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与FIR滤波器相似IIR滤波器也可以方便地实现线性相位
FIR滤波器较之IIR滤波器的最大优点是可以方便地实现线性相位
通常FIR滤波器具有递归型结构
论述IIRFIR滤波器的异同
Formorethantwentyyearsscientistshavebeensearchingf
比较IIR和FIR滤波器在性能和结构上各有什么优缺点
FIR滤波器必是稳定的
在FIR滤波器的窗函数设计法中常用的窗函数有和等等
Formorethantwentyyearsscientistshavebeensearchingf
数字滤波按冲击响应分为IIR和FIR两种
Onlywithinthepast200yearsscientistshavefoundoutwha
within
scientists have
out what
is
线性相位FIR滤波器有种类型
1
2
3
4
下列关于FIR滤波器的说法中正确的是
FIR滤波器容易设计成线性相位特性
FIR滤波器的脉冲响应长度是无限的
FIR滤波器的脉冲响应长度是确定的
对于相同的幅频特性要求，用FIR滤波器实现要比用IIR滤波器实现阶数低
是磁路的欧姆定律
Ω＝Um/R
Ω＝BHS
Ω＝UmRm
Ω＝FIR
国际上高空情报区的英文缩写为.
FIR
UIR
CTR
TMA
IIR和FIR数字滤波器的特点
以下对FIR和IIR滤波器特性的论述中不正确的是
FIR滤波器主要采用递归结构
FIR滤波器容易做到线性相位
IIR滤波器可能是稳定的
IIR滤波器主要用来设计规格化的频率特性为分段常数的标准滤波器
Formorethantwentyyearsscientistshavebeensearchingf
HARQ技术的实现方式有
CC
SC
PIR
FIR
Scientists______thatbacteriathroughmicroscopesform
studied
have studied
had studied
have seen studied
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Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 19
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 17
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. What’sCourtot’scontributiontocc:Mail
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 13
Manywillknowthattheword"muscle"comesfromtheLatinfor"mouse"ripplingundertheskinsotospeak.Butwhatabout"chagrin"derivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscalysharkskin.Or"lens"whichcomesfromtheLatin"lentil"or"window"meaning"eyeofwind"inoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartinimageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables. NotthatHenryHitchings’sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardanddownwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnewsurroundingsorlyinginwaitlike"duvet"whichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnsonfortheirmoment. Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesof"saffron""crimson"and"sugar"speakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehave"cheque"and"tariff"fromthissourcetooplus"arithmetic"and"algorithm"-justaswehave"etch"and"sketch"fromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasionrefugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers. Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuchmorethana"gong"ora"moccasin".Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-"carp"and"zest"included.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim. EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeign"corruption".Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveits"manly"pre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:"wheel-saddle"forbicycle"painlore"forpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’s"Globish"nowthelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot. WhichofthefollowingmayNOTbethereasonoflanguageintegrationaccordingtothetext
Manywillknowthattheword"muscle"comesfromtheLatinfor"mouse"ripplingundertheskinsotospeak.Butwhatabout"chagrin"derivedfromtheTurkishforroughenedleatherorscalysharkskin.Or"lens"whichcomesfromtheLatin"lentil"or"window"meaning"eyeofwind"inoldNorseLookedatcloselythelanguagecomesapartinimageslikethosestrangepaintingsbyGiuseppeArcimboldowhereheadsaremadeoffruitandvegetables. NotthatHenryHitchings’sbookisaboutverbalsurrealism.ThatisanextrapleasureinabookwhichisreallyaboutthewaytheEnglishlanguagehasroamedtheworldhelpingitselfliberallytowordsabsorbingthemforgettingwheretheycamefromandmovingonwithanever-growingloadofexoticscrossbreedsandsubtlyshadednear-synonyms.Itisalsoaboutmigrationswithinthelanguage’sownbordersaboutupwardanddownwardmobilityaboutwordslosingtheirrootsturningupinnewsurroundingsorlyinginwaitlike"duvet"whichwasmentionedbySamuelJohnsonfortheirmoment. Allthisisanotherwayofwritinghistory.TheArabetymologiesof"saffron""crimson"and"sugar"speakofEngland’smedievaltradewiththeArabworld.Wehave"cheque"and"tariff"fromthissourcetooplus"arithmetic"and"algorithm"-justaswehave"etch"and"sketch"fromtheDutchmusicaltermsfromtheItaliansandphilosophicalonesfromtheGermans.Frenchnuanceandfinesseareeverywhere.Ateverystagethebookisaboutpeopleandideasonthemoveaboutinvasionrefugeesimmigrantstraderscolonistsandexplorers. Thisisahugesubjectandonethatisalmostboundtoprovokequestion-marksandexplosionsinthemargins-soonforgotteninthebook’ssheersweepandscale.Abalancebetweenstraighthistoryandwordhistoryissometimesdifficulttostrikethough.Thereisafeelingoccasionallyofbeingbundledtoofastthroughcomplexlinguisticdevelopmentsandusagesorofbeinggiveninterestingslicesofhistoryforthesakeafterallofnotmuchmorethana"gong"ora"moccasin".Butitischurlishtocarp.Theauthor’szestandgrasparewonderful.Hemakesyouwanttocheckouteverything-"carp"and"zest"included.WhateverishybridfluidandunpolicedaboutEnglishdelightshim. EnglishhasneverhaditsAcadmieFrancaisebutoverthecenturiesithasnotlackedfuriousdefendersagainstforeign"corruption".Therehavebeenrearguardactionstopreserveits"manly"pre-NormanoriginseventoreconstructitalongAnglo-Saxonlines:"wheel-saddle"forbicycle"painlore"forpathology.Buttheomnivorousbeastisrampantstill.Morepeoplespeakitastheirsecondlanguagethanastheirfirst.ForgetthelanguageofShakespeare.It’s"Globish"nowthelanguageofaspiration.Nooneownsitacausefordespairtosome.Mr.Hitchingsadmitstowincingoccasionallybutalmostonprincipleheismorecheerfulthannot. WhatisthetrendintheEnglishlanguagethatthisbookemphasizes
Theimportanceandfocusoftheinterviewintheworkoftheprintandbroadcastjournalistisreflectedinseveralbooksthathavebeenwrittenonthetopic.Mostofthesebooksaswellasseveralchaptersmainlyinbutnotlimitedtojournalismandbroadcastinghandbooksandreportingtextsstressthe"howto"aspectsofjournalisticinterviewingratherthantheconceptualaspectsoftheinterviewitscontextandimplications.Muchofthe"howto"materialisbasedonpersonalexperiencesandgeneralimpression.Asweknowinjournalismasinotherfieldsmuchcanbelearnedfromthesystematicstudyofprofessionalpractice.Suchstudybringstogetherevidencefromwhichbroadgeneralizedprinciplescanbedeveloped. Thereisashasbeensuggestedagrowingbodyofresearchliteratureinjournalismandbroadcastingbutverylittlesignificantattentionhasbeendevotedtothestudyoftheinterviewitself.Ontheotherhandmanygeneraltextsaswellasnumerousresearcharticlesoninterviewinginfieldsotherthanjournalismhavebeenwritten.Manyofthesebooksandarticlespresentthetheoreticalandempirical经验的aspectsoftheinterviewaswellasthetrainingoftheinterviewers.Unhappilythisplentifulgeneralliteratureaboutinterviewingpayslittleattentiontothejournalisticinterview.Thefactthatthegeneralliteratureoninterviewingdoesnotdealwiththejournalisticinterviewseemstobesurprisingfortworeasons.FirstitseemslikelythatmostpeopleinmodernWesternsocietiesaremorefamiliaratleastinapositivemannerwithjournalisticinterviewingthanwithanyotherformofinterviewing.Mostofusareprobablysomewhatfamiliarwiththeclinicalinterviewsuchasthatconductedbyphysiciansandpsychologists.Inthesesituationstheprofessionalpersonorinterviewerisinterestedingettinginformationnecessaryforthediagnosisandtreatmentofthepersonseekinghelp.Anotherfamiliarsituationisthejobinterview.Howeververyfewofushaveactuallybeeninterviewedpersonallybythemassmediaparticularlybytelevision.Andyetwehaveavividacquaintancewiththejournalisticinterviewbyvirtueofourrolesasreaderslistenersandviewers.Evensotrueunderstandingofthejournalisticinterviewespeciallytelevisioninterviewsrequiresthoughtfulanalysisandevenstudyasthisbookindicates. Themainideaofthefirstparagraphisthat
