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{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ???????{{B}}TheMirSpace Station{{/B}}??TheRussianMirSpaceStationwhichcamedownin 2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspace flightisrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory. Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.??DuringMir’s lifetimeRussiaspentaboutUSS4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthe station.??TheSovietUnionlaunchedMirwhichwasdesignedto lastfromthreetofiveyearsonFebruary201986andhoused104astronauts over12yearsandsevenmonthsmostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infactit becamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto62peoplefrom 11countries.From1995through1998sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStates tookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37 Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspace shuttles.??Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovided RussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperatingbutalsogavetheAmericans andtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperiencein long-termflightandmultinationaloperations.??Adebate continuesoverMir’scontributionstoscience.DuringitsexistenceMirwasthe laboratoryfor23000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipmentestimatedto beworth$80millionfrommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitha rangeoffindingsfromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavy heliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavoring humanspaceexplorationMirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspace longenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7 daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.And SergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespace station.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucidwhospent188days aboardMirin1996.??DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished 1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997anoxygengenerator’caught fire.Laterthemaincomputersystembrokedowncausingthestationtodrift severaltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.??Mostofthese problemswererepairedwithAmericanhelpandsuppliersbutMir’sreputation asaspacestationwasmined.??Mir’ssetbacksarenothing thoughwhenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendous successwhichwillberememberedasamilestoneinspaceexplorationandthe spacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.But it’stimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStation beingbuiltwillbebetterbutitowesagreatdebttoMir.Paragraph8______
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
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{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????????{{B}}Whatis Market?{{/B}}??Thewordmarketisusedinanumberofways.There isastockmarketandautomobilemarketaretailmarketforfurnitureanda wholesalemarketforfurniture.Onepersonmaybegoingtothemarket;another mayplantomarketaproduct.Whatthenisamarket?Amarketmaybedefinedas aplacewherebuyersandsellersmeetgoodsorservicesareofferedforsale andtransfersofownershipoccur.Amarketmayalsobedefinedasthedemand madebyacertaingroupofpotentialbuyersforagoodorservice.Forinstance thereisafarmmarketforpetroleumproducts.Thetermsmarketanddemandare oftenusedinterchangeably;theymayalsobeusedjointlyasmarket demand.??Thesedefinitionsarenotsufficientlyprecisetobe usefultoushere.Forbusinesspurposeswedefineamarketaspeopleor organizationswithwantsneedstosatisfymoneytospendandthewillingness tospendit.Thusinthemarketdemandforanygivenproductorservicethere arethreefactorstoconsider—peopleororganizationswithwantsneeds theirpurchasingpowerandtheirbuyingbehavior.??Weshall employthedictionarydefinitionofneeds:thelackofanythingthatis requireddesiredoruseful.Wedonotlimitneedstothenarrowphysiological requirementsoffoodclothingandshelteressentialforsurvival.Inour discussionthewordsandwantsareusedsynonymouslyandinterchangeably.Ina strictinterpretationhoweverneedswouldrefertosuchbasicphysiological requirementsasfoodclothingandshelterwhilewantswouldbesuchbasic preferences.Howeverinouraffluentsocietylittleistobegainedbytrying todifferentiatebetweenthetwo.Manyofuswouldseeasneedssomeitemsthat arefarbeyondfoodclothingandshelter.Marketcanbeclassifiedaccordingtowhatissoldonamarketandhowgoodsaresold.
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{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ?????{{B}}EffectsofEnvironmental Pollution{{/B}}??Scientistswatchedcloselylastspringasahaze ofpollutionwhichhadbeentrackedbysatelliteasitcrossedthePacific OceansettledoveralargeswathofNorthAmericafromCalgaryCanadainto Arizona.Nowitappearsthatforthefirsttime.researchersonbothsidesof thePacifictookdetailedmeasurementsofthesameplumeacloudthatcontained Gobidesertdustaswellashydrocarbonsfromindustrialpollution.? ?HeatherPriceaUniversityofWashingtondoctoralstudentinchemistry foundthattheamountoflightreflectedbytheparticlesintheairwasmore than550percentgreaterthannormalforthattimeofyear.ThemassofAsian air4containedelevatedlevelsofallpollutantsmeasured.Pricesaidbutthe onlythingthatcameclosetobeingalarmingwasthelevelofparticulate matte.??Thehazethatsettledacrossthewesternpartofthe countrywaswidelyreportedbythenewsmediaanditwasmeasuredasfarinland astheskislopesofAspenColo.??Readingsonthewesternside ofthePacificcamefromtheAerosolCharacterizationExperimentsaproject aimedatunderstandinghowparticlesintheatmosphereaffectEarth’sclimate. Additionalmeasurementsweretakeninthesameregionatthesametimeundera projectsponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpace Administration.??KnowingthepollutionwasapproachingWashington statePriceloadedsensingequipmentaboardarentedBeechcraftonApril14and flewtoNeahBayonthestate’sNorthwestcoast.Takingsamplesatvarious levelsfrom15000feetto20000feetinaltitudeshemonitoredquantities ofdustozonecarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbons.Frommycopilot’sseatthe dustwasthickenoughtoseewiththenakedeye.Pricesaid.? ?Nowshe’stryingtocorrelateherfindingswiththoseofthetworesearch teamsoperatingontheothersideofthePacificwhereatonepointthe pollutionplumewaslargerthanJapan.Thehugesizeofthecloudshowedup clearlyinsatelliteimagesthatgavePriceplentyofwarningthehazewason itsway.YoucanseethesetwoblobscomingoutofthedesertsofMongoliaand growingoverAsiathengettingsweptoutovertheoceanandfinallysetting overNorthAmericashesaid.Sheintendstocontinuemeasuringairsamplesoff theWashingtoncoastandwillbelookingforairmasseswithevidenceof pollutionoriginatingsomewhereotherthanAsia.We’dliketoseeifwecanget asignatureofpollutioncomingfromEuropebecausecomputermodelssuggestthat EuropeansourcesalsocanbetransportedacrossthePacificshesaid. HoweverweexpectthatsourcesinEuropewillcontributelessthanAsian sources.??hazen.