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湿性重浊，指湿邪伤人，多滞着而难去。( )
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湿邪致病往往缠绵难愈是由于
湿为阴邪
湿性重浊
湿性黏滞
湿性趋下
湿性秽浊
湿邪致病病程长缠绵难愈是由于
湿阻气机
湿邪伤阳
湿性黏滞
湿性重浊
湿性趋下
湿邪为病缠绵难愈病程绵长的病因是
湿邪伤阳
湿性黏滞
湿性重浊
湿性趋下
湿邪阻滞气机
湿邪致病缠绵难愈是因为
湿为阴邪，易阻遏气机
湿为阴邪，伤人阳气
湿性重浊，不易祛除
湿性黏滞，不易祛除
湿性趋下，为病缠绵
湿邪伤人易见尿少水肿等症的主要原因是
湿性重浊，分泌物阻滞不利
湿性黏滞，排泄物涩滞不畅
湿性趋下，易伤人体下部
湿邪外袭，困遏清阳
湿邪阻滞经络关节
湿邪致病病程长缠绵难愈其原因是
湿邪伤阳
湿性黏滞
湿为阴邪，阻遏气机
湿性重浊
湿性趋下
湿邪致病往往缠绵难愈是由于
湿为阴邪
湿性重浊
湿性黏滞
湿性趋下
湿伤阳气
湿邪致病缠绵难愈是因为
湿为阴邪，易阻遏气机
湿为阴邪，伤人阳气
湿性重浊，不易祛除
湿性黏滞，不易祛除
湿性趋下，为病缠绵
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Text3 RememberSecondLifethevirtualworldthat wassupposedtobecomealmostasimportantasthefirstoneNowpopulatedbyno morethan84000avatarsatatimeithasturnedouttobeaprimeexampleof howshort-livedInternetfadscanbe.Yetifmanyadultsseemtohavegivenup onvirtualworldsthosethatcatertochildrenandteenagersarethriving. Severalhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoney.InAmerica nearly10millionchildrenandteenagersvisitvirtualworldsregularly estimateseMarketeramarketresearcher-anumberthefirmexpectstoincrease to15millionby2013．AsinJanuarytherewere112virtualworldsdesignedfor under-18swithanother81indevelopmentaccordingtoEngageDigitalMediaa marketresearchfirm.Allcatertodifferentagegroups andtastes.InClubPenguinthemarketleaderwhichwasboughtbyDisneyin 2007forawhopping$700millionprimary-schoolchildrencantakeonapenguin personafitouttheirowniglooandplaygames.HabboHotelaservicerunfrom Finlandisaglobalhangoutforteenagerswhowanttocustomisetheirownrooms andmeetinpublicplacestoattendevents.GalaOnlinebasedinSilicon Valleyofferssimilaractivitiesbutisvisitedmostlybyolderteenswhoare intoMangacomics.Notahitwithadvertisersthese onlineworldsearnmostoftheirmoneyfromthesaleofvirtualgoodssuchas itemstospruceupanavataroraprivateroom.Theyarepaidforinaprivate currencywhichmembersearnbyparticipatinginvariousactivitiestrading itemsorbuyingthemwithrealdollars.Thissortof stealthtaxseemstowork.AtGalaOnlineusersspendmorethan$1millionper monthonvirtualitemssaysCraigShermanthefirm’schiefexecutive.Running suchavirtualeconomyisnoteasywhichiswhyGaiahashiredafull-time economisttograpplewithproblemsthatarewellknownintherealworldsuch asinflationandanunequaldistributionofwealth.There areotherbarriersthatcouldlimitthegrowthofvirtualworldsfortheyoung butthemainoneisparents.Manydonotwanttheiroffspringroamingvirtual worldseitherbecausetheyaretoocommercialorarethoughttobetoo dangerous.Keepingthemsafeisoneofthebiggestrunningcostsbecausetheir sponsorshavetoemployrealpeopletopolicetheirrealms. YoungstersarealsoaficklebunchsaysSimonLeveneofAccelPartnersa venture-capitalfirm.Justaschildrenmovefromonetoytoanotherthey readilyswitchworldsorsocialnetworksoftenwithoutsayinggoodbye. EvensoDebraAhoWilliamsonananalystateMarketer believestheseworldsareatraininggroundforthethree-dimensionalweb.If virtualworldsforadultswhichsofarhavebeenabletoretainonlyhardcore usersmanagetohangonforafewyearstheymayyethaveasecondlife. WhatcanweinferfromSimonLevene’scomments
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueonMTVNetworks’newbenefitsplanforfreelancers
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