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 5
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement [F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 45
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Howcanresearchersinsleeplaboratoriestellthattheanimalstheyareobservingareasleepornot
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement [F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 43
ThecollapseofEnronthelargestbankruptcyinAmericanhistoryhasrungoutabanneryearforAmericanbusinessfailures.InEuropethefalloutfromtheSwissairandSabenainsolvenciescontinues.Inthecurrentglobalslumpmorecompaniesarelikelytogounder.Nowisaperfecttimetoreconsiderhowtohandlesuchfailures:letthemsinkorgivethemachancetoswim InAmericabankruptcyhascometomeanasecondchanceforbustbusinesses.Thefamous"Chapter11"lawaimstogiveacompanytimetogetbackonitsfeetbyshieldingitfromdebtpaymentsandproddingbankstonegotiatewiththeirdebtor.Itevenallowsaninsolventcompanytoreceivefreshfinanceafteritgoesbust.OntheothersideoftheAtlanticwhencompaniesstumblealmostasmucheffortisspentinfingeringtheguiltyasintryingtosalvageaviablebusiness.BritishandFrenchlawsforexamplecanmakeafailingcompany’sdirectorsfacecriminalpenaltiesandpersonalliability.Moreoverbankershavethepoweratthefirstsignoftroubletopushacompanyintothearmsofthereceivers.Somemodestchangesareafoothowever.BritainisconsideringmovesthatwouldbringitsrulesclosertoAmerica’s.NewlawsinGermanyshouldalsomakeiteasiertorevivesickcompaniesalthoughtradeunionsstillhavetheirsay. ButevenwiththearrivaloftheeuroandmovestowardsasinglefinancialmarketgoingbustinEuropeisastrictlylocalaffair.LongbeforeAmericahadasinglecurrencytheAmericanconstitutionprovideduniformbankruptcylawsobservesElizabethWarrenoftheHarvardLawSchool.Europe’spatchworkofnationallawsaccordingtoBillBrandtof"DevelopmentSpecialists"aconsultancyinhibitslendingandmakesitdifficulttofixailingfirms. TransatlanticinsolvenciesareevenharderasaBelgian-basedsoftwarecompanyLernoutandHauspiediscoveredthisyear.ItsAmericanreorganizationplanwasthwartedbyaBelgianjudgewhoorderedasaleofthefirm’sassets.AstheEuropeanUnioninchestowardgreaterharmonizationshouldittrytomimicAmerica CriticsofChapter11thinknot.TheyarguethatAmerica’sbankruptcysystemiswastefulletsfailedmanagersgounpunishedandgivessomecompaniesanunfairadvantage.InChapter11admittedlylawyersandadvisersgobbleupfeesbutarecentstudyarguesthatthefeesarenolargerthanthoseformostmergersandacquisitions.OnecommoncomplaintthatmanagersenjoythehighlifewhilecreditorsgobeggingfailstostanduptothedatafromAmerica’spreviouswaveofbankruptciesintheearly1990s.StuartGilsonoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolfoundthatmorethantwo-thirdsoftopmanagerswereoustedwithintwoyearsofabankruptcyfiling.MoretroublingisthatsomeAmericanfirmsseemtoenjoysecondandthirdtripstobankruptcycourtcheekilytermedChapters22and33.SomeseethisasevidencethattonoftentheyuseChapter11tokeeprunning.Butthereismoretothestory. ThewordthwartedinParagraph4isclosestinmeaningto
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 9
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 11