霾烟雾??plumen.羽状物? ?pollutantn.污染物??particulaten.微粒颗粒? ?carbonmonoxide一氧化碳??copilotn.飞机副驾驶员? ?blobn.粘乎乎的一团黑糊糊的一堆OneofthePrice’sfindingsParagraph2abouttheparticlesoftheairisthat______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}ShrinkingWaterSupplyPosesThreat toPeace{{/B}}??Waterwhichisessentialforlifecostsnothing. Ontheotherhanddiamondswhichareessentialfornothingcostalot. Unfortunatelytheworldhaschangedconsiderablysincean18thcentury economistmadethisremark.??Whatwastrueover200yearsagois certainlynolongertruenowinanumberofcountriespeoplepayasmuchfor waterintheirhomesastheydoforelectricity.??Likehealthwe ignorewaterwhenwehaveit—unlesstherearefloodsofcourse.Oncethereis athreattoourwatersupplyhoweverwatercanquicklybecometheonlything thatmatters.Weknowonlytoowellthatwithoutwatertherecanbeno life.??Thesituationisnowbecomingsobadthatenvironmentalist feelitmaybenecessarytoshocktheworldintosavingwaterinasimilarway totheshockcausedbytheoilcrisesinthe1970s.??Atthat timetheoilcrisisbecamesuchaseriousthreattothelivesofeveryonein thedevelopedcountriesthatitmadepeopleconsciousoftheimportanceof savingoilandprovidedpowerfulencouragementforgovernmentstolookforother formsofenergy.??Theresultundoubtedlywasofmajorbenefitto energyconservation.??Thereisnownolongerandunlimitedsupply offreshwater.About97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2 percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffresh waterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouse economically.??Unfortunatelycompetitionisgrowingfiercelyfor whatlittlewaterisavailable.Itmaybeamatteroftimebeforethat competitionbecomesaconflict.??Tomakemattersworsethe world’spopulationisincreasingsorapidlythatitisexpectedtogrowtoabout 8billionin30years—anincreaseof60percent.??Moreoverin manydevelopedcountriesthroughoutthewouldflushlavatoriesandwashing machinesmeantheaveragepersonnowuses300litresofwateradaycompared with50atthebeginningofthecentury.??Attheotherextreme accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationonequ0rteroftheworld’s populationstilllackssafedrinkingwaterandpropersanitation.Mostlivein thesouthernhemispherewheresuppliesoffreshwaterareputinjeopardy throughdirtyindustrialpracticespoorirrigationanderosion.? ?Thesocialstabilityoftheworldisnolongerthreatenedbyglobalwars theColdWar...Howeverthesupplyofwatercouldsoonbecomethechief threattosuchstability.Thereisalreadyevidenceofthishappening especiallyinAfrica.??RecentlytheEgyptianGovernment threatened’todestroyanydamsbuiltontheNileiftheyconsideredthedams wouldaffecttheirsupplyoffreshwater.??Whatisrequired immediatelyisanawarenessofthetruevalueofwaterandtheformationof sensiblewaterconservationstrategies.??Itisalsoofvital importancetohaveaconsensusonhowbesttousesharedWaterresourcesforthe benefitofallthecountriesintheworldaswellasanexaminationofthebest methodsforthedistributionoftheworld’s water.WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthepassageasafactorthatismakingthewatersituationintheworldmoreandmoresevere?
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ???????{{B}}TheMirSpace Station{{/B}}??TheRussianMirSpaceStationwhichcamedownin 2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspace flightisrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory. Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.??DuringMir’s lifetimeRussiaspentaboutUSS4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthe station.??TheSovietUnionlaunchedMirwhichwasdesignedto lastfromthreetofiveyearsonFebruary201986andhoused104astronauts over12yearsandsevenmonthsmostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infactit becamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto62peoplefrom 11countries.From1995through1998sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStates tookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37 Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspace shuttles.??Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovided RussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperatingbutalsogavetheAmericans andtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperiencein long-termflightandmultinationaloperations.??Adebate continuesoverMir’scontributionstoscience.DuringitsexistenceMirwasthe laboratoryfor23000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipmentestimatedto beworth$80millionfrommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitha rangeoffindingsfromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavy heliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavoring humanspaceexplorationMirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspace longenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7 daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.And SergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespace station.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucidwhospent188days aboardMirin1996.??DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished 1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997anoxygengenerator’caught fire.Laterthemaincomputersystembrokedowncausingthestationtodrift severaltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.??Mostofthese problemswererepairedwithAmericanhelpandsuppliersbutMir’sreputation asaspacestationwasmined.??Mir’ssetbacksarenothing thoughwhenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendous successwhichwillberememberedasamilestoneinspaceexplorationandthe spacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.But it’stimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStation beingbuiltwillbebetterbutitowesagreatdebttoMir.ThewritertendstothinkthatMirwas______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????????{{B}}Whatis Market?{{/B}}??Thewordmarketisusedinanumberofways.There isastockmarketandautomobilemarketaretailmarketforfurnitureanda wholesalemarketforfurniture.Onepersonmaybegoingtothemarket;another mayplantomarketaproduct.Whatthenisamarket?Amarketmaybedefinedas aplacewherebuyersandsellersmeetgoodsorservicesareofferedforsale andtransfersofownershipoccur.Amarketmayalsobedefinedasthedemand madebyacertaingroupofpotentialbuyersforagoodorservice.Forinstance thereisafarmmarketforpetroleumproducts.Thetermsmarketanddemandare oftenusedinterchangeably;theymayalsobeusedjointlyasmarket demand.??Thesedefinitionsarenotsufficientlyprecisetobe usefultoushere.Forbusinesspurposeswedefineamarketaspeopleor organizationswithwantsneedstosatisfymoneytospendandthewillingness tospendit.Thusinthemarketdemandforanygivenproductorservicethere arethreefactorstoconsider—peopleororganizationswithwantsneeds theirpurchasingpowerandtheirbuyingbehavior.??Weshall employthedictionarydefinitionofneeds:thelackofanythingthatis requireddesiredoruseful.Wedonotlimitneedstothenarrowphysiological requirementsoffoodclothingandshelteressentialforsurvival.Inour discussionthewordsandwantsareusedsynonymouslyandinterchangeably.Ina strictinterpretationhoweverneedswouldrefertosuchbasicphysiological requirementsasfoodclothingandshelterwhilewantswouldbesuchbasic preferences.Howeverinouraffluentsocietylittleistobegainedbytrying todifferentiatebetweenthetwo.Manyofuswouldseeasneedssomeitemsthat arefarbeyondfoodclothingandshelter.Thedefinitionofmarketforbusinesspurposesinvolvesthreefactors:buyerssellersandgoodsandservices.