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LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kinandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace--Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000--halfofthemfirst-timers--totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland--aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. 41
LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kinandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace--Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000--halfofthemfirst-timers--totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland--aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. Thethirdaridfourthparagraphsconcentrateon
Ithaslongbeenthesubjectofspeculationamongthepoliceandcriminologists:whatwouldhappenifalltheofficerswhonowspendsomuchoftheirtimetakingstatementsprofilingcriminalsandmovingpiecesofpaperaroundweresuddenlyputonthestreetsCrimefiguresreleasedbyLondon’sMetropolitanPolicethisweekprovidethebestansweryet. FollowingthebombingsofJuly7thand21stthousandsofpoliceofficersmaterialisedonLondon’spavementsmanyofthemsportingbrightlycolouredjackets.Drawnfromalloverthecitytheywereassignedtoguardpotentialtargetssuchasrailwaystations.Thepolicepresencewasespeciallyheavyinthebombedboroughs:CamdenwhichwasstruckthreetimesHammersnrithandFulhamLamhethTowerHamletsWestminsterandtheCityofLondon. Theshowofforcedidnotjustscareoffterrorists.TherewaslesscrimeinJulythaninMayorJunewhichAsunusual:thewarmermonthtendstobringoutcriminaltendenciesaswindowsareleftopenandalcoholisimbibedalfresco.Butthechillingeffectwasmuchstrongerinthesixboroughsthatweretargetedbyterrorists.Thereoverallcrimewasdownby12%comparedwithJuly2004.IninnerLondonasawholecrimefellby6%.ButinouterLondonwherethebluelinewasthinneritwentupslightly. SimonFoywhotrackssuchtrendsattheMetropolitanPolicesaysthatcrimefellparticularlysteeplyonthedaysoftheattackspartlybecauseoftheoverwhelmingpolicepresenceandpartlybecause"evencriminalswerewatchingtheirtelevisions".Whatissignificantisthatcrimebarelyrosethereafter.ThatwasachangefromtheaftermathofSeptember11th2001whencrimequicklysoaredjustabouteverywhere—possiblybecauseofficersweredeployedonlyintheverycentreofLondon. "Thereceivedwisdomamongcriminologistsisthatmarginalchangesinvisiblepatrollinghavelittleornoeffectoncrime"saysMikeHoughacriminologistatKing’sCollegeLondon.July’sexperimentshouldputthatargumenttorest.Evenifoffendersdonotmakerationalcalculationsabouttheoddsofbeingcaught—whichwaslowbothbeforeandafterthebombings--theywillBemovedbyadisplayofoverwhelmingforce. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthecrimeoccurrencemaybeassociatedwith
OnthegroundflooroftheFederalReservebuildinginWashingtonDCthereisanelectronicgamewhichtestsavisitor’sskillatsettinginterestrates.Youhavetodecidehowtorespondtoeventssuchasrisinginflationorastockmarketcrash.IfyougetalltheanswersrightthemachinedeclaresyouthenextFedchairman.Inreallifebecauseofhugeuncertaintiesaboutdataandhowtheeconomyworksthereisnoobviouslyrightanswertothequestionofwhentochangeinterestrates.NoristhereanyeasytestofwhowillmakethebestFedchairman.SowhowouldTheEconomistSelectforthejob