[A]Advertisementsaddintereststolife [B]Advertisementshelptosavemoney [C]Criticismsonadvertisers [D]Usefulnessofsmalladvertisements [E]Trueaestheticvalueofadvertisement [F]Informing:thechieffunctionofadvertising 41__________ Advertiserstendtothinkbigandperhapsthisiswhythey’realwayscominginforcriticism.Theircriticsseemtoresentthembecausetheyhaveaflairforself-promotionandbecausetheyhavesomuchmoneytothrowaround."It’siniquitous"theysay"thatthisentirelyunproductiveindustryifwecancallitthatshouldabsorbmillionsofpoundseachyear.Itonlygoestoshowhowmuchprofitthebigcompaniesaremaking.Whydon’ttheystopadvertisingandreducethepriceoftheirgoodsAfterallit’stheconsumerwhopay..." 42__________ Thepooroldconsumer!He’dhavetopayagreatdealmoreifadvertisingdidn’tcreatemassmarketsforproducts.Itispreciselybecauseoftheheavyadvertisingthatconsumergoodsaresocheap.Butwegetthewrongideaifwethinktheonlypurposeofadvertisingistosellgoods.Anotherequallyimportantfunctionistoinform.Agreatdealoftheknowledgewehaveabouthouseholdgoodsderiveslargelyfromtheadvertisementsweread.Advertisementsintroduceustonewproductsorremindusoftheexistenceofoneswealreadyknowabout.Supposingyouwantedtobuyawashingmachineitismorethanlikelyyouwouldobtaindetailsregardingperformancepriceetc.fromanadvertisement. 43__________ Lotsofpeoplepretendthattheyneverreadadvertisementsbutthisclaimmaybeseriouslydoubted.Itishardlypossiblenottoreadadvertisementsthesedays.Andwhatfuntheyoftenaretoo!Justthinkwhatarailwaystationoranewspaperwouldbelikewithoutadvertisements.WouldyouenjoygazingatablankwallorreadingrailwaylawswhilewaitingforatrainWouldyouliketoreadonlyclosely-printedcolumnsofnewsinyourdailypaperAcheerfulwittyadvertisementmakessuchadifferencetoadrabwallornewspaperfullofthedailyrationofcalamities. 44__________ Wemustnotforgeteitherthatadvertisingmakesapositivecontributiontoourpockets.Newspaperscommercialradioandtelevisioncompaniescouldnotsubsistwithoutthissourceofrevenue.Thefactthatwepaysolittleforourdailypaperorcanenjoysomanybroadcastprogramsisdueentirelytothemoneyspentbyadvertisers.Justthinkwhatanewspaperwouldcostifwehadtopayitsfullprice! 45__________ Anotherthingwemustn’tforgetisthe"smallads."whichareinvirtuallyeverynewspaperandmagazine.Whatatremendouslyusefulservicetheyperformforthecommunity!Justaboutanythingcanbeaccomplishedthroughthesecolumns.Forinstanceyoucanfindajobbuyorsellahouseannounceabirthmarriageordeathinwhatusedtobecalledthe"hatchmatchanddispatch"columns;butbyfarthemostfascinatingsectionisthepersonalor"agony"column.Nootheriteminanewspaperprovidessuchentertainingreadingorofferssuchadeepinsightintohumannature.It’sthebestadvertisementforadvertisingthereis! 41
ThecollapseofEnronthelargestbankruptcyinAmericanhistoryhasrungoutabanneryearforAmericanbusinessfailures.InEuropethefalloutfromtheSwissairandSabenainsolvenciescontinues.Inthecurrentglobalslumpmorecompaniesarelikelytogounder.Nowisaperfecttimetoreconsiderhowtohandlesuchfailures:letthemsinkorgivethemachancetoswim InAmericabankruptcyhascometomeanasecondchanceforbustbusinesses.Thefamous"Chapter11"lawaimstogiveacompanytimetogetbackonitsfeetbyshieldingitfromdebtpaymentsandproddingbankstonegotiatewiththeirdebtor.Itevenallowsaninsolventcompanytoreceivefreshfinanceafteritgoesbust.OntheothersideoftheAtlanticwhencompaniesstumblealmostasmucheffortisspentinfingeringtheguiltyasintryingtosalvageaviablebusiness.BritishandFrenchlawsforexamplecanmakeafailingcompany’sdirectorsfacecriminalpenaltiesandpersonalliability.Moreoverbankershavethepoweratthefirstsignoftroubletopushacompanyintothearmsofthereceivers.Somemodestchangesareafoothowever.BritainisconsideringmovesthatwouldbringitsrulesclosertoAmerica’s.NewlawsinGermanyshouldalsomakeiteasiertorevivesickcompaniesalthoughtradeunionsstillhavetheirsay. ButevenwiththearrivaloftheeuroandmovestowardsasinglefinancialmarketgoingbustinEuropeisastrictlylocalaffair.LongbeforeAmericahadasinglecurrencytheAmericanconstitutionprovideduniformbankruptcylawsobservesElizabethWarrenoftheHarvardLawSchool.Europe’spatchworkofnationallawsaccordingtoBillBrandtof"DevelopmentSpecialists"aconsultancyinhibitslendingandmakesitdifficulttofixailingfirms. TransatlanticinsolvenciesareevenharderasaBelgian-basedsoftwarecompanyLernoutandHauspiediscoveredthisyear.ItsAmericanreorganizationplanwasthwartedbyaBelgianjudgewhoorderedasaleofthefirm’sassets.AstheEuropeanUnioninchestowardgreaterharmonizationshouldittrytomimicAmerica CriticsofChapter11thinknot.TheyarguethatAmerica’sbankruptcysystemiswastefulletsfailedmanagersgounpunishedandgivessomecompaniesanunfairadvantage.InChapter11admittedlylawyersandadvisersgobbleupfeesbutarecentstudyarguesthatthefeesarenolargerthanthoseformostmergersandacquisitions.OnecommoncomplaintthatmanagersenjoythehighlifewhilecreditorsgobeggingfailstostanduptothedatafromAmerica’spreviouswaveofbankruptciesintheearly1990s.StuartGilsonoftheHarvardBusinessSchoolfoundthatmorethantwo-thirdsoftopmanagerswereoustedwithintwoyearsofabankruptcyfiling.MoretroublingisthatsomeAmericanfirmsseemtoenjoysecondandthirdtripstobankruptcycourtcheekilytermedChapters22and33.SomeseethisasevidencethattonoftentheyuseChapter11tokeeprunning.Butthereismoretothestory. AstohowtotreatthebustbusinessesAmericadiffersfromtheEuropeancountriesinthat
Likeeverydogeverydiseasenowseemstohaveitsday.WorldTuberculosisinfectionsdiseaseinwhichgrowthsappearonthelungsDayisonSaturdayMarch24th. Tuberculosiswasonceterriblyfashionable.Dyingof"consumption"seemstohavebeenafavoriteactivityofgarret-dwelling19th-centuryartistshhashoweverbeenneglectedoflate.ResearchersinthefieldnevertireofpointingoutthatTBkillsalotofpeople.AccordingtofiguresreleasedearlierthisweekbytheWorldHealthOrganization1.6millionpeoplediedofthediseasein2005comparedwithabout3mforAIDSandlmformalaria.ButitreceivesonlyafractionoftheresearchbudgetdevotedtoAIDS.America’sNationalInstitutesofHealthforexamplespends20timesasmuchonAIDSasonTB.NeverthelesseveryoneseemstogettinginontheTB-dayactthisyear. TheGlobalFundaninternationalorganizationresponsiblefurfightingallthreediseasesbutbestknownforitsworkonAIDShasusedtheoccasiontotrumpetitstuberculosisprojects.Thefundclaimsthatitsanti-TBactivitiessinceitopenedforbusinessin2002havesavedthelivesofover1mpeople.TheWorldHealthOrganizationhasissuedareportthatcontainssomegoodnews.AlthoughthenumberofTBcasesisstillrisingtherateofillnessseemstohavestabilized;thecaseloadinotherwordsisgrowingonlybecausethepopulationitselfisgoingup. Evendrugcompaniesareinvolved.Inthenm-uptothedayitselfEliLillyannounceda$50mboosttoitsMDRTBGlobalPartnership.MDRstandsformulti-drugresistanceanditisoneofthereasonswhyTBisbackinthelimelight.Carelesstreatmenthascauseddrug-resistantstrainstoevolveallovertheworld.Thecourseofdrugsneededtoclearthediseasecompletelytakessixmouthsantipersuadingpeoplelostaythatcourseoncetheirsymptomshavegoneishard.UnfortunatelythoseinfectedwithMDRhavetobetreatedwithlesseffectivemorepoisonousandmorecostlydrugs.Naturallytheseprovokestillmore.non-complianceandthusstillmoreevolution. TheotherreasonTBisbackisitsrelationshiptoAIDS.TheglobalFund’sjointresponsibilityforthediseasesisnocoincidence.AIDSdoesnotkilldirectly.RatherHIVthevirusthatcausesitweakensthebody’simmunesystemandexposesthesufferertosecondaryinfections.OftheseTBisoneofthemostserious.Itkills200000AIDSpatientsayear.Howeversomeanti-TBdrugsinterferewiththeeffectofsomeanti-HIVdrugs.Converselyinabout20%ofcaseswhereapatienthasbothdiseasesanti-HIVdrugsmakethetuberculosisworse.Theupshotisthat125yearsafterhumanbeingsworkedoutwhatcausedTBitisstillaseriousthreat. Whichofthefollowingproverbsisclosestinmeaningtothemessagethetexttriestoconvey