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}Space-AgeArcheology{{/B}}? ?It’sastrangepartnershipbutaveryeffectiveone:Satellitesand space-shuttle-carriedradararehelpingarcheologists.How?Byseeingthrough sandorthroughtreetopstolocateimportantarcheologicalsites.? ?Thetraditionaltoolsforarcheologistsareshovelsandpicks.Buthigh technologyismakingthearcheologist’sworkandtimefarmore productive.??Takeforexamplethesecond1981flightofthe SpaceShuttleChallenger.Duringthemissionapowerfulexperimentalradarwas pointedatalifelessstretchofdesertinEgyptcalledtheSelimaSandSheet partoftheSaharaDesert.Toeveryone’ssurprisetheradarpenetrated throughthesandtotheharderrockbeneath.Onthesurfacethereisalittle indicationthatAfrica’sSaharaDesertwasneveranythingbutadesert.Whenthe archeologistsstudiedtheradarimagestheysawwhatseemedtobeimpossible: therewassand-buriedlandscapethatwasshapedbyflowingwater;tracesof ancientriverbedsappearedtobeoverninemileswidefarwiderthanmost sectionsofthepresent-dayNileRiver.Todaytheareaisoneofthehottest driestdesertintheworld.??Archeologistsdugpitsalongtheold riverbanksandfoundcluestothepast:stream-roundedpebbles鹅卵石Stone-Age axesbrokenostrich鸵鸟eggshellsandtheshellsoflandsnails.The archeologistswerequitepleasedwiththesefindings.Foryearsthey’dbeen findingstoneaxesscatteredthroughthedesertandcouldn’tunderstandwhy. Nowweknowthatearlyhumanswerelivingonthebanksofoldriversandleft theirbeautifultoolsbehind.Somearesosharpthatyoucouldshavewith them.??MorerecentlyLandsat4aSpecialearth-mapping satelliteaidedinthediscoveryofancientMayanruinsinMexico.Lansatcan withthehelpoffalse-colorimageryseethroughmuchofthearea.Armedwith thesemapsafive-personexpeditiontooktotheairinahelicopter.? ?Bytheendoftheseconddaytheteamfoundastretchofwalledfields thatexpeditionmemberssaidlooklike’oldNewEnglandfences.Theyjustgo onnon-stopfor40miles.Laterintheweekanancientvillagewas pinpointedaswasthelostcityofOxpemuloncefoundintheearly1930’s butquicklyreclaimedbythejungle.Thefindingsmadethemabletomapthe extentoftheMayancivilizationinaboutfivedays.Workingonfootitwould havetakenatleast100years.WhichofthefollowingisTRUEofthesand-buriedlandscape?
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ???????{{B}}TheMirSpace Station{{/B}}??TheRussianMirSpaceStationwhichcamedownin 2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspace flightisrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory. Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.??DuringMir’s lifetimeRussiaspentaboutUSS4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthe station.??TheSovietUnionlaunchedMirwhichwasdesignedto lastfromthreetofiveyearsonFebruary201986andhoused104astronauts over12yearsandsevenmonthsmostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infactit becamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto62peoplefrom 11countries.From1995through1998sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStates tookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37 Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspace shuttles.??Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovided RussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperatingbutalsogavetheAmericans andtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperiencein long-termflightandmultinationaloperations.??Adebate continuesoverMir’scontributionstoscience.DuringitsexistenceMirwasthe laboratoryfor23000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipmentestimatedto beworth$80millionfrommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitha rangeoffindingsfromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavy heliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavoring humanspaceexplorationMirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspace longenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7 daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.And SergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespace station.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucidwhospent188days aboardMirin1996.??DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished 1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997anoxygengenerator’caught fire.Laterthemaincomputersystembrokedowncausingthestationtodrift severaltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.??Mostofthese problemswererepairedwithAmericanhelpandsuppliersbutMir’sreputation asaspacestationwasmined.??Mir’ssetbacksarenothing thoughwhenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendous successwhichwillberememberedasamilestoneinspaceexplorationandthe spacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.But it’stimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStation beingbuiltwillbebetterbutitowesagreatdebttoMir.InMirtheU.S.astronautscreated______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????????{{B}}Whatis Market?{{/B}}??Thewordmarketisusedinanumberofways.There isastockmarketandautomobilemarketaretailmarketforfurnitureanda wholesalemarketforfurniture.Onepersonmaybegoingtothemarket;another mayplantomarketaproduct.Whatthenisamarket?Amarketmaybedefinedas aplacewherebuyersandsellersmeetgoodsorservicesareofferedforsale andtransfersofownershipoccur.Amarketmayalsobedefinedasthedemand madebyacertaingroupofpotentialbuyersforagoodorservice.Forinstance thereisafarmmarketforpetroleumproducts.Thetermsmarketanddemandare oftenusedinterchangeably;theymayalsobeusedjointlyasmarket demand.??Thesedefinitionsarenotsufficientlyprecisetobe usefultoushere.Forbusinesspurposeswedefineamarketaspeopleor organizationswithwantsneedstosatisfymoneytospendandthewillingness tospendit.Thusinthemarketdemandforanygivenproductorservicethere arethreefactorstoconsider—peopleororganizationswithwantsneeds theirpurchasingpowerandtheirbuyingbehavior.??Weshall employthedictionarydefinitionofneeds:thelackofanythingthatis requireddesiredoruseful.Wedonotlimitneedstothenarrowphysiological requirementsoffoodclothingandshelteressentialforsurvival.Inour discussionthewordsandwantsareusedsynonymouslyandinterchangeably.Ina strictinterpretationhoweverneedswouldrefertosuchbasicphysiological requirementsasfoodclothingandshelterwhilewantswouldbesuchbasic preferences.Howeverinouraffluentsocietylittleistobegainedbytrying todifferentiatebetweenthetwo.Manyofuswouldseeasneedssomeitemsthat arefarbeyondfoodclothingandshelter.Inourrichsocietyitispointlesstoseparatepeople’sneedsfromtheirwants.
