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关于商品价值和使用价值的说法，正确的是______。
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关于商品使用价值和价值相互关系的说法正确的有
商品使用价值是商品价值的物质承担者
商品生产者和消费者不能同时占有商品的价值和使用价值
商品的使用价值和价值统一于商品之中，缺一不可
没有使用价值的物品也不会有价值
仅有使用价值而没有价值的物品也能成为商品
关于商品使用价值的说法正确的是
商品的使用价值是商品的社会属性
商品的使用价值反映的是人与人之间的关系
商品的使用价值是商品交换价值和价值的物质承担者
商品的使用价值是商品价值的表现形式
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Morethanacenturyagotherelationshipbetweenglacialiceandtheamountofwaterintheoceanbasinswasfirstseen.Whenthegreaticesheetcoveredvastlandareasthesealevelwasloweredbecausethenormalreturnofwaterfromlandtotheoceanwasreduced.AsaresultthesealevelroseasIceAgeglaciersmeltedallowingthemeltedwaterstoflowintotheocean.Ifalltheglacialiceonthesurfaceoftheearthtodayshouldmeltthesealevelmightrisebymorethan150feet.Shorelinevariationsarealsoproducedthroughelevationordepressionoftheland.Duringtimesofglacierformationsthegreatweightoftheiceslowlydepressedtheearth’scrust.Removaloftheweightthroughglaciermeltingallowedtheslowreturnofthecrusttoitsformerposition.ChangesintheGreatIceclimatesfromcoolandwettowarmanddryproducedclimatechangesfarfromtheglaciatedarea.Forexampleattimesofcool-wetglacialclimateslevelsofinlandlakesroseincontrasttothedepressionofsealevel.Duringthewarm-dryinterglacialclimateslakelevelswerelowered.TheancientlakeBonnevillelargestoftheglaciallakesinWesternUnitedStatesoncecoveredmorethan20000squaremiles.Ithadamaximumdepthofmorethan1000feet.GreatSaltLakeinUtahistheshrunkenremnantofthisoncelargelake. AlthoughthefirsttimethatearlymanwalkedontheearthisuncertainheislargelyaproductoftheGreatIceAge.Presentinformationshowsthatduringthistimeheevolvedrapidlybothphysicallyandculturally.HismostprimitivetoolsandskeletalremainshavebeenfoundinsomeoftheoldestdepositscontemporarywiththeGreatIceAgeinAfricaAsiaandEurope.Theseareoftenassociatedwithremainsofextinctanimals.WiththedisappearanceofthegreaticesheetstheBronzeandIronAgeculturesevolved.Aboutthistimemanyanimalssuitedtocoolerclimatesdied. AlthoughmuchremainstobelearnedthestoryoftheGreatIceAgeisbeingunfoldedthroughtheeffortsofspecialistsinmanyfields.RecordingfieldobservationnewtheoriesandmethodsandworldwidestudiesofexistingglaciersarebringingaclearerunderstandingoftheGreatIceAge. ThebestsourceofinformationabouttheGreatIceAgeisobtainedfrom
Theyfeeltheyarejustifiedthechildbecausehewasnotbehavinghimself
Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
Formostofusworkisthecentraldominatingfactoflife.Wespendmorethanhalfourconscioushoursatworkpreparingforworktravellingtoandfromwork.Whatwedotherelargelydeterminesourstandardoflivingandtoaconsiderableextentthestatusweareaccordedbyourfellowcitizensaswell.Itissometimessaidthatbecauseleisurehasbecomemoreimportanttheindignitiesandinjusticesofworkcanbepushedintoacornerthatbecausemostworkisprettyintolerablethepeoplewhodoitshouldcompensateforitsboredomfrustrationsandhumiliationsbyconcentratingtheirhopesontheotherpartsoftheirlives.Irejectthatasacounselofdespair.Fortheforeseeablefuturethematerialandpsychologicalrewardswhichworkcanprovideandtheconditionsinwhichworkisdonewillcontinuetoplayavitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.Yetonlyasmallminoritycancontrolthepaceatwhichtheyworkortheconditionsinwhichtheirworkisdone;onlyforasmallminoritydoesworkofferscopeforcreativityimaginationorinitiative.Inequalityatworkandinworkisstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsofinequalityinoursociety.Wecannothopetosolvethemoreobviousproblemsofindustriallifemanyofwhicharisedirectlyorindirectlyfromthefrustrationscreatedbyinequalityatworkunlesswetackleitheadon.Stilllesscanwehopetocreateadecentandhumanesociety.Questions:Accordingtotheauthorpeoplejudgeothersmainlyby______
inthefirstroundofthecompetitionourteamtooktheearliestflightback