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Thetraditionalwaytoensuredatasecurityisby
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling. Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero. Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday. IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack. Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair. Howcouldtheeconomydependonourforgettingthings
Directions: YouhavetroublewithreadingandareinneedofsomeadvicefromProfessorWang. Writealettertohimto 1givehimyourpersonalinformation 2stateyourproblemsand 3askforaninterviewwithhim. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 7
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown. 50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown
Manythingsmakepeoplethinkartistsareweird—theoddhoursthenonconformitytheclovecigarettes.Howevertheweirdestmaybethis:artists’onlyjobsaretoexploreemotionsandyettheychoosetofocusontheonesthatfeellousy.Thiswasn’talwaysso.Theearliestformsofartlikepaintingandmusicarethosebestsuitedforexpressingjoy.Butsomewhereinthe19thcenturymoreartistsbeganseeinghappinessasinsipidphonyorworstofallboring.Inthe20thcenturyclassicalmusicbecamemoreatonalvisualartmoreunsettling. Suretherehavebeenexceptionsbutitwouldnotbeastretchtosaythatforthepastcenturyorsoseriousarthasbeenatwarwithhappiness.In1824Beethovencompletedhis"OdetoJoy".In1962novelistAnthonyBurgessuseditinAClockworkOrangeasthefavoritemusicofhisultra-violentantihero. Youcouldarguethatartbecamemoreskepticalofhappinessbecausemodemtimeshaveseensuchmisery.Butthereasonmayactuallybejusttheopposite:thereistoomuchhappinessintheworldtoday. IntheWestbeforemasscommunicationandliteracythemostpowerfulmassmediumwasthechurchwhichremindedworshippersthattheirsoulswereinperilandthattheywouldsomedaybemeatforworms.TodaythemessagesthattheaverageWesternerisbombardedwitharenotreligiousbutcommercialandrelentlesslyhappy.Sincethesemessageshaveanagenda—topryourwalletsfromourpockets—theymaketheveryideaofhappinessseembogus."Celebrate!"commandedtheadsforthearthritisdrugCelebrexbeforewefoundoutitcouldincreasetheriskofheartattack. Whatweforget—whatoureconomydependsonusforgetting—isthathappinessismorethanpleasurewithoutpain.Thethingsthatbringthegreatestjoycarrythegreatestpotentialforlossanddisappointment.TodaysurroundedbypromisesofeasyhappinessweneedsomeonetotellusthatitisOKnottobehappythatsadnessmakeshappinessdeeper.AsthewineconnoisseurmovieSidewaystellsusitisthekissofdecayandmortalitythatmakesgrapejuiceintoPinotNoir.Weneedarttotellusasreligiononcedidthatyouwilldiethateverythingendsandthathappinesscomesnotindenyingthisbutinlivingwithit.It’samessageevenmorebitterthanaclovecigaretteyetsomehowisabreathoffreshair. TheexamplethatOdetoJoywasusedinBurgess’snovelismeanttoillustratethat
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 1
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Accordingtotheauthorallanimals
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 15