PartADirections:Readthe followingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABC orD．Text1 Itistheworld’sfourth-most-important foodcropaftermaizewheatandrice.Itprovidesmorecaloriesmorequickly usinglesslandandinawiderrangeofclimatesthananyOtherplant.Itisof Coursethepotato.TheUnitedNationshasdeclared2008 theInternationalYearofthePotato.Ithopesthatgreaterawarenessofthe meritsofpotatoeswillcontributetotheachievementofitsMillennium DevelopmentGoalsbyhelpingtoalleviatepovertyimprovefoodsecurityand promoteeconomicdevelopment.Itisalwaystheinternationalyearofthisor monthofthat.Butthepotato’sunusualhistorymeansitiswellworth celebratingbyreadersofTheEconomistbecausethepotatoisintertwinedwith economicdevelopmenttradeliberalisationandglobalisation. Unlikelythoughitseemsthepotatopromotedeconomicdevelopmentby underpinningtheindustrialrevolutioninEnglandinthe19thcentury.It providedacheapsourceofcaloriesandwaseasytocultivatesoitliberated workersfromtheland.PotatoesbecamepopularinthenorthofEnglandas peopletherespecialisedinlivestockfarminganddomesticindustrywhile farmersinthesouthwherethesoilwasmoresuitableconcentratedonwheat production.Byahappyaccidentthisconcentratedindustrialactivityinthe regionswherecoalwasreadilyavailableandapotato-drivenpopulationboom providedampleworkersforthenewfactories.FriedrichEngelsevendeclared thatthepotatowastheequalofironforitshistoricallyrevolutionaryrole. Thepotatopromotedfreetradebycontributingtothe abolitionofBritain’sCornLaws-thecausewhichpromptedthefoundingofThe Economistin1843.TheCornLawsrestrictedimportsofgrainintotheUnited Kingdominordertoprotectdomesticwheatproducers.Landownerssupportedthe lawssincecheapimportedgrainwouldreducetheirincomebutindustrialists opposedthembecauseimportswoulddrivedownthecostoffoodallowingpeople tospendmoreonmanufacturedgoods.Ultimatelyitwasnottheeloquenceofthe argumentsagainsttheCornLawsthatledtotheirabolition-andmore’sthepity. ItwasthetragedyoftheIrishpotatofamineof1845inwhich1millionIrish perishedwhenthepotatocroponwhichtheysubsistedsuccumbedtoblight.The needtoimportgraintorelievethesituationinIrelandforcedthegovernment whichwasdominatedbylandownerswhobackedtheCornLawstoreverseits position.Thispavedthewayforliberalisationinother areasandfreetradebecameBritishpolicy.AstheDukeofWellington complainedatthetimerottenpotatoeshavedoneitall. IntheformofFrenchfriesservedalongsideburgersandCoca-Cola potatoesarenowaniconofglobalisation.Thisisquiteaturnaroundgiventhe scepticismwhichfirstgreetedthemontheirarrivalintheOldWorldinthe 16thcentury.Spudswerevariouslythoughttocauseleprosytobefitonlyfor animalstobeassociatedwiththedevilortobepoisonous.Theytookholdin 18thcenturyEuropeonlywhenwarandfaminemeanttherewasnothingelseto eat;peoplethenrealisedjusthowversatileandreliabletheywere.AsAdam Smithoneofthepotato’smanyadmirersobservedatthetimeThevery generalusewhichismadeofpotatoesinthesekingdomsasfoodformanisa convincingproofthattheprejudicesofanationwithregardtodiethowever deeplyrootedarebynomeansunconquerable.Mashedfriedboiledandroast ahumbletuberchangedtheworldandfree-tradingglobaliserseverywhereshould celebrateit.AccordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutBritain’sCornLaws
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
自由基的稳定性 A．丙烯基自由基 B．烯丙基自由基 C．丙基自由基 D．异丙基
Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing; 2interpretitsmeaning; 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatly.