AlanGreenspanwillretireasFedchairmanonJanuary31stafteramere18yearsinthejob.SoGeorgeBushneedstonominateasuccessorsoon.Mr.Bushhasapenchantforpickinghispalstofilltopjobs:lastweekhenominatedhispersonallawyerHarrietMierstotheSupremeCourt.ButhispersonalbankmanagerreallywouldnotcutthemustardasFedchairman.Thisisthemostimportanteconomic-policyjobinAmerica—indeedinthewholeworld.TheFedchairmansetsinterestrateswiththeaimofcontrollinginflationwhichinturnhelpsdeterminethevalueofthedollartheworld’smainreservecurrency.Itishardlysurprisingthatfinancialmarketsworldwidecanriseorfallonhiseveryword. Financialmarketsaretypicallymorevolatileduringthefirstyearafterthehandovertoanewchairmanthanduringtherestofhistenure.InOctober1987barelytwomonthsafterMr.Greenspantookofficethestockmarketcrashed.Currentconditionsforahandoverarehardlyideal.America’seconomyhasneverlookedsounbalancedwithanegativehouseholdsavingsrateahousingbubbleaheftybudgetdeficitarecordcurrent-accountdeficitandrisinginflation.FiguresdueonOctober14thareexpectedtoshowthatthe12-monthrateofinflationhasrisenabove4%—itshighestsince1991. Theauthormentionsahousingbubbleinthelastparagraphsoasto
LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kinandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace--Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000--halfofthemfirst-timers--totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland--aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. Itcanbelearnedfromthesecondparagraphofthetextthat
LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kinandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace--Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000--halfofthemfirst-timers--totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland--aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. 43
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
OnthegroundflooroftheFederalReservebuildinginWashingtonDCthereisanelectronicgamewhichtestsavisitor’sskillatsettinginterestrates.Youhavetodecidehowtorespondtoeventssuchasrisinginflationorastockmarketcrash.IfyougetalltheanswersrightthemachinedeclaresyouthenextFedchairman.Inreallifebecauseofhugeuncertaintiesaboutdataandhowtheeconomyworksthereisnoobviouslyrightanswertothequestionofwhentochangeinterestrates.NoristhereanyeasytestofwhowillmakethebestFedchairman.SowhowouldTheEconomistSelectforthejob AlanGreenspanwillretireasFedchairmanonJanuary31stafteramere18yearsinthejob.SoGeorgeBushneedstonominateasuccessorsoon.Mr.Bushhasapenchantforpickinghispalstofilltopjobs:lastweekhenominatedhispersonallawyerHarrietMierstotheSupremeCourt.ButhispersonalbankmanagerreallywouldnotcutthemustardasFedchairman.Thisisthemostimportanteconomic-policyjobinAmerica—indeedinthewholeworld.TheFedchairmansetsinterestrateswiththeaimofcontrollinginflationwhichinturnhelpsdeterminethevalueofthedollartheworld’smainreservecurrency.Itishardlysurprisingthatfinancialmarketsworldwidecanriseorfallonhiseveryword. Financialmarketsaretypicallymorevolatileduringthefirstyearafterthehandovertoanewchairmanthanduringtherestofhistenure.InOctober1987barelytwomonthsafterMr.Greenspantookofficethestockmarketcrashed.Currentconditionsforahandoverarehardlyideal.America’seconomyhasneverlookedsounbalancedwithanegativehouseholdsavingsrateahousingbubbleaheftybudgetdeficitarecordcurrent-accountdeficitandrisinginflation.FiguresdueonOctober14thareexpectedtoshowthatthe12-monthrateofinflationhasrisenabove4%—itshighestsince1991. Whichofthefollowingwordsbestdefinestherelationshipbetweenthevalueofdollarandsettingofinterestrates
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
