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The volcano in the cornfield grew until it was bigger than the cornfield! (41)______ People called t...
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Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
ThehugeexplosionatKrakatauwastheresultoftwodiffere
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
ThehugeexplosionatKrakatauwastheresultoftwodiffere
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Thevolcanoisoneofthemostsurprisingfrighteningforce
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentence
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentence
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentence
Thevolcanointhecornfieldgrewuntilitwasbiggertha
Thevolcanoisoneofthemostsurprisingfrighteningthing
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentence
ThehugeexplosionatKrakatauwastheresultoftwodiffere
Directions: Inthefollowingarticlesomesentence
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Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. ThetextsuggeststhatthewealthypeopleintheU.S.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 6
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell--acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat’68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.Thekeyissuesaredifferentnow--abortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti-authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasoneeafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalf-stepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. Thewriter’sattitudetowardstheissueis
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear.EveryyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregionOmisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsocietyhesaid.42OnecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacencyOmiadded.43WHOsaidamongthehighburdenhighriskcountriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime.InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear.InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblemWHOsaid.45.Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010.[A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker.[B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996.[C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions.[D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture.[E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent.[F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath.[G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005.
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 18
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 16
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks."Butwhatareyoucomplainingabout"askedtheRussianambassador."You’vehadmoretimethanGod."AhMr.Annanquippedback"butGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees." RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch."With191memberstates"hesighed"it’snoteasytogetanagreement." MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandall-weekendtalks. The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanew"responsibilitytoprotect"peoplesfromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andan"early"reformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived. Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsit"inallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposes"butfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted. BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.Annandescribingthesummitdocumentas"animportantstepforward"andMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtaken"thefirststeps"towardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim. Accordingtothetextemptyplatitudesmightbefoundinthesectionon
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 14
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear.EveryyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregionOmisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsocietyhesaid.42OnecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacencyOmiadded.43WHOsaidamongthehighburdenhighriskcountriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime.InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear.InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblemWHOsaid.45.Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010.[A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker.[B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996.[C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions.[D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture.[E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent.[F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath.[G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005.
AstudyreleasedalittleoveraweekagowhichfoundthateldestchildrenenduponaveragewithslightlyhigherIQ’sthanyoungersiblingswasareminderthatthefightforself-definitionstartsmuchearlierthanfreshmanyear.Familieswhatevertherelativeintelligenceoftheirmembersoftentreatthefirstbornasifheorshewerethemostacademicandtheyoungersiblingsfillinotherniches:thewildonetheflirt. Theseimposedcaricaturesincombinationwiththeotherlabelsthataccumulatefromthesandboxthroughadolescencecanseemovertimelikeamiserableentourageofidentitiesthatcanbesilencedonlywithhoursoftherapy.Butthere’sanotherwaytoseethesealternateidentities:aschallengesthatcansharpenpsychologicalskills.InacountrywherereinventionisconsideredabirthrightmanypeopleseemtotreatoldidentitiesthewayHoudinitreatedpadlockedboxes:somethingtowrigglefreefrombeforebeingdraggeddown.Andpsychologicalresearchsuggeststhatthisabilitycanbeasignofmentalresilienceoftakingcontrolofyourownstoryratherthanbeingtrappedbyit. Thelate-nightbullsessionsincollegeoratbackyardbarbecuesareatsomelevellikeout-of-bodyexperiencesallowingare-coloringofpastexperiencetoconnectwithnewacquaintances.Amoreobviousoutlettoexpandidentity--andonethat’savailabletothosewhohavenotorcannotescapethefamilyandcommunitywherethey’reknownandlabeled--istheInternet.Admittedlyalotoftherole-playingontheInternetcanhaveadeviantquality.Butresearchershavefoundthatmanypeoplewhoplaylife-simulationgamesforexamplesetupthekindoffamiliestheywouldliketohavehadevenscriptalternateversionsoftheirownroleinthefamilyorinapeergroup. DecadesagothepsychologistErikEricksonconceivedofmiddleageasastageoflifedefinedbyatensionbetweenstagnationandgenerativity-ahealthysenseofguidingandnourishingthenextgenerationofhelpingthecommunity.InaseriesofstudiestheNorthwesternpsychologistDanP.McAdamshasfoundthatadultsintheir40sand50swhoselivesshowthisgenerousquality-whooftenvolunteerwhohaveasenseofaccomplishment-tellverysimilarstoriesabouthowtheycametobewhotheyare.WhethertheygrewupinruralpovertyorwithviewsofCentralParktheytoldtheirlifestoriesasseriesofredemptivelessons.Whentheyfailedagradetheyfoundawonderfultutorandlatermadethehonorroll;whenfiredfromagoodjobtheywereforcedtostarttheirownbusiness. Thissimilarityinnarrativeconstructionsmostlikelyreflectssomeagencyawillfulreshapingandre-imaginingofthepastthatinformsthepresent.Thesearepeoplewhowhetherpeggedasnerdsorrebelsorploddershavetakencontrolofthestoriesthatformtheiridentities. Inconversationpeopleareoftenwillingtohandoutthumbnaildescriptionsofthemselves:"I’mkindofahermit."Oratalkerapracticaljokerastriverasnobamorningperson.Buttheyaremorelikelytowincewhensomeoneelsedescribesthemsoauthoritatively. Maybethat’sbecausetheyhavecometoofarshakenoffenougholdlabelsalready.Likeescapeartistswithalifetime’sexperienceslippingthroughchainstheydon’twantorneedanyadditionalwork.Becausewhilemostpeoplecanleavetheirfamilynichesschoolyardnicknamesandhighschoolreputationsbehindtheydon’teverentirelyforgetthem. Psychologistsseemtobelievethatifadultswanttoremaketheiridentitytheyneedto
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon.Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41.Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42.Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43.Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit.Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina.45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess.[A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently.[B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers.[C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily.[D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply.[E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou.[F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo.[G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation.