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
Text2 Twenty-sevenyearsagoEgyptrevised itssecularconstitutiontoenshrineMuslimshariaastheprincipalsourceof legislation.Tomostcitizensmostofthetimethatseeming contradiction-betweensecularismandreligion-hasnotmademuchdifference.Nine intenEgyptiansareSunniMuslimsandexpectIslamtogovernsuchthingsas marriagedivorceandinheritance.NearlyalltherestprofessChristianityor JudaismfaithsrecognisedandprotectedinIslam.Buttothesmallminoritywho embraceotherfaithsorwhohavetriedtoleaveIslamithasuntillately madeanincreasinglytroublingdifference.Membersof Egypt’s2000-strongBahaicommunityforinstancehavefoundtheycannotstate theirreligiononthenationalidentitycardsthatallEgyptiansareobligedto producetosecuresuchthingsasdriver’slicensesbankaccountssocial insuranceandstateschooling.HundredsofCopticChristianswhohaveconverted toIslamoftentoescapetheOrthodoxsect’sbanondivorcefindtheycannot reverttotheiroriginalfaith.InsomecaseschildrenraisedasChristians havediscoveredthatbecauseadivorcedparentconvertedtoIslamtheytoo havebecomeofficiallyMuslimandcannotclaimotherwise. Suchrestrictionsonreligiousfreedomarenotdirectlyaproductof shariasayhuman-rightscampaignersbutratherofrigidinterpretationsof Islamiclawbyover-zealousofficials.IntheirstrictviewBahaibeliefcannot berecognisedasalegitimatefaithsinceitaroseinthe19thcenturylong afterIslamstakeditsclaimtobethefinalrevelationinachainofprophecies beginningwithAdam.LikewisetheybrandanyattempttoleaveIslamwhatever thecircumstancesasaformofapostasypunishablebydeath. Butsuchviewshavelatelybeenchallenged.LastyearAliGomaatheGrand Muftiwhoisthegovernment’shighestreligiousadviserdeclaredthatnowhere inIslam’ssacredtextsdiditsaythatapostasyneedbepunishedinthepresent ratherthanbyGodintheafterlife.InthepastmonthEgyptiancourtshave issuedtworulingsthatwhilerestrictedinscopeshouldeasesomebothersome strictures.Bahaismaynowleavethespaceforreligion ontheiridentitycardsblank.TwelveformerChristianswonalawsuitandmay nowreturntotheiroriginalfaithonconditionthattheiridentitydocuments notetheirpreviousadherencetoIslam.Smallsteps perhapsbuttheypointthewaytowardsfreedomofchoiceandcitizenshipbased onequalrightsratherthanmembershipofaprivilegedreligion. Whatisthemainpurposeofthistext
Text3 RememberSecondLifethevirtualworldthat wassupposedtobecomealmostasimportantasthefirstoneNowpopulatedbyno morethan84000avatarsatatimeithasturnedouttobeaprimeexampleof howshort-livedInternetfadscanbe.Yetifmanyadultsseemtohavegivenup onvirtualworldsthosethatcatertochildrenandteenagersarethriving. Severalhaveevenfoundawaytomakemoney.InAmerica nearly10millionchildrenandteenagersvisitvirtualworldsregularly estimateseMarketeramarketresearcher-anumberthefirmexpectstoincrease to15millionby2013．AsinJanuarytherewere112virtualworldsdesignedfor under-18swithanother81indevelopmentaccordingtoEngageDigitalMediaa marketresearchfirm.Allcatertodifferentagegroups andtastes.InClubPenguinthemarketleaderwhichwasboughtbyDisneyin 2007forawhopping$700millionprimary-schoolchildrencantakeonapenguin personafitouttheirowniglooandplaygames.HabboHotelaservicerunfrom Finlandisaglobalhangoutforteenagerswhowanttocustomisetheirownrooms andmeetinpublicplacestoattendevents.GalaOnlinebasedinSilicon Valleyofferssimilaractivitiesbutisvisitedmostlybyolderteenswhoare intoMangacomics.Notahitwithadvertisersthese onlineworldsearnmostoftheirmoneyfromthesaleofvirtualgoodssuchas itemstospruceupanavataroraprivateroom.Theyarepaidforinaprivate