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ??????{{B}}HappyBirthdayto You{{/B}}??ThemainproblemindiscussingAmericanpopularculture isalsooneofitsmaincharacteristics:itwon’tstayAmerican.Nomatterwhat itiswhetheritisfilmsfoodandfashionmusiccasualsportsorslang it’ssoonathomeelsewhereintheworld.Thereareseveraltheorieswhy Americanpopularculturehashadthisappeal.??Onetheoryisthat ithasbeenadvertisedandmarketedthroughAmericanfilmspopularmusicand morerecentlytelevision.{{U}}?1?{{/U}}.Theyareafterallin competitionwiththoseproducedbyothercountries.??Another theoryprobablyamorecommononeisthatAmericanpopularcultureis internationallyassociatedwithsomethingcalledthespiritofAmerica.{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}.??Thefinaltheoryislesscomplex:American popularcultureispopularbecausealotofpeopleintheworldlike it.??RegardlessofwhyitspreadsAmericanpopularcultureis usuallyquiterapidlyadoptedandthenadaptedinmanyothercountries.{{U}} ?3?{{/U}}.HappyBirthdaytoYouforinstanceissuchaneveryday songthatitssourceitsAmericancopyrightsotospeakisnotremembered. BlackleatherjacketswornbymanyheroesinAmericanmoviescouldbefounda generationlateronallthoseyoungmenwhowantedtomakethismanly-look theirown.??Twoareaswherethiscontinuingprocessismost clearlyseenareclothingandmusic.Somepeoplecanstillrememberatimewhen T-shirtsjoggingclothestennisshoesdenimjacketsandbluejeanswerenot commondailyweareverywhere.Onlytwentyyearsagoitwaspossibletospotan AmericaninParisbyhisorherclothes.Nolongerso:thosebrightcolors checkeredjacketsandtrousershatsandsockswhichwereoncemadefunofin cartoonsarebackagaininParisasthelatestfashion.{{U}}?4 ?{{/U}}??ThesituationwithAmericanpopularmusicismore complexbecauseinthebeginningwhenitwasstillclearlyAmericanitwas oftenstronglyresisted.Jazzwasoncethoughttobeagreatdangertoyouthand theirmoralsandwasactuallyoutlawedinseveralcountries.Todaywhilestill showingitsratherAmericanrootsithasbecomesowellestablished.Rock’n’ rollandallitsvariationscountry&westernmusicallhavemoreorless similarhistories.TheywerefirstresistedofteninAmericanaswellasbeing low-classandthenasadangertoournation’syouth.{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}.Andthenthemusicbecameacceptedandwasextendedanddeveloped andexportedbacktotheUS.??A.AsaresultitsAmerican originsandrootsareoftenquicklyforgotten.??B.Butthis theoryfailstoexplainwhyAmericanfilmsmusicandtelevisionprogramsare sopopularinthemselves.??C.Americaninorigininformal clothinghasbecometheworld’sfirsttrulyuniversalstyle.??D. TheBBCforexamplebannedrockandrolluntil1962.??E. Americanfoodhasbecomepopulararoundtheworldtoo.??F.This spiritisvariouslydescribedasbeingyoungandfreeoptimisticandconfident informalanddisrespectful.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第一篇{{/B}} ??????? ?????{{B}}EffectsofEnvironmental Pollution{{/B}}??Scientistswatchedcloselylastspringasahaze ofpollutionwhichhadbeentrackedbysatelliteasitcrossedthePacific OceansettledoveralargeswathofNorthAmericafromCalgaryCanadainto Arizona.Nowitappearsthatforthefirsttime.researchersonbothsidesof thePacifictookdetailedmeasurementsofthesameplumeacloudthatcontained Gobidesertdustaswellashydrocarbonsfromindustrialpollution.? ?HeatherPriceaUniversityofWashingtondoctoralstudentinchemistry foundthattheamountoflightreflectedbytheparticlesintheairwasmore than550percentgreaterthannormalforthattimeofyear.ThemassofAsian air4containedelevatedlevelsofallpollutantsmeasured.Pricesaidbutthe onlythingthatcameclosetobeingalarmingwasthelevelofparticulate matte.??Thehazethatsettledacrossthewesternpartofthe countrywaswidelyreportedbythenewsmediaanditwasmeasuredasfarinland astheskislopesofAspenColo.??Readingsonthewesternside ofthePacificcamefromtheAerosolCharacterizationExperimentsaproject aimedatunderstandinghowparticlesintheatmosphereaffectEarth’sclimate. Additionalmeasurementsweretakeninthesameregionatthesametimeundera projectsponsoredbytheNationalAeronauticsandSpace Administration.??KnowingthepollutionwasapproachingWashington statePriceloadedsensingequipmentaboardarentedBeechcraftonApril14and flewtoNeahBayonthestate’sNorthwestcoast.Takingsamplesatvarious levelsfrom15000feetto20000feetinaltitudeshemonitoredquantities ofdustozonecarbonmonoxideandhydrocarbons.Frommycopilot’sseatthe dustwasthickenoughtoseewiththenakedeye.Pricesaid.? ?Nowshe’stryingtocorrelateherfindingswiththoseofthetworesearch teamsoperatingontheothersideofthePacificwhereatonepointthe pollutionplumewaslargerthanJapan.Thehugesizeofthecloudshowedup clearlyinsatelliteimagesthatgavePriceplentyofwarningthehazewason itsway.YoucanseethesetwoblobscomingoutofthedesertsofMongoliaand growingoverAsiathengettingsweptoutovertheoceanandfinallysetting overNorthAmericashesaid.Sheintendstocontinuemeasuringairsamplesoff theWashingtoncoastandwillbelookingforairmasseswithevidenceof pollutionoriginatingsomewhereotherthanAsia.We’dliketoseeifwecanget asignatureofpollutioncomingfromEuropebecausecomputermodelssuggestthat EuropeansourcesalsocanbetransportedacrossthePacificshesaid. HoweverweexpectthatsourcesinEuropewillcontributelessthanAsian sources.??hazen.霾烟雾??plumen.羽状物? ?pollutantn.污染物??particulaten.微粒颗粒? ?carbonmonoxide一氧化碳??copilotn.飞机副驾驶员? ?blobn.粘乎乎的一团黑糊糊的一堆AccordingtothelastparagraphwhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutthetworesearchteamsisTRUE?
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ???????{{B}}TheMirSpace Station{{/B}}??TheRussianMirSpaceStationwhichcamedownin 2001atlastafter15yearsofpioneeringtheconceptoflong-termhumanspace flightisrememberedforitsaccomplishmentsinthehumanspaceflighthistory. Itcanbecreditedwithmanyfirstsinspace.??DuringMir’s lifetimeRussiaspentaboutUSS4.2billiontobuildandmaintainthe station.??TheSovietUnionlaunchedMirwhichwasdesignedto lastfromthreetofiveyearsonFebruary201986andhoused104astronauts over12yearsandsevenmonthsmostofwhomwerenotRussian.Infactit becamethefirstinternationalspacestationbyplayinghostto62peoplefrom 11countries.From1995through1998sevenastronautsfromtheUnitedStates tookturnslivingonMirforuptosixmonthseach.Theywereamongthe37 Americanswhovisitedthestationduringninestopoversbyspace shuttles.??Themorethan400milliontheUnitedStatesprovided RussianforthevisitsnotonlykeptMiroperatingbutalsogavetheAmericans andtheirpartnersintheinternationalstationprojectvaluableexperiencein long-termflightandmultinationaloperations.??Adebate continuesoverMir’scontributionstoscience.DuringitsexistenceMirwasthe laboratoryfor23000experimentsandcarriedscientificequipmentestimatedto beworth$80millionfrommanynations.ExperimentsonMirarecreditedwitha rangeoffindingsfromthefirstsolidmeasurementoftherationofheavy heliumatomsinspacetohowtogrowwheatinspace.Butforthosefavoring humanspaceexplorationMirshowedthatpeoplecouldliveandworkinspace longenoughforatriptoMars.Thelongestsinglestayinspaceisthe437.7 daysthatRussianastronautValeryPolyakovspentonMirfrom1994to1995.And SergieAvdeyevaccumulated747.6daysinspaceinthreetripstothespace station.ThelongestAmericanstaywasthatofShannonLucidwhospent188days aboardMirin1996.??DespitethemanyfirstsMiraccomplished 1997wasabadyearoutof15forMir.In1997anoxygengenerator’caught fire.Laterthemaincomputersystembrokedowncausingthestationtodrift severaltimesandtherewerepowerfailures.??Mostofthese problemswererepairedwithAmericanhelpandsuppliersbutMir’sreputation asaspacestationwasmined.??Mir’ssetbacksarenothing thoughwhenwecomparethemwithitsaccomplishments.Mirwasatremendous successwhichwillberememberedasamilestoneinspaceexplorationandthe spacestationthatshowedlong-termhumanhabitationinspacewaspossible.But it’stimetomoveontothenextgeneration.TheInternationalSpaceStation beingbuiltwillbebetterbutitowesagreatdebttoMir.Paragraph5______
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ??????{{B}}HappyBirthdayto You{{/B}}??ThemainproblemindiscussingAmericanpopularculture isalsooneofitsmaincharacteristics:itwon’tstayAmerican.Nomatterwhat itiswhetheritisfilmsfoodandfashionmusiccasualsportsorslang it’ssoonathomeelsewhereintheworld.Thereareseveraltheorieswhy Americanpopularculturehashadthisappeal.??Onetheoryisthat ithasbeenadvertisedandmarketedthroughAmericanfilmspopularmusicand morerecentlytelevision.{{U}}?1?{{/U}}.Theyareafterallin competitionwiththoseproducedbyothercountries.??Another theoryprobablyamorecommononeisthatAmericanpopularcultureis internationallyassociatedwithsomethingcalledthespiritofAmerica.{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}.??Thefinaltheoryislesscomplex:American popularcultureispopularbecausealotofpeopleintheworldlike it.??RegardlessofwhyitspreadsAmericanpopularcultureis usuallyquiterapidlyadoptedandthenadaptedinmanyothercountries.{{U}} ?3?{{/U}}.HappyBirthdaytoYouforinstanceissuchaneveryday songthatitssourceitsAmericancopyrightsotospeakisnotremembered. BlackleatherjacketswornbymanyheroesinAmericanmoviescouldbefounda generationlateronallthoseyoungmenwhowantedtomakethismanly-look theirown.??Twoareaswherethiscontinuingprocessismost clearlyseenareclothingandmusic.Somepeoplecanstillrememberatimewhen T-shirtsjoggingclothestennisshoesdenimjacketsandbluejeanswerenot commondailyweareverywhere.Onlytwentyyearsagoitwaspossibletospotan AmericaninParisbyhisorherclothes.Nolongerso:thosebrightcolors checkeredjacketsandtrousershatsandsockswhichwereoncemadefunofin cartoonsarebackagaininParisasthelatestfashion.{{U}}?4 ?{{/U}}??ThesituationwithAmericanpopularmusicismore complexbecauseinthebeginningwhenitwasstillclearlyAmericanitwas oftenstronglyresisted.Jazzwasoncethoughttobeagreatdangertoyouthand theirmoralsandwasactuallyoutlawedinseveralcountries.Todaywhilestill showingitsratherAmericanrootsithasbecomesowellestablished.Rock’n’ rollandallitsvariationscountry&westernmusicallhavemoreorless similarhistories.TheywerefirstresistedofteninAmericanaswellasbeing low-classandthenasadangertoournation’syouth.{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}.Andthenthemusicbecameacceptedandwasextendedanddeveloped andexportedbacktotheUS.??A.AsaresultitsAmerican originsandrootsareoftenquicklyforgotten.??B.Butthis theoryfailstoexplainwhyAmericanfilmsmusicandtelevisionprogramsare sopopularinthemselves.??C.Americaninorigininformal clothinghasbecometheworld’sfirsttrulyuniversalstyle.??D. TheBBCforexamplebannedrockandrolluntil1962.??E. Americanfoodhasbecomepopulararoundtheworldtoo.??F.This spiritisvariouslydescribedasbeingyoungandfreeoptimisticandconfident informalanddisrespectful.{{*HTML*}}