LastweekendsportsmenandwomenofanunusuallyhardydispositiondescendedonSherborneaprettyDorsettown.TheretheyswamtwicearoundSherborneCastle’slakecycled180kinandthenranamarathon.Thewinnersofthisgruellingrace--Britain’sinauguralIronmantriathlon—wererewardedwithaspotinaprestigiousraceinHawaiiwhereyetmorepainawaits. ForasportbarelyknowninBritainfiveyearsagotriathlonhasgrownatasprinter’space.ThisyeartheBritishTriathlonAssociationthegoverningbodywillsanctionsome450triathlonsduathlonsrunningandbikingandaquathlonsrunningandswimming.Thesevaryfromtoughracesaimedatendurancejunkiestoshortereventsdesignedtolurenewcomers.ByfarthemostsuccessfulistheLondontriathlonwhichthreeweeksagobrought8000--halfofthemfirst-timers--totheRoyalVictoriaDockineastLondon.Thatmadeittheworld’sbiggest. Thereareechoesofthejoggingcrazeoftheearly1980s.BothsportsareAmericanexports;bothhavegrownpartlythankstotelevisioncoverage.InclusionintheOlympicandCommonwealthgameshasconferredcredibilityandstatefundingontriathlon.EvenbetterBritain’sprofessionaltriathletesaredoingratherwellontheinternationalcircuit. Therearepracticalreasonsforthegrowthofthesporttoo.NickRuslingeventdirectoroftheLondontriathlonpointsoutthatestablishedeventssuchastheLondonmarathonandGreatNorthRunarehugelyover-subscribedthisyearthemarathonreceived98500applicationsfor36000places.Triathlonoffersamorereliableroutetoexhaustionandafreshchallengetoathleteswhoarelikelytocross-trainanyway. Thesportwillnotsoonsupplant"thegreatsuburbanEverest"asChrisBrasherfounderoftheLondonmarathondescribedhisevent.Thesport’stripartitenaturemeansthatputtingoneventsisfiendishlycomplexafactreflectedinhighentryfees:competitorsatlastweekend’sIronmanraceforkedout￡220.Shortereventsarecheaperbutparticipantsmuststillprovidetheirownbicyclesandwetsuitsandpayfortraining.ComparedwiththeinhabitantsofNewhamtheLondonboroughwherethisyear’sLondontriathlonwasheldcompetitorsappearedoverwhelminglywhiteandmiddleclass. Anotherdragongrowthisashortageofsuitablevenuesinasmallisland--aproblemexacerbatedbysafetyfears.Butthatoughttobelessofahindranceinfuture.Twocourtdecisionsin2003andearlierthisyearhavefirmlyestablishedthattheownersoflargebodiesofwatermaynotbeheldresponsiblewhenadultsinjurethemselvesasaresultofextravagantsportingactions. 45
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
"TheessentialqualitiesofatruePan-Americanism"remarkedFranklinRooseveltin1933"mustbethesameasthosewhichconstituteagoodneighbournamelymutualunderstandingand...asympatheticappreciationoftheother’spointofview."ThatisadvicewhichtheUnitedStateswoulddowelltoheedinitsrelationswithitsimmediateneighboursCanadaandMexico.MostAmericansmaynotbeawareofitbutfrustrationsandresentmentsarebuildingjustacrosstheirborderstobothsouthandnorth. OfcourseneighbourlytiesinNorthAmericaarecloserthaninRoosevelt’sday.UndertheNorthAmericanFree-TradeAgreementNAFTAtradeamongthethreecountrieshasmorethandoubledsince1994andcross-borderinvestmentclimbedevenfaster.IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksofSeptember11th2001theUnitedStatesmovedquicklytosign"smartborder"agreementswithbothCanadaandMexicototrytoensurethatthedemandsofsecuritydidnotinterrupttrade.Bythestandardsofmuchofthe20thcenturypoliticaltiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandMexicoarewarm. Yetgotoeitherborderandyouwouldn’tknowallthis.FedupwiththeflowofillegalmigrantsfromthcsouththegovernorsofArizonaandNewMexicothismonthdeclaredastateofemergency.ViolencebetweendruggangsrecentlyledtheUnitedStatestemporarilytocloseitsconsulateinNuevoLaredothebusiestborder-crossingpoint.TheAmericanambassadorbluntlycriticisesMexicoforitsfailuretopreventdrug-relatedviolencealongtheborder.ThathaspromptedretaliatoryverbalblastsfromMexicanofficials. Canada’smoodisnotmuchmorecordial.SinceSeptember11thCanadiansandAmericansalikehavebecomelesskeenonpoppingoverwhattheylikedtocall"theworld’slongestundefendedborder"forshoppingorrecreation.CanadiansincreasinglydisagreewithAmericansovermattersasvariedastheIraqwarandgaymarriage.TheyaredisillusionedwithNAFTAclaimingithasfailedtopreventtheUnitedStatesfromunlawfullypunishingtheirexportsofforexamplelumber. SowhatFrictionisinthenatureofinternationalrelationsandtheproblemsonthenorthernborderaredifferentfromthoseinthesouth.Yetthereisacommondenominator.Americanstendtoseesecuritymigrationdrugseventradeasdomesticpoliticalissues.ButsotheyareforCanadaandMexicotoo.LikeitornotAmericansrelyontheirneighboursforprosperityenergyandhelpwithsecurity.Itbehovesallthreecountriestoshowsome"sympatheticunderstanding". AccordingtothetextAmericaandCanadahaveyettoreachconsensuson
"TheessentialqualitiesofatruePan-Americanism"remarkedFranklinRooseveltin1933"mustbethesameasthosewhichconstituteagoodneighbournamelymutualunderstandingand...asympatheticappreciationoftheother’spointofview."ThatisadvicewhichtheUnitedStateswoulddowelltoheedinitsrelationswithitsimmediateneighboursCanadaandMexico.MostAmericansmaynotbeawareofitbutfrustrationsandresentmentsarebuildingjustacrosstheirborderstobothsouthandnorth. OfcourseneighbourlytiesinNorthAmericaarecloserthaninRoosevelt’sday.UndertheNorthAmericanFree-TradeAgreementNAFTAtradeamongthethreecountrieshasmorethandoubledsince1994andcross-borderinvestmentclimbedevenfaster.IntheaftermathoftheterroristattacksofSeptember11th2001theUnitedStatesmovedquicklytosign"smartborder"agreementswithbothCanadaandMexicototrytoensurethatthedemandsofsecuritydidnotinterrupttrade.Bythestandardsofmuchofthe20thcenturypoliticaltiesbetweentheUnitedStatesandMexicoarewarm. Yetgotoeitherborderandyouwouldn’tknowallthis.FedupwiththeflowofillegalmigrantsfromthcsouththegovernorsofArizonaandNewMexicothismonthdeclaredastateofemergency.ViolencebetweendruggangsrecentlyledtheUnitedStatestemporarilytocloseitsconsulateinNuevoLaredothebusiestborder-crossingpoint.TheAmericanambassadorbluntlycriticisesMexicoforitsfailuretopreventdrug-relatedviolencealongtheborder.ThathaspromptedretaliatoryverbalblastsfromMexicanofficials. Canada’smoodisnotmuchmorecordial.SinceSeptember11thCanadiansandAmericansalikehavebecomelesskeenonpoppingoverwhattheylikedtocall"theworld’slongestundefendedborder"forshoppingorrecreation.CanadiansincreasinglydisagreewithAmericansovermattersasvariedastheIraqwarandgaymarriage.TheyaredisillusionedwithNAFTAclaimingithasfailedtopreventtheUnitedStatesfromunlawfullypunishingtheirexportsofforexamplelumber. SowhatFrictionisinthenatureofinternationalrelationsandtheproblemsonthenorthernborderaredifferentfromthoseinthesouth.Yetthereisacommondenominator.Americanstendtoseesecuritymigrationdrugseventradeasdomesticpoliticalissues.ButsotheyareforCanadaandMexicotoo.LikeitornotAmericansrelyontheirneighboursforprosperityenergyandhelpwithsecurity.Itbehovesallthreecountriestoshowsome"sympatheticunderstanding". Politicalrelationshipisdiscussedinthetextsoasto
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