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenbornahundredyearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion. Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporary当代的societiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness. Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweaktocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescent康复的hospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsored赞助byreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunder-skilledpersonnel. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardthenursinghomesandconvalescenthospitalsmentionedintheparagraph
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AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. Whichofthefollowingisthemostdangerousvirusaccordingtothepassage
Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
Ittookthemseveralweekstothewildhorse
Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
Juliatwochildrensinceshegotmarriedin1990
Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. AccordingtotheauthorwhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaboutinfluenza
Formostofusworkisthecentraldominatingfactoflife.Wespendmorethanhalfourconscioushoursatworkpreparingforworktravellingtoandfromwork.Whatwedotherelargelydeterminesourstandardoflivingandtoaconsiderableextentthestatusweareaccordedbyourfellowcitizensaswell.Itissometimessaidthatbecauseleisurehasbecomemoreimportanttheindignitiesandinjusticesofworkcanbepushedintoacornerthatbecausemostworkisprettyintolerablethepeoplewhodoitshouldcompensateforitsboredomfrustrationsandhumiliationsbyconcentratingtheirhopesontheotherpartsoftheirlives.Irejectthatasacounselofdespair.Fortheforeseeablefuturethematerialandpsychologicalrewardswhichworkcanprovideandtheconditionsinwhichworkisdonewillcontinuetoplayavitalpartindeterminingthesatisfactionthatlifecanoffer.Yetonlyasmallminoritycancontrolthepaceatwhichtheyworkortheconditionsinwhichtheirworkisdone;onlyforasmallminoritydoesworkofferscopeforcreativityimaginationorinitiative.Inequalityatworkandinworkisstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsofinequalityinoursociety.Wecannothopetosolvethemoreobviousproblemsofindustriallifemanyofwhicharisedirectlyorindirectlyfromthefrustrationscreatedbyinequalityatworkunlesswetackleitheadon.Stilllesscanwehopetocreateadecentandhumanesociety.Questions:Theauthorbelievesthat______isstilloneofthecruelestandmostglaringformsofinequalityinoursociety.
HeappreciatedthechancetodeliverhisthesisintheannualsymposiumonComparativeLiterature
Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunder-skilledpersonnel.______
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Mostspeakersaresurprisingtolearnthatpeoplewho1._____speakonlyonelanguageformaminorityoftheworld’spopulationthatmostpeoplefunctionintwoormorelanguages.2._____Whilefewpeoplearetrulybalancedbilingualsorpolyglotswhofeelequalcomfortablewithalllanguages3._____thefactisthatmostoftheworld’spopulationfunctionsinmorethanlanguage.Giventhisit’ssomewhatsurprising4._____thatsomuchattentionispaidtotheEnglish-speakingworldtothematteroflearningaadditionallanguage.Ifsomany5._____peopleseemtodoitsoeasilythenjustwhatistheproblemThesimplestansweristhattherereallyisn’tone.Givingampleopportunityandtimemostpeoplecanlearnas6._____manylanguagesastheywantorneedto.ButasteacherschargedwiththeresponsibilityofaddingEnglishtothelinguisticinventoryofnon-English-speakingchildrenwemustbeconcernedpreciselythesematters—providingample7._____andeffectiveopportunityandusingtimeaseffectivelyaspossible.Thischapterwilllookbrieflyhowchildrenbecomebilingual.8._____Firstwe’llexaminetheconditionsleadtobilingualism9._____inpreschoolersthenwe’llturnourattentiontolanguagelearningintheclassroom.Infocusingonthedifferencesbetweenlanguageacquisitionathomeandatschoolwe’llseethatthere’sthepotentialforconflictfromchildren’sinformallanguage10._____learninginthehomeandthemoreformalexperienceoftheschool.