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
Duringthepasttenyearstherehavebeen{{U}}dramatic{{/U}}changesintheinternationalsituation.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第三篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}Space-AgeArcheology{{/B}}? ?It’sastrangepartnershipbutaveryeffectiveone:Satellitesand space-shuttle-carriedradararehelpingarcheologists.How?Byseeingthrough sandorthroughtreetopstolocateimportantarcheologicalsites.? ?Thetraditionaltoolsforarcheologistsareshovelsandpicks.Buthigh technologyismakingthearcheologist’sworkandtimefarmore productive.??Takeforexamplethesecond1981flightofthe SpaceShuttleChallenger.Duringthemissionapowerfulexperimentalradarwas pointedatalifelessstretchofdesertinEgyptcalledtheSelimaSandSheet partoftheSaharaDesert.Toeveryone’ssurprisetheradarpenetrated throughthesandtotheharderrockbeneath.Onthesurfacethereisalittle indicationthatAfrica’sSaharaDesertwasneveranythingbutadesert.Whenthe archeologistsstudiedtheradarimagestheysawwhatseemedtobeimpossible: therewassand-buriedlandscapethatwasshapedbyflowingwater;tracesof ancientriverbedsappearedtobeoverninemileswidefarwiderthanmost sectionsofthepresent-dayNileRiver.Todaytheareaisoneofthehottest driestdesertintheworld.??Archeologistsdugpitsalongtheold riverbanksandfoundcluestothepast:stream-roundedpebbles鹅卵石Stone-Age axesbrokenostrich鸵鸟eggshellsandtheshellsoflandsnails.The archeologistswerequitepleasedwiththesefindings.Foryearsthey’dbeen findingstoneaxesscatteredthroughthedesertandcouldn’tunderstandwhy. Nowweknowthatearlyhumanswerelivingonthebanksofoldriversandleft theirbeautifultoolsbehind.Somearesosharpthatyoucouldshavewith them.??MorerecentlyLandsat4aSpecialearth-mapping satelliteaidedinthediscoveryofancientMayanruinsinMexico.Lansatcan withthehelpoffalse-colorimageryseethroughmuchofthearea.Armedwith thesemapsafive-personexpeditiontooktotheairinahelicopter.? ?Bytheendoftheseconddaytheteamfoundastretchofwalledfields thatexpeditionmemberssaidlooklike’oldNewEnglandfences.Theyjustgo onnon-stopfor40miles.Laterintheweekanancientvillagewas pinpointedaswasthelostcityofOxpemuloncefoundintheearly1930’s butquicklyreclaimedbythejungle.Thefindingsmadethemabletomapthe extentoftheMayancivilizationinaboutfivedays.Workingonfootitwould havetakenatleast100years.Theyinthesecondlineofthelastparagraphrefersto______.
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}ShrinkingWaterSupplyPosesThreat toPeace{{/B}}??Waterwhichisessentialforlifecostsnothing. Ontheotherhanddiamondswhichareessentialfornothingcostalot. Unfortunatelytheworldhaschangedconsiderablysincean18thcentury economistmadethisremark.??Whatwastrueover200yearsagois certainlynolongertruenowinanumberofcountriespeoplepayasmuchfor waterintheirhomesastheydoforelectricity.??Likehealthwe ignorewaterwhenwehaveit—unlesstherearefloodsofcourse.Oncethereis athreattoourwatersupplyhoweverwatercanquicklybecometheonlything thatmatters.Weknowonlytoowellthatwithoutwatertherecanbeno life.??Thesituationisnowbecomingsobadthatenvironmentalist feelitmaybenecessarytoshocktheworldintosavingwaterinasimilarway totheshockcausedbytheoilcrisesinthe1970s.??Atthat timetheoilcrisisbecamesuchaseriousthreattothelivesofeveryonein thedevelopedcountriesthatitmadepeopleconsciousoftheimportanceof savingoilandprovidedpowerfulencouragementforgovernmentstolookforother formsofenergy.??Theresultundoubtedlywasofmajorbenefitto energyconservation.??Thereisnownolongerandunlimitedsupply offreshwater.About97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2 percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffresh waterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouse economically.??Unfortunatelycompetitionisgrowingfiercelyfor whatlittlewaterisavailable.Itmaybeamatteroftimebeforethat competitionbecomesaconflict.??Tomakemattersworsethe world’spopulationisincreasingsorapidlythatitisexpectedtogrowtoabout 8billionin30years—anincreaseof60percent.??Moreoverin manydevelopedcountriesthroughoutthewouldflushlavatoriesandwashing machinesmeantheaveragepersonnowuses300litresofwateradaycompared with50atthebeginningofthecentury.??Attheotherextreme accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationonequ0rteroftheworld’s populationstilllackssafedrinkingwaterandpropersanitation.Mostlivein thesouthernhemispherewheresuppliesoffreshwaterareputinjeopardy throughdirtyindustrialpracticespoorirrigationanderosion.? ?Thesocialstabilityoftheworldisnolongerthreatenedbyglobalwars theColdWar...Howeverthesupplyofwatercouldsoonbecomethechief threattosuchstability.Thereisalreadyevidenceofthishappening especiallyinAfrica.??RecentlytheEgyptianGovernment threatened’todestroyanydamsbuiltontheNileiftheyconsideredthedams wouldaffecttheirsupplyoffreshwater.??Whatisrequired immediatelyisanawarenessofthetruevalueofwaterandtheformationof sensiblewaterconservationstrategies.??Itisalsoofvital importancetohaveaconsensusonhowbesttousesharedWaterresourcesforthe benefitofallthecountriesintheworldaswellasanexaminationofthebest methodsforthedistributionoftheworld’s water.TosolvethewatersupplyproblemtheworldtodayfacestheauthorsuggestsattheendofthearticledoingallthefollowingEXCEPT______.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