currencywhichmembersearnbyparticipatinginvariousactivitiestrading itemsorbuyingthemwithrealdollars.Thissortof stealthtaxseemstowork.AtGalaOnlineusersspendmorethan$1millionper monthonvirtualitemssaysCraigShermanthefirm’schiefexecutive.Running suchavirtualeconomyisnoteasywhichiswhyGaiahashiredafull-time economisttograpplewithproblemsthatarewellknownintherealworldsuch asinflationandanunequaldistributionofwealth.There areotherbarriersthatcouldlimitthegrowthofvirtualworldsfortheyoung butthemainoneisparents.Manydonotwanttheiroffspringroamingvirtual worldseitherbecausetheyaretoocommercialorarethoughttobetoo dangerous.Keepingthemsafeisoneofthebiggestrunningcostsbecausetheir sponsorshavetoemployrealpeopletopolicetheirrealms. YoungstersarealsoaficklebunchsaysSimonLeveneofAccelPartnersa venture-capitalfirm.Justaschildrenmovefromonetoytoanotherthey readilyswitchworldsorsocialnetworksoftenwithoutsayinggoodbye. EvensoDebraAhoWilliamsonananalystateMarketer believestheseworldsareatraininggroundforthethree-dimensionalweb.If virtualworldsforadultswhichsofarhavebeenabletoretainonlyhardcore usersmanagetohangonforafewyearstheymayyethaveasecondlife. Whydoonlinegamesnotmeanahitwithadvertisers
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
试解释为什么蒽菲的910位有较大的活泼性
Text2 Twenty-sevenyearsagoEgyptrevised itssecularconstitutiontoenshrineMuslimshariaastheprincipalsourceof legislation.Tomostcitizensmostofthetimethatseeming contradiction-betweensecularismandreligion-hasnotmademuchdifference.Nine intenEgyptiansareSunniMuslimsandexpectIslamtogovernsuchthingsas marriagedivorceandinheritance.NearlyalltherestprofessChristianityor JudaismfaithsrecognisedandprotectedinIslam.Buttothesmallminoritywho embraceotherfaithsorwhohavetriedtoleaveIslamithasuntillately madeanincreasinglytroublingdifference.Membersof Egypt’s2000-strongBahaicommunityforinstancehavefoundtheycannotstate theirreligiononthenationalidentitycardsthatallEgyptiansareobligedto producetosecuresuchthingsasdriver’slicensesbankaccountssocial insuranceandstateschooling.HundredsofCopticChristianswhohaveconverted toIslamoftentoescapetheOrthodoxsect’sbanondivorcefindtheycannot reverttotheiroriginalfaith.InsomecaseschildrenraisedasChristians havediscoveredthatbecauseadivorcedparentconvertedtoIslamtheytoo havebecomeofficiallyMuslimandcannotclaimotherwise. Suchrestrictionsonreligiousfreedomarenotdirectlyaproductof shariasayhuman-rightscampaignersbutratherofrigidinterpretationsof Islamiclawbyover-zealousofficials.IntheirstrictviewBahaibeliefcannot berecognisedasalegitimatefaithsinceitaroseinthe19thcenturylong afterIslamstakeditsclaimtobethefinalrevelationinachainofprophecies beginningwithAdam.LikewisetheybrandanyattempttoleaveIslamwhatever thecircumstancesasaformofapostasypunishablebydeath. Butsuchviewshavelatelybeenchallenged.LastyearAliGomaatheGrand Muftiwhoisthegovernment’shighestreligiousadviserdeclaredthatnowhere inIslam’ssacredtextsdiditsaythatapostasyneedbepunishedinthepresent ratherthanbyGodintheafterlife.InthepastmonthEgyptiancourtshave issuedtworulingsthatwhilerestrictedinscopeshouldeasesomebothersome strictures.Bahaismaynowleavethespaceforreligion ontheiridentitycardsblank.TwelveformerChristianswonalawsuitandmay nowreturntotheiroriginalfaithonconditionthattheiridentitydocuments notetheirpreviousadherencetoIslam.Smallsteps perhapsbuttheypointthewaytowardsfreedomofchoiceandcitizenshipbased onequalrightsratherthanmembershipofaprivilegedreligion. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Text2 Twenty-sevenyearsagoEgyptrevised itssecularconstitutiontoenshrineMuslimshariaastheprincipalsourceof legislation.Tomostcitizensmostofthetimethatseeming contradiction-betweensecularismandreligion-hasnotmademuchdifference.Nine intenEgyptiansareSunniMuslimsandexpectIslamtogovernsuchthingsas marriagedivorceandinheritance.NearlyalltherestprofessChristianityor JudaismfaithsrecognisedandprotectedinIslam.Buttothesmallminoritywho embraceotherfaithsorwhohavetriedtoleaveIslamithasuntillately madeanincreasinglytroublingdifference.Membersof Egypt’s2000-strongBahaicommunityforinstancehavefoundtheycannotstate theirreligiononthenationalidentitycardsthatallEgyptiansareobligedto producetosecuresuchthingsasdriver’slicensesbankaccountssocial insuranceandstateschooling.HundredsofCopticChristianswhohaveconverted toIslamoftentoescapetheOrthodoxsect’sbanondivorcefindtheycannot reverttotheiroriginalfaith.InsomecaseschildrenraisedasChristians havediscoveredthatbecauseadivorcedparentconvertedtoIslamtheytoo havebecomeofficiallyMuslimandcannotclaimotherwise. Suchrestrictionsonreligiousfreedomarenotdirectlyaproductof shariasayhuman-rightscampaignersbutratherofrigidinterpretationsof Islamiclawbyover-zealousofficials.IntheirstrictviewBahaibeliefcannot berecognisedasalegitimatefaithsinceitaroseinthe19thcenturylong afterIslamstakeditsclaimtobethefinalrevelationinachainofprophecies beginningwithAdam.LikewisetheybrandanyattempttoleaveIslamwhatever thecircumstancesasaformofapostasypunishablebydeath. Butsuchviewshavelatelybeenchallenged.LastyearAliGomaatheGrand Muftiwhoisthegovernment’shighestreligiousadviserdeclaredthatnowhere inIslam’ssacredtextsdiditsaythatapostasyneedbepunishedinthepresent ratherthanbyGodintheafterlife.InthepastmonthEgyptiancourtshave issuedtworulingsthatwhilerestrictedinscopeshouldeasesomebothersome strictures.Bahaismaynowleavethespaceforreligion ontheiridentitycardsblank.TwelveformerChristianswonalawsuitandmay nowreturntotheiroriginalfaithonconditionthattheiridentitydocuments notetheirpreviousadherencetoIslam.Smallsteps perhapsbuttheypointthewaytowardsfreedomofchoiceandcitizenshipbased onequalrightsratherthanmembershipofaprivilegedreligion. AccordingtothetextwhatimpactdidtherevisionofEgypt’ssecularconstitutionhaveonitscitizens’lives
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
酸性 A．苯甲酸 B．问甲氧基苯酸 C．对甲氧基苯酸
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
Text4 ScoresofworkersfromMTVNetworkswalked offthejobyesterdayafternoonfillingthesidewalkoutsidetheheadquarters ofitscorporateparentViacomtoprotestrecentchangesinbenefits.The walkouthighlightedtheconcernsofacategoryofworkerswhoaresometimes calledpermalancers:permanentfreelancerswhoworklikefull-timeemployeesbut donotreceivethesamebenefits.Wavingsignsthatread ShameonViacomtheworkersmostofthemintheir20sdemandedthatMTV Networksreverseaplantoreducehealthanddentalbenefitsforfreelancers beginningOnJan.1st.InastatementMTVNetworksnotedthatitsbenefits programforfull-timeemployeeshadalsoundergonechangesanditemphasized thattheplanforfreelancerswasstillhighlycompetitivewithintheindustry. Manyfreelancersreceivenocorporatebenefits.Butsomeoftheprotesters assertedthatcorporationswerecompetingtoseewhichcouldprovidethemost mediocrehealthcarecoverage.MatthewYondawhoworksatNickelodeonhelda signthatlabeledthenetworkSick-elodeon.I’veworkedhereeverydayfor threeyears-I’mnotafreelancerMr.Yondasaid.Theyjustcallus