Itisoftenobservedthattheagedspendmuchtimethinkingandtalkingabouttheirpastlives1aboutthefuture.Thesereminiscencesarenotsimplyrandomortrivialmemories2istheirpurposemerelytomakeconversation.Theoldperson’srecollectionsofthepasthelpto3anidentitythatisbecomingincreasinglyfragile:4anyrolethatbringsrespectoranygoalthatmightprovide5tothefuturetheindividualmentionstheirpastasaremindertolistenersthatherewasalife6living.7thememoriesformpartofacontinuinglife8inwhichtheoldperson9theeventsandexperiencesoftheyearsgonebyand10ontheoverallmeaningofhisorherownalmostcompletedlife. Asthelifecycle11toitsclosetheagedmustalsolearntoaccepttherealityoftheirownimpendingdeath.12thistaskismadedifficultbythefactthatdeathisalmosta13subjectintheUnitedStates.Themerediscussionofdeathisoftenregardedas14Asadultsmanyofusfindthetopicfrighteningandare15tothinkaboutit—andcertainlynottotalkaboutit16thepresenceofsomeonewhoisdying.Deathhasachievedthistaboo17onlyinthemodernindustrialsocieties.Thereseemstobeanimportantreasonforourreluctanceto18theideaofdeath.Itistheveryfactthatdeathremains19ourcontrol;itisalmosttheonlyoneofthenaturalprocesses20isso. 3
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleeping Theycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhile"sleeping"animalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither. Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.Theanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsin"sleeplaboratories"usingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting. Animalsthataregoodsleepers
Researchersinvestigatingbrainsizeandmentalabilitysaytheirworkoffersevidencethateducationprotectsthemindfromthebrain’sphysicaldeterioration. 46isknownthatthebrainshrinksasthebodyagesbuttheeffectsonmentalabilityaredifferentfrompersontoperson.Interestinglyinastudyofelderlymenandwomenthosewhohadmoreeducationactuallyhadmorebrainshrinkage. "Thatmayseemlikebadnews"saidstudyauthorDr.EdwardCoffeyaprofessorofpsychiatryandofneurologyatHenryFordHealthSysteminDetroit. 47Howeverheexplainedthefindingsuggeststhateducationallowspeopletowithstandmorebraintissuelossbeforetheirmentalfunctioningbeginstobreakdown.. ThestudypublishedintheJulyissueofNeurologyisthefirsttoprovidebiologicalevidencetosupportaconceptcalledthe"reserve"hypothesisaccordingtotheresearchers.Inrecentyearsinvestigatorshavedevelopedtheideathatpeoplewhoaremoreeducatedhavegreatercognitivereservestodrawuponasthebrainages;inessencetheyhavemorebraintissuetospare. 48Examiningbrainscansof320healthymenandwomenaged66to90researchersfoundthatforeachyearofeducationthesubjectshadtherewasgreatershrinkageoftheouterlayerofthebrainknownasthecortex.Yetontestsofcognitionandmemoryallparticipantsscoredintherangeindicatingnormal. "Everyonehassomedegreeofbrainshrinkage"Coffeysaid."Peopleloseonaverage2.5percentperdecadestartinginadulthood." Thereishowevera"remarkablerange"ofshrinkageamongpeoplewhoshownosignsofmentaldeclineCoffeynoted.Overallhealthhesaidaccountsforsomedifferencesinbrainsize.Alcoholordruguseaswellasmedicalconditionssuchasdiabetesandhighbloodpressurecontributetobraintissuelossthroughoutadulthood. IntheabsenceofsuchmedicalconditionsCoffeysaideducationlevelhelpsexplaintherangeofbrainshrinkageexhibitedamongthementally-fitelderly.Themore-educatedcanwithstandgreaterloss. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage. Controllingforthehealthfactorsthatcontributetobraininjurytheresearchersfoundthateducationwasrelatedtotheseverityofbrainshrinkage.Foreachyearofeducationfromfirstgradeonsubjectshadanaverageof1.77millilitersmorecerebrospinalfluidaroundthebrain.Justhoweducationmightaffectbraincellsisunknown. 50Intheirreporttheresearchersspeculatedthatinpeoplewithmoreeducationcertainbrainstructuresdeeperthanthecortexmaystayintacttocompensateforcorticalshrinkage. 49Coffeyandcolleaguesgaugedshrinkageofthecortexbymeasuringthecerebrospinalfluidsurroundingthebrain.Thegreatertheamountoffluidthegreaterthecorticalshrinkage.
