofthedissentingstatesismoreserious.44.CentraltotheplanareremediesconcerningMicrosoft’sbrowsersoftwareandtheJavaprogramminglanguage:thecompanywouldbeforcedtolicensethesourcecodemitsbrowserandtomakesurethatJavaprogramscanrunonWindows.Microsoftwouldalsoberequiredmofferastripped-downversionofWindowssothatPCmakerscouldchooseadd-onsotherthanitsown. Microsoftsaysthattheproposedremediesare"extremeandnotcommensuratewithwhatisleftofthecase".ColleenKollar-Kotellythetrialjudgewilldecidenextspring.Shehasputthecaseontwoparalleltracks.OneisareviewoftheexistingJusticeDepartmentsettlementundertheTunneyacttodetermineifitisinthepublicinterest.Theotherislitigationoverthenewlyproposedremedies. TheEuropeanCommission.foritspartwillprobablywaitandseewhattranspiresmAmericabeforeproceeding.Itisunlikelysimplytorubber-stamptheoutcomeasMicrosofthassuggested.ForonethingEuropeanregulatorshavedisagreementsoftheirownwiththecompanychieflythatitistryingtoextenditsmonopolyintotheserverandmedia-playermarkets. ButcompetitorsandcriticsofthesoftwaregiantwhohaveheavilylobbiedboththestatesandBrusselsshouldnotgettheirhopesup.GiventheeconomicandpoliticalenvironmentitisstillunlikelythatMicrosoftwillgetmorethanaslaponthewristevenifithurtsmorethanthecompanywouldlike.45 Tosomeextentthisisalreadyhappening.The"LibertyAlliance"forexampleisgainingmomentum.AmericanExpressandAOLTimeWarnerrecentlyjoinedthiscoalitionwhosegoalistoprovideanalternativetoMicrosoft’sonlineauthenticationservicecalledPassport.SimilarlyiftheentertainmentindustrygotitsacttogetheritmightbeabletostopMicrosoftdefiningthestandardfordigitalcopy-protection.PerhapsthistimearoundsuchallianceswillproveabettermatchforMicrosoft’sdetermination. [A]Businessesandconsumerswantbenefitsofbeingconnectedanytimeanyplace—withoutcompromisingsecurityorcontrolofpersonalinformation. [B]ItsrivalswouldperhapsdobettertoconcentratetheirenergiesonformingalliancesthatcouldhelptokeepMicrosoftincheck. [C]About12500schools—manyofwhichareamongthenation’spoorest—wouldbeeligibletoreceivesoftwarefromMicrosoftundertheproposal. [D]Anotherjudgesupervisingtheclass-actionsuitshasquestionedMicrosoft’splantosettlealloftheeasesbydonating$1billiontopoorschools. [E]AsiftounderlinethisnewapproachMicrosoftrecentlyannouncedthatWilliamNeukomitslong-servinggeneralcounselwillsoonbereplacedbyBradSmithhismoreconvivialdeputy [F]Theirsuggestedremediesdomorethanjustplugtheloopholesinthemainsettlementandprovidefortougherenforcement.TheywouldtakebackmuchofwhatMicrosofthaswonbyabusingitsmonopolypower. [G]Thejudge’sremarkssuggestthatMicrosoftwillhavetopaycashinfullifitwantshimmapprovetheagreement. 44
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Areburgersandfriesaproductoftheprofoundsocialchangesofthepast50yearsorweretheytoalargeextentresponsibleforthemTheauthorofthisdiatribeagainstmultinationalrestaurantbrandsoptsforthelatterexplanation."Thereisnothinginevitableaboutthefastfoodnationthatsurroundsus"heconcludes."ThetriumphofMcDonald’sanditsimitatorswasbynomeanspre-ordained."Butithappenedneverthelessand.inhisviewitistobeblamedformanyoftheevilsofmodemAmericaandtheirglobalspread.TheemergenceofthecorporatecolossusfollowedinexorablybyitsdeionizationisafamiliarpatterninAmericanbusinesshistory. ThemodemphenomenonoffastfoodoriginatedinCaliforniajustbeforetheSecondWorldWar.Itsfirstmanifestationwaskerbservicewithmealsdeliveredtomotoristsbyhandsomeyoungcarhops.RichardandMauriceMcDonald.whoranadrive