freelancersinordertobarusfromgettingthesamebenefitsasemployees. Thechangestothebenefitspackagewereannouncedlast Tuesday.Freelancersweretoldthattheywouldbecomeeligibleforbenefits after160daysofworkbeginninginJanuary.Whilethateasedprevious eligibilityruleswhichrequiredfreelancerstoworkfor52weeksbefore becomingeligibleitwouldhaverequiredallfreelancersnotyeteligiblefor benefitstostartthewaitingperiodoveragainonJan.1st.The401kplan wasalsoremoved.OnThursdayacknowledgingthecomplaintsMTVNetworks reinstatedthe401kplanandsaidfreelancerswhohadworkedconsistently sinceMarchwouldbeeligible.Fueledbyaseriesofblog postsonthemediaWebsiteGawker-thefirstpostwasheadlinedTheViacom PermalanceSlaveSystem-aloosecohortoffreelancerscreatedproteststickers anddistributedwalkoutflierslastweek.CarolineO’Hareaunitmanagerwho hasworkedforMTVformorethantwoyearssaidthenewhealthcareplan-with higherdeductiblesanda$2000caponhospitalexpenseseachyear-hadprovoked outrage.Theythinktheycantreatuslikechildrenthatdon’thavefamilies mortgagesordreamsofretirementshesaid.Outside Viacom’sheadquartersseveralworkersheldposterswiththewordsThere’stoo manyofustoignore.Itwasunclearhowmanyfreelancersareonthecompany’s payroll;anMTVNetworks’spokeswomansaidthefigurewasnotknownbecauseit risesandfallsthroughouttheyear.Thecompanyhas5500full-timeemployees excludingfreelancersaroundtheworld.Twofreelancers andonefull-timeemployeewhoaskednottobeidentifiedforfearof retributionestimatedthatthepercentageoffreelancersinsomedepartments exceeded75percent.Anotherlaboractionisexpectedtotakeplaceoutside Viacomlaterthisweek.MembersoftheWritersGuildofAmericawhohavebeen onstrikeforfiveweeksareexpectedtopicketthereonThursday. WhatdoesthewordreinstateLine6Paragraph3mostprobablymean
PartADirections:Readthe followingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABC orD．Text1 Itistheworld’sfourth-most-important foodcropaftermaizewheatandrice.Itprovidesmorecaloriesmorequickly usinglesslandandinawiderrangeofclimatesthananyOtherplant.Itisof Coursethepotato.TheUnitedNationshasdeclared2008 theInternationalYearofthePotato.Ithopesthatgreaterawarenessofthe meritsofpotatoeswillcontributetotheachievementofitsMillennium DevelopmentGoalsbyhelpingtoalleviatepovertyimprovefoodsecurityand promoteeconomicdevelopment.Itisalwaystheinternationalyearofthisor monthofthat.Butthepotato’sunusualhistorymeansitiswellworth celebratingbyreadersofTheEconomistbecausethepotatoisintertwinedwith economicdevelopmenttradeliberalisationandglobalisation. Unlikelythoughitseemsthepotatopromotedeconomicdevelopmentby underpinningtheindustrialrevolutioninEnglandinthe19thcentury.It providedacheapsourceofcaloriesandwaseasytocultivatesoitliberated workersfromtheland.PotatoesbecamepopularinthenorthofEnglandas peopletherespecialisedinlivestockfarminganddomesticindustrywhile farmersinthesouthwherethesoilwasmoresuitableconcentratedonwheat production.Byahappyaccidentthisconcentratedindustrialactivityinthe regionswherecoalwasreadilyavailableandapotato-drivenpopulationboom providedampleworkersforthenewfactories.FriedrichEngelsevendeclared thatthepotatowastheequalofironforitshistoricallyrevolutionaryrole. Thepotatopromotedfreetradebycontributingtothe abolitionofBritain’sCornLaws-thecausewhichpromptedthefoundingofThe Economistin1843.TheCornLawsrestrictedimportsofgrainintotheUnited Kingdominordertoprotectdomesticwheatproducers.Landownerssupportedthe lawssincecheapimportedgrainwouldreducetheirincomebutindustrialists opposedthembecauseimportswoulddrivedownthecostoffoodallowingpeople