Prolonginghumanlifehasincreasedthesizeofthehumanpopulation.Manypeoplealivetodaywouldhavediedofchildhooddiseasesiftheyhadbeenbornahundredyearsago.Becausemorepeoplelivelongertherearemorepeoplearoundatanygiventime.Infactitisadecreaseindeathratesnotanincreaseinbirthratesthathasledtothepopulationexplosion. Prolonginghumanlifehasalsoincreasedthedependencyload.Inallsocietiespeoplewhoaredisabledortooyoungortoooldtoworkaredependentontherestofsocietytoprovideforthem.Inhuntingandgatheringculturesoldpeoplewhocouldnotkeepupmightbeleftbehindtodie.Intimesoffamineinfantsmightbeallowedtodiebecausetheycouldnotsurviveiftheirparentsstarvedwhereasiftheparentssurvivedtheycouldhaveanotherchild.Inmostcontemporary当代的societiespeoplefeelamoralobligationtokeeppeoplealivewhethertheycanworkornot.Wehaveagreatmanypeopletodaywholivepasttheageatwhichtheywanttoworkorareabletowork;wealsohaveruleswhichrequirepeopletoretireatacertainage.Unlessthesepeoplewereabletosavemoneyfortheirretirementsomebodyelsemustsupportthem.IntheUnitedStatesmanyretiredpeopleliveonsocialsecuritycheckswhicharesolittlethattheymustliveinnearpoverty.Olderpeoplehavemoreillnessthanyoungormiddle-agedpeople;unlesstheyhavewealthorprivateorgovernmentinsurancetheymustoftengoonwelfareiftheyhaveaseriousillness. Whenolderpeoplebecomesenileortooweaktocareforthemselvestheycreategraveproblemsfortheirfamilies.Inthepastandinsometraditionalculturestheywouldbecaredforathomeuntiltheydied.Todaywithmostmembersofahouseholdworkingorinschoolthereisoftennooneathomewhocancareforasickorweakperson.Tomeetthisneedagreatmanynursinghomesandconvalescent康复的hospitalshavebeenbuilt.Theseareoftenprofit-makingorganizationsalthoughsomearesponsored赞助byreligiousandothernonprofitgroups.Whileafewoftheseinstitutionsaregoodmostofthemaresimplydumpinggroundsforthedyinginwhichcareisgivenbypoorlypaidoverworkedandunder-skilledpersonnel. Itcanbelearnedfromthepassagethatinsometraditionalsocieties
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Armedwithallthefirst-handevidenceIwasabletohisargumentinthecourt
AlthoughmuchremainstobelearnedthestoryoftheGreatIceAgeisbeingunfoldedthroughtheeffortsofspecialistsinmanyfields.RecordingfieldobservationnewtheoriesandmethodsandworldwidestudiesofexistingglaciersarebringingaclearerunderstandingoftheGreatIceAge.______
Acommitteehasbeenbythecounseltolookintothecausesofunemployment
AlthoughwealreadyknowagreatdealaboutinfluenzaandalthoughtheWorldHealthOrganizationisconstantlycollectingdetailedinformationfromitschainofinfluenzareferencelaboratoriesthroughouttheworlditisextremelydifficultforepidemiologists流行病专家whostudyinfectiousdiseasetopredictwhenandwherethenextfluepidemicwilloccurandhowsevereitwillbe. TherearethreekindsofinfluenzavirusknownasABandC.InfluenzaCvirusisrelativelystableandcausesmildinfectionsthatdonotspreadfarthroughthepopulation.TheAandBtypesareunstableandareresponsiblefortheepidemicsthatcausefrequentconcern.Followinganyvirusattackthehumanbodybuildsupantibodieswhichconferimmunitytothatstrainofvirusbutaviruswiththecapacitytochangeitscharacterisabletoby-passthisprotection.VariabilityislessdevelopedintheinfluenzaBviruswhichaffectsonlyhumanbeings.AninfluenzaBvirusmaycauseawidespreadepidemicbutwillhavelittleeffectifintroducedintothesamecommunitysoonafterwardssincenearlyeveryonewillhavebuiltupantibodiesandwillbeimmune.TheinfluenzaAviruswhichaffectsanimalsalsoisextremelyunstableandisresponsibleforsomeoftheworstoutbreaksofthediseasesuchastheunparalleledpandemicorworldepidemicof1918-1919whenabouthalftheworld’spopulationwereinfectedandabouttwentymillionpeoplediedsomefrompneumoniacausedbythevirusitselfandsomefromsecondarycomplications并发症causedbybacteria. Accuratepredictionisdifficultbecauseofthecomplicationofthefactors.Aparticularvirusmayberelatedtoonetowhichsomeofthepopulationhavepartialinvolvedimmunity.Theextenttowhichitwillspreadwilldependonfactorssuchasitsownstrengthorvirulencetheeasewithwhichitcanbetransmittedandthestrengthoftheoppositionitencounters.Scientistshoweverhaveareliablegeneralpictureoftheworldsituation.InfluenzaAattacksusinwaveseverytwoorthreeyearswhileinfluenzaBwhichtravelsmoreslowlylaunchesitsmainassaultseverythreetosixyears.Theoutbreaksvaryfromisolatedcasestoepidemicsinvolvingatenthormoreofthepopulation.Wemayconfidentlyprophesythatsoonerorlaterlargenumbersofpeoplewillbefeelingtheunpleasanteffectsofsomekindofinfluenzavirus. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasafactorcontributingtotheextenttowhichavirusspreads
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