-inburgerbarinSanBernardinonearLosAngelesbecametiredofhavingconstantlytoreplacetheircarhopsandwashupcrockeryanddishes.In1948theydecidedtomakecustomersservethemselveswhilerestrictingthemenutoitemsthatcouldbepreparedbyunskilledcooksandeatenwithoutplatesknivesorforks. TheMcDonaldbrothersweresoonboughtoutbytheentrepreneurialRayKrocwhofranchisedtheirnameandtechniquessosuccessfullythatthereisnowscarcelyacomeroftheworldthatisfreefromtheirtrademarkgoldenarchesinvariablyspawningaclusterofrivalchainssellinghamburgerspizzasorfriedchickenhandedoutbysmilingteenagerswillingtoacceptminimalpay.Theyarecheapcheerfulpopularandchildrenlovethem.SojustwhatisMr.Schlosser’sbeefApartfromhisnutritionalreservations—toomuchfatsaltandsugar—heproveshow.asthechainsexpandedtheywereabletodictatetermstothesuppliersofpotatoesandgroundbeeftheirstapleingredients.Thiscausedanupheavalinagribusinessasafewlargesuppliersquicklyforcedlessefficientproducersoutofthemarket.Thedrivetokeepdowncostsandincreasethespeedofproductionledtotheemploymentofcheapunskilledlaborand.tothewidespreadtolerationofdangerousandunhygienicpracticesamonggrowersandprocessorswhichregulatorybodieshavefailedtopolice. Mr.Schlosserwhoisaskillfulandpersuasiveinvestigativereporterseesallthisasadamagingcorruptionofthefreemarket.Heisespeciallyangeredbypromotionaltechniquesaimedatimpressionablechildren.A1997giveawayofTeenieBeanieBabiesincreasedthesaleofMcDonalds’HappyMealsfrom10maweekto10rnaday.Andasurveyfoundthat96%ofAmericanschoolchildrencouldidentifyRonaldMcDonaldthechain’smascot.OnlySantaClausscoredhigher. TheauthorairsMr.Schlosser’sopinioninthesecondparagraphinorderto
Thefourgirlsin"TheSisterhoodoftheTravelingPants"makeapact.46Havingfoundthemagiceverywomandreamsofapairofjeansthatfitsallfourofthemperfectlytheyvowtosharethemlong-distanceduringtheirfirstsummerapart. Thejeansmustbemagicbecausethegirls’shapescouldn’tbemoredifferent.PetiteLenaAlexisBledelisallergictoboyswhoseeherasabeautifulface.WittyCarmenAmericaFerreraistoocurvytofitintothebridesmaid’sgownorderedforherbyLydiaNancyTravistheSouthernbride-to-beofherdivorcedfatherBradleyWhitford.BridgetBlakeLivelyalankystarathletehasnevercometotermswithhermother’ssuicide.47AndTibbyAmberTamblynisablue-hairedcynicwhosesummerjobatasuperstorenamedWallman’sispayingforvideoequipmenttomakeherfirstfilm. 48Thegirlspassthejeansaroundtobringthemluckwhentheyareseparated:LenawithrelativesonSantoriniwhereKostasMichaelRadychangeshermindaboutmen;Carmenwiththefathersheneverseeswhosenewfamilyisashock;BridgetinaMexicansoccercampwhereshesetshersightsonEricMikeVogelforbiddenfruitbecausehe’sacoach;andTibbyvideotapingherco-workers."Adocumentary"saysoneinterviewsubject."That’slikeamovieonlyboring" DeliaEphronandElizabethChandler’sscreenplayisnicelyservedbythedirectionofacomedyveteranKenKwapis.49Hecreatesafairytalesummerworldwherethegirlsgrapplewithrealissues:loveandfamilydeathlosingyourvirginityforthewrongreasonsdivorceracismandhavinganunfashionablebodytype.50Themagicofcourseisinthegirlsastheyhelpeachotherachieveinsightsthatfewoftheirelderscouldmanage.gentlysprinkledsprinkledwithtears.AnnBrashareswhowrotethenovelonwhichthefilmisbasedhaswrittentwomorebooksabouttheSisterhood.IfthisoneclicksWarnerBrosmayfinditselftheproudownerofthefirstsummerfilmfranchiseforteenagegirls. Havingfoundthemagiceverywomandreamsofapairofjeansthatfitsallfourofthemperfectlytheyvowtosharethemlong-distanceduringtheirfirstsummerapart.