tospendmoreonmanufacturedgoods.Ultimatelyitwasnottheeloquenceofthe argumentsagainsttheCornLawsthatledtotheirabolition-andmore’sthepity. ItwasthetragedyoftheIrishpotatofamineof1845inwhich1millionIrish perishedwhenthepotatocroponwhichtheysubsistedsuccumbedtoblight.The needtoimportgraintorelievethesituationinIrelandforcedthegovernment whichwasdominatedbylandownerswhobackedtheCornLawstoreverseits position.Thispavedthewayforliberalisationinother areasandfreetradebecameBritishpolicy.AstheDukeofWellington complainedatthetimerottenpotatoeshavedoneitall. IntheformofFrenchfriesservedalongsideburgersandCoca-Cola potatoesarenowaniconofglobalisation.Thisisquiteaturnaroundgiventhe scepticismwhichfirstgreetedthemontheirarrivalintheOldWorldinthe 16thcentury.Spudswerevariouslythoughttocauseleprosytobefitonlyfor animalstobeassociatedwiththedevilortobepoisonous.Theytookholdin 18thcenturyEuropeonlywhenwarandfaminemeanttherewasnothingelseto eat;peoplethenrealisedjusthowversatileandreliabletheywere.AsAdam Smithoneofthepotato’smanyadmirersobservedatthetimeThevery generalusewhichismadeofpotatoesinthesekingdomsasfoodformanisa convincingproofthattheprejudicesofanationwithregardtodiethowever deeplyrootedarebynomeansunconquerable.Mashedfriedboiledandroast ahumbletuberchangedtheworldandfree-tradingglobaliserseverywhereshould celebrateit.Whatistheultimatepurposeofestablishing2008theInternationalYearofthePotato
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
Directions:Readthefollowingtext.Choose thebestwordsforeachnumberedblank. Weakdollarorno$46000-theprice forasingleyearofundergraduateinstructionamidtheredbrickofHarvard Yard-is1Butnowadayscostis2 barriertoentryatmanyofAmerica’sbestuniversities.Formidable financial-assistancepolicieshave3feesorslashedthem deeplyforneedystudents.AndlastmonthHarvardannouncedanewplandesigned to4thesticker-shockforundergraduatesfrommiddleand evenupper-incomefamiliestoo.Sincethenotherrich Americanuniversitieshaveunveiled5initiatives. YaleHarvard’sbitterest6revealeditsplanson January14th.Studentswhosefamiliesmake7than$60000a yearwillpaynothingatall.Familiesearningupto$200000ayearwillhave topayanaverageof10%oftheirincomes.Theuniversitywill8 itsfinancial-assistancebudgetby43%toover$80m. Harvardwillhaveasimilararrangementforfamilies makingupto$180000.ThatmakesthepriceofgoingtoHarvardorYale 9toattendingastate-rununiversityformiddle-and upper-incomestudents.Theuniversitieswillalsonotrequireanystudentto takeout10topayfortheir11a policyintroducedbyPrincetonin2001andbytheUniversityofPennsylvania justafterHarvard’s12.Noapplicantwhogainsadmission officialssayshouldfeel13togoelsewherebecauseheor shecan’taffordthefees.Noneofthatisquiteas altruisticasitsounds.HarvardandYaleareafterallnowlikelytolure morestudentsawayfrompreviously14optionsparticularly state-rununiversities15theiralreadyimpressive admissionsfiguresandreputations.Theschemesalso providea16forstructuringuniversityfeesinwhichhigh pricesforrichstudentshelpoffsetmodestpricesforpooreronesandfamilies areless17onfederalgrantsandgovernment-backedloans. Lesswealthyprivatecollegeswhosefeesarehighwill notbeableto18HarvardorYaleeasily.ButAmerica’s state-rununiversitieswhichhavetraditionallykepttheirfeeslowandstable mightwelltryadifferentiated19schemeastheyraise cashtocompeteacademicallywiththeirprivate20. IndeedtheUniversityofCaliforniasystemhasalreadystartedtoimplementa sliding-feescale.
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