{{*HTML*}}{{B}}第二篇{{/B}} ??????? ??????{{B}}ShrinkingWaterSupplyPosesThreat toPeace{{/B}}??Waterwhichisessentialforlifecostsnothing. Ontheotherhanddiamondswhichareessentialfornothingcostalot. Unfortunatelytheworldhaschangedconsiderablysincean18thcentury economistmadethisremark.??Whatwastrueover200yearsagois certainlynolongertruenowinanumberofcountriespeoplepayasmuchfor waterintheirhomesastheydoforelectricity.??Likehealthwe ignorewaterwhenwehaveit—unlesstherearefloodsofcourse.Oncethereis athreattoourwatersupplyhoweverwatercanquicklybecometheonlything thatmatters.Weknowonlytoowellthatwithoutwatertherecanbeno life.??Thesituationisnowbecomingsobadthatenvironmentalist feelitmaybenecessarytoshocktheworldintosavingwaterinasimilarway totheshockcausedbytheoilcrisesinthe1970s.??Atthat timetheoilcrisisbecamesuchaseriousthreattothelivesofeveryonein thedevelopedcountriesthatitmadepeopleconsciousoftheimportanceof savingoilandprovidedpowerfulencouragementforgovernmentstolookforother formsofenergy.??Theresultundoubtedlywasofmajorbenefitto energyconservation.??Thereisnownolongerandunlimitedsupply offreshwater.About97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2 percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffresh waterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouse economically.??Unfortunatelycompetitionisgrowingfiercelyfor whatlittlewaterisavailable.Itmaybeamatteroftimebeforethat competitionbecomesaconflict.??Tomakemattersworsethe world’spopulationisincreasingsorapidlythatitisexpectedtogrowtoabout 8billionin30years—anincreaseof60percent.??Moreoverin manydevelopedcountriesthroughoutthewouldflushlavatoriesandwashing machinesmeantheaveragepersonnowuses300litresofwateradaycompared with50atthebeginningofthecentury.??Attheotherextreme accordingtotheWorldHealthOrganizationonequ0rteroftheworld’s populationstilllackssafedrinkingwaterandpropersanitation.Mostlivein thesouthernhemispherewheresuppliesoffreshwaterareputinjeopardy throughdirtyindustrialpracticespoorirrigationanderosion.? ?Thesocialstabilityoftheworldisnolongerthreatenedbyglobalwars theColdWar...Howeverthesupplyofwatercouldsoonbecomethechief threattosuchstability.Thereisalreadyevidenceofthishappening especiallyinAfrica.??RecentlytheEgyptianGovernment threatened’todestroyanydamsbuiltontheNileiftheyconsideredthedams wouldaffecttheirsupplyoffreshwater.??Whatisrequired immediatelyisanawarenessofthetruevalueofwaterandtheformationof sensiblewaterconservationstrategies.??Itisalsoofvital importancetohaveaconsensusonhowbesttousesharedWaterresourcesforthe benefitofallthecountriesintheworldaswellasanexaminationofthebest methodsforthedistributionoftheworld’s water.AccordingtothepassagewhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUE?
Heissaidtobesufferingfrom{{U}}terminal{{/U}}cancerandhasaskedforeuthanasia安乐死.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ??????{{B}}CrashedCarstoTextMessagefor Help{{/B}}??Thereisnogoodplacetohaveacarcrash—butsome placesareworsethanothers.Inaforeigncountryforinstance{{U}}?1 ?{{/U}}toexplainviacellphonethatyouareupsidedowninaditchwhenyou cannotspeakthelocallanguagecanfatallydelaythearrivaloftheemergency services.??Butananswermaybeathand.Researchersfundedby theEuropeanCommissionarebeginningtestsofasystemcalledE-mergethat{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}senseswhenacarhascrashedandsendsatextmessage tellingemergencyservicesinthe10languagethattheaccidenthastaken place.??Thesystemwas{{U}}?3?{{/U}}byERTICOa transportresearchorganizationbasedinBrusselsBelgium.Carsarefittedwith acellphone-sizeddeviceattached{{U}}?4?{{/U}}theundersideofthe dashboardwhichisactivatedbythesamesensorthattriggerstheairbagina crash.Thedevice{{U}}?5?{{/U}}acellphonecircuitaGPSpositioning unitandamicrophoneandloudspeaker.??Itregisterstheseverity ofthecrashby{{U}}?6?{{/U}}thedecelerationdatafromtheairbag’s sensor.UsingGPSinformationitworksoutwhichcountrythecarisinand fromthisitdetermines{{U}}?7?{{/U}}whichlanguagetocomposean alertmessagedetailingpreciselocationoftheaccident.??The devicethenautomaticallymakesacalltothelocalemergencyservice{{U}} ?8?{{/U}}.Ifthecar’soccupantsareconscioustheycancommunicate withtheoperator{{U}}?9?{{/U}}thespeakerandmicrophone.? ?E-mergealsotransmitsthevehiclesmakemodelcolorandlicensenumber anditsheading’whenitcrashedwhichindicatesonwhichsideofamulti-lane highwayitendedup.??This{{U}}?10?{{/U}}theemergency servicesfindthevehicleassoonastheyarriveonthescene.Wecanwastea large{{U}}?11?{{/U}}timesearchingforanincidentsaysJimHammond aan{{U}}?12?{{/U}}invehicletechnologyattheAssociationofChief PolicOfficersintheUK.Testswillbeginsoonwithpolicecarfleetsinthe UK.TrialshavealreadystartedinGermanySwedenSpaintheNetherlandsand Italy.??In-carsystems..thatsummontheemergencyservices afteracrashhave{{U}}?13?{{/U}}beenfittedinsomepremiumcars. ERTICOsaysthat{{U}}?14?{{/U}}EUstatesarewillingtofundthe necessaryinfrastructureE-mergecouldbeworkingby2008.??A studybyFrenchcarmakerRenaultconcludedthatthesystemcouldsaveupto 6000ofthe40000liveslosteachyearonEurope’sroadsandpreventa similarnumberofseriousinjuries.??TheRenaultstudyestimates thatfittingE-mergetoeverycarinEuropewouldeventuallysavearound150 billionper{{U}}?15?{{/U}}intermsofreducedcoststohealthservices andinsurancecompaniesandfewerlostworkingdays.??cellphone n.移动电话手机??undersiden.下侧底面??dashboardn. 车辆的挡泥板;汽车的仪表板??sensorn.传感器敏感元件??airbagn. 安全气囊??severityn.严重性??decelerationn. 减速??occupantn.占有人占用者