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Areburgersandfriesaproductoftheprofoundsocialchangesofthepast50yearsorweretheytoalargeextentresponsibleforthemTheauthorofthisdiatribeagainstmultinationalrestaurantbrandsoptsforthelatterexplanation."Thereisnothinginevitableaboutthefastfoodnationthatsurroundsus"heconcludes."ThetriumphofMcDonald’sanditsimitatorswasbynomeanspre-ordained."Butithappenedneverthelessand.inhisviewitistobeblamedformanyoftheevilsofmodemAmericaandtheirglobalspread.TheemergenceofthecorporatecolossusfollowedinexorablybyitsdeionizationisafamiliarpatterninAmericanbusinesshistory. ThemodemphenomenonoffastfoodoriginatedinCaliforniajustbeforetheSecondWorldWar.Itsfirstmanifestationwaskerbservicewithmealsdeliveredtomotoristsbyhandsomeyoungcarhops.RichardandMauriceMcDonald.whoranadrive-inburgerbarinSanBernardinonearLosAngelesbecametiredofhavingconstantlytoreplacetheircarhopsandwashupcrockeryanddishes.In1948theydecidedtomakecustomersservethemselveswhilerestrictingthemenutoitemsthatcouldbepreparedbyunskilledcooksandeatenwithoutplatesknivesorforks. TheMcDonaldbrothersweresoonboughtoutbytheentrepreneurialRayKrocwhofranchisedtheirnameandtechniquessosuccessfullythatthereisnowscarcelyacomeroftheworldthatisfreefromtheirtrademarkgoldenarchesinvariablyspawningaclusterofrivalchainssellinghamburgerspizzasorfriedchickenhandedoutbysmilingteenagerswillingtoacceptminimalpay.Theyarecheapcheerfulpopularandchildrenlovethem.SojustwhatisMr.Schlosser’sbeefApartfromhisnutritionalreservations—toomuchfatsaltandsugar—heproveshow.asthechainsexpandedtheywereabletodictatetermstothesuppliersofpotatoesandgroundbeeftheirstapleingredients.Thiscausedanupheavalinagribusinessasafewlargesuppliersquicklyforcedlessefficientproducersoutofthemarket.Thedrivetokeepdowncostsandincreasethespeedofproductionledtotheemploymentofcheapunskilledlaborand.tothewidespreadtolerationofdangerousandunhygienicpracticesamonggrowersandprocessorswhichregulatorybodieshavefailedtopolice. Mr.Schlosserwhoisaskillfulandpersuasiveinvestigativereporterseesallthisasadamagingcorruptionofthefreemarket.Heisespeciallyangeredbypromotionaltechniquesaimedatimpressionablechildren.A1997giveawayofTeenieBeanieBabiesincreasedthesaleofMcDonalds’HappyMealsfrom10maweekto10rnaday.Andasurveyfoundthat96%ofAmericanschoolchildrencouldidentifyRonaldMcDonaldthechain’smascot.OnlySantaClausscoredhigher. FromtheexampleofMcDonaldtheauthorconcludesthat
Thefourgirlsin"TheSisterhoodoftheTravelingPants"makeapact.46Havingfoundthemagiceverywomandreamsofapairofjeansthatfitsallfourofthemperfectlytheyvowtosharethemlong-distanceduringtheirfirstsummerapart. Thejeansmustbemagicbecausethegirls’shapescouldn’tbemoredifferent.PetiteLenaAlexisBledelisallergictoboyswhoseeherasabeautifulface.WittyCarmenAmericaFerreraistoocurvytofitintothebridesmaid’sgownorderedforherbyLydiaNancyTravistheSouthernbride-to-beofherdivorcedfatherBradleyWhitford.BridgetBlakeLivelyalankystarathletehasnevercometotermswithhermother’ssuicide.47AndTibbyAmberTamblynisablue-hairedcynicwhosesummerjobatasuperstorenamedWallman’sispayingforvideoequipmenttomakeherfirstfilm. 