OnthegroundflooroftheFederalReservebuildinginWashingtonDCthereisanelectronicgamewhichtestsavisitor’sskillatsettinginterestrates.Youhavetodecidehowtorespondtoeventssuchasrisinginflationorastockmarketcrash.IfyougetalltheanswersrightthemachinedeclaresyouthenextFedchairman.Inreallifebecauseofhugeuncertaintiesaboutdataandhowtheeconomyworksthereisnoobviouslyrightanswertothequestionofwhentochangeinterestrates.NoristhereanyeasytestofwhowillmakethebestFedchairman.SowhowouldTheEconomistSelectforthejob AlanGreenspanwillretireasFedchairmanonJanuary31stafteramere18yearsinthejob.SoGeorgeBushneedstonominateasuccessorsoon.Mr.Bushhasapenchantforpickinghispalstofilltopjobs:lastweekhenominatedhispersonallawyerHarrietMierstotheSupremeCourt.ButhispersonalbankmanagerreallywouldnotcutthemustardasFedchairman.Thisisthemostimportanteconomic-policyjobinAmerica—indeedinthewholeworld.TheFedchairmansetsinterestrateswiththeaimofcontrollinginflationwhichinturnhelpsdeterminethevalueofthedollartheworld’smainreservecurrency.Itishardlysurprisingthatfinancialmarketsworldwidecanriseorfallonhiseveryword. Financialmarketsaretypicallymorevolatileduringthefirstyearafterthehandovertoanewchairmanthanduringtherestofhistenure.InOctober1987barelytwomonthsafterMr.Greenspantookofficethestockmarketcrashed.Currentconditionsforahandoverarehardlyideal.America’seconomyhasneverlookedsounbalancedwithanegativehouseholdsavingsrateahousingbubbleaheftybudgetdeficitarecordcurrent-accountdeficitandrisinginflation.FiguresdueonOctober14thareexpectedtoshowthatthe12-monthrateofinflationhasrisenabove4%—itshighestsince1991. Whichofthefollowingquestionsdoesthetextdiscuss
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Energywillbeoneofthedefiningissuesofthiscentury.Onethingisclear:theeraof1oilisover.Whatwealldonextwilldeterminehowwellwemeettheenergyneedsoftheentireworldinthiscenturyand2. Demandissoaringlike3before.Aspopulationsgrowandeconomies4millionsinthedevelopingworldareenjoyingthebenefitsofalifestylethat5increasingamountsofenergy.Infactsomesaythatin20yearstheworldwill640%moreoilthanitdoestoday.Atthesametimemanyoftheworld’soilandgasfieldsare7.Andnewenergydiscoveriesaremainlyoccurringinplaceswhereresourcesaredifficultto8physicallyeconomicallyandevenpolitically.Whengrowingdemandmeets9suppliestheresultismore10forthesameresources. Wecanwaituntilacrisisforcesustodosomething.11wecan12toworkingtogetherandstartbyaskingthe13questions:HowdowemeettheenergyneedsofthedevelopingworldandthoseofindustrializednationsWhatrolewillrenewablesand14energiesplayWhatisthebestwaytoprotectourenvironmentHowdoweaccelerateourconservationefforts15actionswetakewemustlooknotjusttonextyear16tothenext50years. AtChevronwebelievethatinnovationcollaborationandconservationarethe17onwhichtobuildthisnewworld.Wecannotdothisalone.Corporationsgovernmentsandeverycitizenofthisplanetmustbepartofthesolutionas18astheyarepartoftheproblem.We19scientistsandeducatorspoliticiansandpolicy-makersenvironmentalistsleadersofindustryandeachoneofyoutobepartof20thenexteraofenergy. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Ithaslongbeenthesubjectofspeculationamongthepoliceandcriminologists:whatwouldhappenifalltheofficerswhonowspendsomuchoftheirtimetakingstatementsprofilingcriminalsandmovingpiecesofpaperaroundweresuddenlyputonthestreetsCrimefiguresreleasedbyLondon’sMetropolitanPolicethisweekprovidethebestansweryet. FollowingthebombingsofJuly7thand21stthousandsofpoliceofficersmaterialisedonLondon’spavementsmanyofthemsportingbrightlycolouredjackets.Drawnfromalloverthecitytheywereassignedtoguardpotentialtargetssuchasrailwaystations.Thepolicepresencewasespeciallyheavyinthebombedboroughs:CamdenwhichwasstruckthreetimesHammersnrithandFulhamLamhethTowerHamletsWestminsterandtheCityofLondon. Theshowofforcedidnotjustscareoffterrorists.TherewaslesscrimeinJulythaninMayorJunewhichAsunusual:thewarmermonthtendstobringoutcriminaltendenciesaswindowsareleftopenandalcoholisimbibedalfresco.Butthechillingeffectwasmuchstrongerinthesixboroughsthatweretargetedbyterrorists.Thereoverallcrimewasdownby12%comparedwithJuly2004.IninnerLondonasawholecrimefellby6%.ButinouterLondonwherethebluelinewasthinneritwentupslightly. SimonFoywhotrackssuchtrendsattheMetropolitanPolicesaysthatcrimefellparticularlysteeplyonthedaysoftheattackspartlybecauseoftheoverwhelmingpolicepresenceandpartlybecause"evencriminalswerewatchingtheirtelevisions".Whatissignificantisthatcrimebarelyrosethereafter.ThatwasachangefromtheaftermathofSeptember11th2001whencrimequicklysoaredjustabouteverywhere—possiblybecauseofficersweredeployedonlyintheverycentreofLondon. "Thereceivedwisdomamongcriminologistsisthatmarginalchangesinvisiblepatrollinghavelittleornoeffectoncrime"saysMikeHoughacriminologistatKing’sCollegeLondon.July’sexperimentshouldputthatargumenttorest.Evenifoffendersdonotmakerationalcalculationsabouttheoddsofbeingcaught—whichwaslowbothbeforeandafterthebombings--theywillBemovedbyadisplayofoverwhelmingforce. Whatdoesthewordmaterialisemeaninthesecondparagraph
Ithaslongbeenthesubjectofspeculationamongthepoliceandcriminologists:whatwouldhappenifalltheofficerswhonowspendsomuchoftheirtimetakingstatementsprofilingcriminalsandmovingpiecesofpaperaroundweresuddenlyputonthestreetsCrimefiguresreleasedbyLondon’sMetropolitanPolicethisweekprovidethebestansweryet. FollowingthebombingsofJuly7thand21stthousandsofpoliceofficersmaterialisedonLondon’spavementsmanyofthemsportingbrightlycolouredjackets.Drawnfromalloverthecitytheywereassignedtoguardpotentialtargetssuchasrailwaystations.Thepolicepresencewasespeciallyheavyinthebombedboroughs:CamdenwhichwasstruckthreetimesHammersnrithandFulhamLamhethTowerHamletsWestminsterandtheCityofLondon. Theshowofforcedidnotjustscareoffterrorists.TherewaslesscrimeinJulythaninMayorJunewhichAsunusual:thewarmermonthtendstobringoutcriminaltendenciesaswindowsareleftopenandalcoholisimbibedalfresco.Butthechillingeffectwasmuchstrongerinthesixboroughsthatweretargetedbyterrorists.Thereoverallcrimewasdownby12%comparedwithJuly2004.IninnerLondonasawholecrimefellby6%.ButinouterLondonwherethebluelinewasthinneritwentupslightly. SimonFoywhotrackssuchtrendsattheMetropolitanPolicesaysthatcrimefellparticularlysteeplyonthedaysoftheattackspartlybecauseoftheoverwhelmingpolicepresenceandpartlybecause"evencriminalswerewatchingtheirtelevisions".Whatissignificantisthatcrimebarelyrosethereafter.ThatwasachangefromtheaftermathofSeptember11th2001whencrimequicklysoaredjustabouteverywhere—possiblybecauseofficersweredeployedonlyintheverycentreofLondon. "Thereceivedwisdomamongcriminologistsisthatmarginalchangesinvisiblepatrollinghavelittleornoeffectoncrime"saysMikeHoughacriminologistatKing’sCollegeLondon.July’sexperimentshouldputthatargumenttorest.Evenifoffendersdonotmakerationalcalculationsabouttheoddsofbeingcaught—whichwaslowbothbeforeandafterthebombings--theywillBemovedbyadisplayofoverwhelmingforce. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthetext
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