Datasecurityusedtobeallaboutspendingbigbucksonfirewallstodefenddataatthenetworkperimeterandonantivirussoftwaretoprotectindividualcomputers.Internet-basedcomputingorcloudcomputinghaschangedallthatatthesametimeexpandingexponentiallythechancesfordatathievesandhackers. Thecloudcreatesotheropportunitiestoo.ahandfulofsecurityvendorsnowdeliversecurityasaservice--aone-twopunchofhardwareandsoftwarethatmonitorsandmanagesanenterprise’sdatasecurityandbillscustomersonlyforthecomputingpowertheyuse."Foryearssecuritywasaboutbigcompaniespushingtechnologytotheircustomers"saysQualysCEOandfounderPhilippeCourtot."Nowit’saboutthecustomerspullingpreciselywhattheyneedandprovidingthemwiththoseresourcesondemand." QualysaprivatelyheldcompanyinRedwoodShoresCalif.wasamongthefirsttoembracetheservice-orientedmodelin1999.TodayfourdifferentmodulesofQualysGuarditsflagshipofferingareusedbymorethan3500organizationsin85countries.Thecompanyperformsmorethan200millionsecurityauditsperyear. Courtotknowssomethingaboutopportunity.TheFrenchentrepreneurarrivedinSiliconValleyin1987andhasbuiltanumberofcompaniesintobig-timeplayersincludingSignioanelectronic-paymentstart-upthatwaseventuallysoldtoVeriSigninacombineddealformorethan$1billion.AsCEOherebuiltVerityandtransformedcc:Mailaonceunknownfirmof12peopleintoadominante-mailplatformbeforeLotusacquireditin1991."ThroughoutmycareerI’vebeenabletorecognizethatforatechnologytosucceeditmusthaveapurpose"hesays."Technologyitselfhasnovalue.It’swhatyoudowithitthatcounts." UndertheoldparadigmaccordingtoCourtotenterprisesoverspentforstand-alonesecuritydevicesthatbecameunrulyanddifficulttooperateoverthelongtermHesaysQualysattackstheflawsinthisstrategybystreamliningsecurityandtacklingmostoftheservicedeliverythroughthecloud."Wecontroltheinfrastructuresoftwareupdatesqualityassuranceandjustabouteverythinginbetween"hesays.ThefirmunveiledQualysGuardin2000.Afteraninfusionof$25millionfromtheventurefirmTridentCapitalandanother$25millionfromGourtotQualystweakedtheservicetofocusmostlyonvulnerabilitymanagement. Muchofthecompany’scurrentrevenue-salestopped$50millionlastyear--isbeingdrivingbyasetofstandardsestablishedbythePaymentCardIndustrySecurityStandardsCouncilPCISSC."ThePCIstandardhasbeenamajordriverofbusinessforallofthemespeciallyQualys"saysAvivahLitanavicepresidentandanalystatmarket-researchfirmGartner."Wheneveryonehastocomplythere’salotofworktogoaround. Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthePCIstandardis
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