48Thegirlspassthejeansaroundtobringthemluckwhentheyareseparated:LenawithrelativesonSantoriniwhereKostasMichaelRadychangeshermindaboutmen;Carmenwiththefathersheneverseeswhosenewfamilyisashock;BridgetinaMexicansoccercampwhereshesetshersightsonEricMikeVogelforbiddenfruitbecausehe’sacoach;andTibbyvideotapingherco-workers."Adocumentary"saysoneinterviewsubject."That’slikeamovieonlyboring" DeliaEphronandElizabethChandler’sscreenplayisnicelyservedbythedirectionofacomedyveteranKenKwapis.49Hecreatesafairytalesummerworldwherethegirlsgrapplewithrealissues:loveandfamilydeathlosingyourvirginityforthewrongreasonsdivorceracismandhavinganunfashionablebodytype.50Themagicofcourseisinthegirlsastheyhelpeachotherachieveinsightsthatfewoftheirelderscouldmanage.gentlysprinkledsprinkledwithtears.AnnBrashareswhowrotethenovelonwhichthefilmisbasedhaswrittentwomorebooksabouttheSisterhood.IfthisoneclicksWarnerBrosmayfinditselftheproudownerofthefirstsummerfilmfranchiseforteenagegirls. Themagicofcourseisinthegirlsastheyhelpeachotherachieveinsightsthatfewoftheirelderscouldmanage.gentlysprinkledsprinkledwithtears.
AnannualcensusofwolvesatYellowstoneNationalParkhasfoundasharpdropinthepopulation.Butparkbiologistswhosuspectadeadlydiseasecanineparvovirussaytheywillletnaturetakeitscourse."Parvocanbevaccinatedforandcanbetreatedbutwewouldn’tdoitbecausewecouldn’tcatcheveryanimal"DanielStahler.aparkwaifbiologistsaid."Andthisallowsthemtobuildupanaturalresistance." Thecensusfound22pupscomparedwith69lastyear.Thetotalcountofwolvesdroppedm118from171thelowestsince2000."Itwassomewhatdevastatingtohavesuchpoorpupsurvival"Mr.Stahlersaid."Butresearchshowsthatyoungpupscanbouncebackfromitquitesuccessfully."ThatpupshavesufferedthedeclineseemstosuggesttheculpritisparvosaidEdBangswaifrecoverycoordinatorfortheUnitedStatesFishandWildlifeServicehere.Nursingpupsreceiveimmunityfromtheirmother’smilk.buttheimmunitydropswhennursingstops. Thelargenumberofwolvesintheparkmightalsobeafactor."Whenyouhaveabiglitterandadultsarehavingtroublekillingenoughtofeedallthesepupsandtheanimalsarestressedparvoflaresup"Mr.Bangssaid."Ifyouhave15brothersandsistersinsteadof3youdon’tgetenoughtoeat;parvokillsyou." CanineparvoviruswasdiscoveredintheUnitedStatesin1978.Extremelyhardythediseasespreadrapidlytodomesticdogsandthenintowildanimalpopulations.BiologistssuspectthatitwasintroducedtoYellowstonebyatourist’sinfecteddogoracoyote.Becauseparvoissohardyitpersistsinthesoilformonths.Awolfcouldcatchitfromsimplysniffinginfectioussoil.thebiologistssaid.Thediseasehashitwolvesonthenorthernrangetheelk-filledmeadowsofthenorthernhalfoftheparkespeciallyhard.Outof49pupsbornthere8survived. SomescientistsincludingMr.Bangstheorizethattheparkmayhaveovershotitscapacityforwolvesandthatthenumbersarenaturallyadjustingdownwardwithdiseasebeingoneoftheagents.Thelong-termcarryingcapacityoftheparkhesaidisprobably110to150wolves. Wolveshavebeenkilledinotherwaystoo.Frequentencountersamongcompetingwolfpacksarethebiggestcauseofdeathamongadults.Inthefirstfiveyearsoftheirreintroductiontotheparkoneortwoanimalsayearwerekilledbyotherwolves.Thatnumberhasrisentofourorfiveayear. VehiclesalsotakeatollFourteenwolveshavebeenkilledbyvehiclesinthelast10yearseightofthemnearMileMarker30onRoute191astraightstretchonthewesternsideoftheparkwheremotoriststendtospeedandwolvesareplentiful. Bysayingletnaturetakeitscoursethebiologistsmean
Directions: Studythetwopicturesabovecarefullyandwriteanessayentitled"OnEducationofChina".Intheessayyoushould1describethepictures;2interprettheirmeaning;3giveyouropinionaboutthephenomenon. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Thefourgirlsin"TheSisterhoodoftheTravelingPants"makeapact.46Havingfoundthemagiceverywomandreamsofapairofjeansthatfitsallfourofthemperfectlytheyvowtosharethemlong-distanceduringtheirfirstsummerapart. Thejeansmustbemagicbecausethegirls’shapescouldn’tbemoredifferent.PetiteLenaAlexisBledelisallergictoboyswhoseeherasabeautifulface.WittyCarmenAmericaFerreraistoocurvytofitintothebridesmaid’sgownorderedforherbyLydiaNancyTravistheSouthernbride-to-beofherdivorcedfatherBradleyWhitford.BridgetBlakeLivelyalankystarathletehasnevercometotermswithhermother’ssuicide.47AndTibbyAmberTamblynisablue-hairedcynicwhosesummerjobatasuperstorenamedWallman’sispayingforvideoequipmenttomakeherfirstfilm. 48Thegirlspassthejeansaroundtobringthemluckwhentheyareseparated:LenawithrelativesonSantoriniwhereKostasMichaelRadychangeshermindaboutmen;Carmenwiththefathersheneverseeswhosenewfamilyisashock;BridgetinaMexicansoccercampwhereshesetshersightsonEricMikeVogelforbiddenfruitbecausehe’sacoach;andTibbyvideotapingherco-workers."Adocumentary"saysoneinterviewsubject."That’slikeamovieonlyboring" DeliaEphronandElizabethChandler’sscreenplayisnicelyservedbythedirectionofacomedyveteranKenKwapis.49Hecreatesafairytalesummerworldwherethegirlsgrapplewithrealissues:loveandfamilydeathlosingyourvirginityforthewrongreasonsdivorceracismandhavinganunfashionablebodytype.50Themagicofcourseisinthegirlsastheyhelpeachotherachieveinsightsthatfewoftheirelderscouldmanage.gentlysprinkledsprinkledwithtears.AnnBrashareswhowrotethenovelonwhichthefilmisbasedhaswrittentwomorebooksabouttheSisterhood.IfthisoneclicksWarnerBrosmayfinditselftheproudownerofthefirstsummerfilmfranchiseforteenagegirls. Thegirlspassthejeansaroundtobringthemluckwhentheyareseparated:LenawithrelativesonSantoriniwhereKostasMichaelRadychangeshermindaboutmen;Carmenwiththefathersheneverseeswhosenewfamilyisashock;BridgetinaMexicansoccercampwhereshesetshersightsonEricMikeVogelforbiddenfruitbecausehe’sacoach;andTibbyvideotapingherco-workers.