{{*HTML*}} ?????????? ??????{{B}}HappyBirthdayto You{{/B}}??ThemainproblemindiscussingAmericanpopularculture isalsooneofitsmaincharacteristics:itwon’tstayAmerican.Nomatterwhat itiswhetheritisfilmsfoodandfashionmusiccasualsportsorslang it’ssoonathomeelsewhereintheworld.Thereareseveraltheorieswhy Americanpopularculturehashadthisappeal.??Onetheoryisthat ithasbeenadvertisedandmarketedthroughAmericanfilmspopularmusicand morerecentlytelevision.{{U}}?1?{{/U}}.Theyareafterallin competitionwiththoseproducedbyothercountries.??Another theoryprobablyamorecommononeisthatAmericanpopularcultureis internationallyassociatedwithsomethingcalledthespiritofAmerica.{{U}} ?2?{{/U}}.??Thefinaltheoryislesscomplex:American popularcultureispopularbecausealotofpeopleintheworldlike it.??RegardlessofwhyitspreadsAmericanpopularcultureis usuallyquiterapidlyadoptedandthenadaptedinmanyothercountries.{{U}} ?3?{{/U}}.HappyBirthdaytoYouforinstanceissuchaneveryday songthatitssourceitsAmericancopyrightsotospeakisnotremembered. BlackleatherjacketswornbymanyheroesinAmericanmoviescouldbefounda generationlateronallthoseyoungmenwhowantedtomakethismanly-look theirown.??Twoareaswherethiscontinuingprocessismost clearlyseenareclothingandmusic.Somepeoplecanstillrememberatimewhen T-shirtsjoggingclothestennisshoesdenimjacketsandbluejeanswerenot commondailyweareverywhere.Onlytwentyyearsagoitwaspossibletospotan AmericaninParisbyhisorherclothes.Nolongerso:thosebrightcolors checkeredjacketsandtrousershatsandsockswhichwereoncemadefunofin cartoonsarebackagaininParisasthelatestfashion.{{U}}?4 ?{{/U}}??ThesituationwithAmericanpopularmusicismore complexbecauseinthebeginningwhenitwasstillclearlyAmericanitwas oftenstronglyresisted.Jazzwasoncethoughttobeagreatdangertoyouthand theirmoralsandwasactuallyoutlawedinseveralcountries.Todaywhilestill showingitsratherAmericanrootsithasbecomesowellestablished.Rock’n’ rollandallitsvariationscountry&westernmusicallhavemoreorless similarhistories.TheywerefirstresistedofteninAmericanaswellasbeing low-classandthenasadangertoournation’syouth.{{U}}?5 ?{{/U}}.Andthenthemusicbecameacceptedandwasextendedanddeveloped andexportedbacktotheUS.??A.AsaresultitsAmerican originsandrootsareoftenquicklyforgotten.??B.Butthis theoryfailstoexplainwhyAmericanfilmsmusicandtelevisionprogramsare sopopularinthemselves.??C.Americaninorigininformal clothinghasbecometheworld’sfirsttrulyuniversalstyle.??D. TheBBCforexamplebannedrockandrolluntil1962.??E. Americanfoodhasbecomepopulararoundtheworldtoo.??F.This spiritisvariouslydescribedasbeingyoungandfreeoptimisticandconfident informalanddisrespectful.
Smokingis{{U}}inhibited{{/U}}inpublicplaces.
{{*HTML*}} ??????? ?????????{{B}}Whatis Market?{{/B}}??Thewordmarketisusedinanumberofways.There isastockmarketandautomobilemarketaretailmarketforfurnitureanda wholesalemarketforfurniture.Onepersonmaybegoingtothemarket;another mayplantomarketaproduct.Whatthenisamarket?Amarketmaybedefinedas aplacewherebuyersandsellersmeetgoodsorservicesareofferedforsale andtransfersofownershipoccur.Amarketmayalsobedefinedasthedemand madebyacertaingroupofpotentialbuyersforagoodorservice.Forinstance thereisafarmmarketforpetroleumproducts.Thetermsmarketanddemandare oftenusedinterchangeably;theymayalsobeusedjointlyasmarket demand.??Thesedefinitionsarenotsufficientlyprecisetobe usefultoushere.Forbusinesspurposeswedefineamarketaspeopleor organizationswithwantsneedstosatisfymoneytospendandthewillingness tospendit.Thusinthemarketdemandforanygivenproductorservicethere arethreefactorstoconsider—peopleororganizationswithwantsneeds theirpurchasingpowerandtheirbuyingbehavior.??Weshall employthedictionarydefinitionofneeds:thelackofanythingthatis requireddesiredoruseful.Wedonotlimitneedstothenarrowphysiological requirementsoffoodclothingandshelteressentialforsurvival.Inour discussionthewordsandwantsareusedsynonymouslyandinterchangeably.Ina strictinterpretationhoweverneedswouldrefertosuchbasicphysiological requirementsasfoodclothingandshelterwhilewantswouldbesuchbasic preferences.Howeverinouraffluentsocietylittleistobegainedbytrying todifferentiatebetweenthetwo.Manyofuswouldseeasneedssomeitemsthat arefarbeyondfoodclothingandshelter.Needsandwantsmeanthegameinourdiscussion.
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