ForeignfinancierscomplainingaboutthelegalwarstheywilllaunchtorecoverbaddebtsinRussiararelymeanmuch.Theexpenseofalawsuit1thesatisfaction;thechancesofgettinganymoneyare2. YetNogaacompanyownedbyNessimGaona78-year-oldbusinessman3inGenevahasbeensuingtheRussiangovernmentsince1993attemptingto4Russianassetsabroad.AtMr.Gaon’srequestbailiffslastweekverynearly5twoofRussia’smostadvancedwarplanesattheParisair6.Theorganisers7offtheRussianauthoritiesandtheplanesflewhomejust8time.9near-missesincludeasail-trainingshiptheSedovnuclear-wasteshipmentsandthepresident’splane. Mr.Gaon.whosepreviousbusinesspartnersincluderegimesinNigeriaandSudanputan10clauseinhisoriginalexportdeals:Russiamustabandonitssovereignimmunity.AnarbitrationcourtinStockholmhasfoundinhis11sofartothe12of$110millionoutofatotal13of$420million.Othercourts14theworldhavelethimhavea15atanyRussianassets16reach. Theoddthingis17Russia.nowawashwithcashdoesnotsimplypayup.Mr.Gaonsayshewastoldatonepointthata10%18onthedebttosomeonehighupinthefinanceministrywouldsolvethings.19offMr.Gaoncostsmuchinlegalfees.NotacceptinginternationaljudgmentssitsillwiththecurrentKremlinline20theruleoflaw.Mr.GaonsayshisnextmovewillbetoseizeRussia’sembassyinParis. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Areburgersandfriesaproductoftheprofoundsocialchangesofthepast50yearsorweretheytoalargeextentresponsibleforthemTheauthorofthisdiatribeagainstmultinationalrestaurantbrandsoptsforthelatterexplanation."Thereisnothinginevitableaboutthefastfoodnationthatsurroundsus"heconcludes."ThetriumphofMcDonald’sanditsimitatorswasbynomeanspre-ordained."Butithappenedneverthelessand.inhisviewitistobeblamedformanyoftheevilsofmodemAmericaandtheirglobalspread.TheemergenceofthecorporatecolossusfollowedinexorablybyitsdeionizationisafamiliarpatterninAmericanbusinesshistory. ThemodemphenomenonoffastfoodoriginatedinCaliforniajustbeforetheSecondWorldWar.Itsfirstmanifestationwaskerbservicewithmealsdeliveredtomotoristsbyhandsomeyoungcarhops.RichardandMauriceMcDonald.whoranadrive-inburgerbarinSanBernardinonearLosAngelesbecametiredofhavingconstantlytoreplacetheircarhopsandwashupcrockeryanddishes.In1948theydecidedtomakecustomersservethemselveswhilerestrictingthemenutoitemsthatcouldbepreparedbyunskilledcooksandeatenwithoutplatesknivesorforks. TheMcDonaldbrothersweresoonboughtoutbytheentrepreneurialRayKrocwhofranchisedtheirnameandtechniquessosuccessfullythatthereisnowscarcelyacomeroftheworldthatisfreefromtheirtrademarkgoldenarchesinvariablyspawningaclusterofrivalchainssellinghamburgerspizzasorfriedchickenhandedoutbysmilingteenagerswillingtoacceptminimalpay.Theyarecheapcheerfulpopularandchildrenlovethem.SojustwhatisMr.Schlosser’sbeefApartfromhisnutritionalreservations—toomuchfatsaltandsugar—heproveshow.asthechainsexpandedtheywereabletodictatetermstothesuppliersofpotatoesandgroundbeeftheirstapleingredients.Thiscausedanupheavalinagribusinessasafewlargesuppliersquicklyforcedlessefficientproducersoutofthemarket.Thedrivetokeepdowncostsandincreasethespeedofproductionledtotheemploymentofcheapunskilledlaborand.tothewidespreadtolerationofdangerousandunhygienicpracticesamonggrowersandprocessorswhichregulatorybodieshavefailedtopolice. Mr.Schlosserwhoisaskillfulandpersuasiveinvestigativereporterseesallthisasadamagingcorruptionofthefreemarket.Heisespeciallyangeredbypromotionaltechniquesaimedatimpressionablechildren.A1997giveawayofTeenieBeanieBabiesincreasedthesaleofMcDonalds’HappyMealsfrom10maweekto10rnaday.Andasurveyfoundthat96%ofAmericanschoolchildrencouldidentifyRonaldMcDonaldthechain’smascot.OnlySantaClausscoredhigher. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsMcDonaldis
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