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell--acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat’68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.Thekeyissuesaredifferentnow--abortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti-authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasoneeafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalf-stepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. TheviewsofHoffmanandDutschkeonrebellionare
Itwasthebestoftimesordependingonyourpoliticalandphilosophicaloutlookoneofthefoulestandmostdepraved.Rebellionseemedtobeleapingfromcitytocitycontinenttocontinentbysomefieryprocessofcontagion.RadicalstudentsfilledthestreetsofMexicocityBerlinTokyoPrague.IntheU.S.ChicagoswirledintonearanarchyascopsbattledantiwardemonstratorsgatheredattheDemocraticConvention.AndeverywherefromAmsterdamtoHaight-Ashburyagenerationwasgettinghighactingup. Soclearlyitwastheyearfromhell--acollective"diveintoextensivesocialandpersonaldysfunction"astheWallStreetJournaleditorializedrecently.Ordependingagainonyouroutlookaglobalbreakthroughforthehumanspirit.Onthisthe25thanniversaryof1968probablytheonlythingwecanallagreeonisthat’68marksthebeginningofthe"culturewars"whichhavedividedAmericaeversince. Boththesidesofthe"culturewars"ofthe’80sand’90stookforminthecriticalyearof’68.Thekeyissuesaredifferentnow--abortionandgayrightsforexampleasopposedtoVietnamandracism--buttheunderlyingthemesstillechotheclashesof’68:Diversityvs.conformitytraditionvs.iconoclasmself-expressionvs.deferencetonorms."Questionauthority"inotherwordsvs."Fatherknowsbest." The25thanniversaryof’68isagoodtimetoreflectcalmlyandphilosophicallyonthesedeepunderlyingchoices.Ononehandweknowthatanti-authoritarianismforitsownsakeeasilydegeneratesintoarudeandunfocuseddefiance:RevolutionasAbbieHoffmanputit"forthehellofit."Certainly’68haditswretchedexcessesaswellasitsmomentsofglory:thepersonaltragedyoflivesundonebydrugsandsextheheavycostofriotsanddestruction.Onemighteasilyconcludethattheancientrulesandhierarchiesarethereforareason--they’reworkedmoreorlessforuntoldmillenniumssothere’snopointinchangingthemnow. Butit’salsotruethatwhat"worked"forthousandsofyearsmaynotbethebestwayofdoingthings.Democracyafterallwasoneeafar-outsubversivenotioncondemnedbykingsandpriests.Inourowncountryittookallkindsofhell-raisingincludingawartogetacrossthesimplenotionthatnopersonismorallyentitledtoownanother.Onegeneration’shallowedtradition--slaveryorthedivinerightofkings--maybeanothergeneration’sobjectlessoninhumanfolly. ’68wasonemoreawkwardstumblinghalf-stepforwardinwhatDutschkecalledthe"longmarch"towardhumanfreedom.Actuallyithelpedinspiretheworldwidefeministmovement. DifferentgenerationsofAmericansmaybebestdividedwithregardto
TheUnitedStatesexperiencedsomeofthemostextremeweathereventsinitshistorythisspringincludingdeadlyoutbreaksoftornadoesnear-recordfloodingdroughtandwildfires.Damagesfromthesedisastershavealreadypassed$32billionandthehurricaneseasonwhichisjustbeginningisprojectedtobeaboveaverageaccordingtotheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration. GovernmentscientistssaidWednesdaythatthefrequencyofextremeweatherhasincreasedoverthepasttwodecadesinpartasaresultofglobalwarmingcausedbytheaccumulationofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere.Buttheywerecarefulnottoblamehumansforthisyear’srashofdeadlyeventssayingthatinsomewaysweatherpatternswerereturningtothoseseenatthebeginningofthelastcentury."Lookingatlong-termpatternssince1980indeedextremeclimatologicalandmeteorologicaleventshaveincreased"saidThomasR.KarldirectorofNOAA’sNationalClimaticDataCenter."Butintheearlypartofthe20thcenturytherewasalsoatendencyformoreextremeeventsfollowedbyaquietcoupleofdecades." PresentinganewNOAAreporton2011extremeweatherDr.Karlsaidthatextremesofprecipitationhaveincreasedastheplanetwarmsandmorewaterevaporatesfromtheoceans.Healsosaidmodelssuggestthatascarbondioxidebuildsupintheatmosphereandheatstheplanetdroughtswillincreaseinfrequencyandintensity."ButitisdifficultandunlikelytodiscernahumanfingerprintifthereisoneonthedroughtrecordoftheUnitedStates"hesaid. Someotherclimatescientistsweremorecategoricalaboutthehumancontributiontoextremeclimateevents.KevinTrenberthdistinguishedseniorscientistattheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchsaidthatwhenthegreenhouseeffectcausedbyburningfossilfuelsisaddedtothenaturalvariabilityofclimateweatherdisasterscanbeexpectedtooccurmorefrequently."Globalwarmingiscontributingtoanincreasedincidenceofextremeweatherbecausetheenvironmentinwhichallstormsformhaschangedfromhumanactivities"Dr.TrenberthsaidinatelephoneinterviewWednesday."Recordsarenotjustbrokentheyaresmashed.Itisasclearawarningaswearegoingtogetaboutprospectsforthefuture." Aprilwasaparticularlydevastatingmonthfortornadoesandrainfallwith875tornadoesreportedduringthemonthandheavyrainandsnowmeltcontributingtoMississippiRiverfloodinglaterinthespringthatsurpassedthehistoricfloodsof1927and1937.Sofarthisyeartherehavebeennearly1400preliminarytornadoreportsnationwide;thosereportswillmostlikelybewhittleddowntoabout900confirmedtornadoesthesecond-highestannualtotalrecordedinmoderntimes.Therecordis1011confirmedtornadoesin2008.Theyearalsoisontracktobeoneofthedeadliestwith536fatalitiessofarfromtornadoesplacing2011insixthplaceinUnitedStateshistoryandthedeadliestsince1936. Thosewhoblamehumanactivitiesattributeheightenedextremeweatherto
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 12
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 10
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. Privatelawyerscaneasilyexploitadvantagesincurrenttaxsystemmainlybecause
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 8
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 20
Theproducedepartmentsofthefuturemaylooklikenothingonearthandwithgoodreason.Chinesescientistshavebeengrowingtomatoesthesizeofsoftballscucumbersaslongasbaseballbatsandotheroutsizefruitsandvegetablesusingseedsthathavebeenshotintospace.Theseedsarethenexposedtoseventypesofextraterrestrialconditionsfromzerogravityandcosmicradiationtosubatomicparticles.46Asthesespaceveggiesgrowbackonearththeyareselectedfordesirabletraits--bulkappearanceorcertainnutrients--thenbredthroughsuccessivegenerationstoensurethatthemutationsareconsistent.Chinesescientistsdon’tunderstandexactlyhowatripintospacealterstheseeds’DNAandyieldssucheffectsbutit’snotjustsizethatchanges.47TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.UsingconventionalmethodsascientistmightcreatejustthreenewplantsinhislifetimesaysTong.We’vedevelopedmorethan50since1999.48AdozenorsoChinesefirmsarepayingupto$45000agramtoplacevariousfloraaboardsatellitesandmannedspacecraft.Thelong-termgoal:tofeedmorepeopleandhelpendangeredspeciesescapeextinction.Todatenearly3000botanicalspecies-includinggardenvegetablesmedicinalherbsandflowers--havebeensentintoorbitandbroughtbacktoearth.49ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.It’slegaltosellthecosmicproduceandcommercialfarmshavepurchasedsomespaceplants.Butmostarebeingdevelopedinlabsorexperimentalgreenhousesbecausenoonewantstogotomarketbeforethesafetyandqualityoftheproducehavebeenestablished.Evensotheideaofspacefloraisprovingirresistibletoanovelty-lovingChinesepublic.50WhenTongdisplayedahandfulofmonsterspaceeggplants--thelargestofwhichweighedmorethanfourpounds--atanexpoonedisappearedbeforetheshowopened.Hotstuffforsure.
46Populararthasanumberofmeaningsimpossibletodefinewithanyprecisionwhichrangefromfolkloretojunkwithpolesbeingclearenoughbutthemiddletendingtoblur.TheHollywoodWesternofthe1930’sforexamplehaselementsoffolklorebutisclosertojunkthantohighartorfolkart.Therecanbegreattrashjustasthereisbadhighart.ThemusicalsofGeorgeGershwinaregreatpopularartneveraspiringtohighart.SchubertandBrahmshoweverusedelementsofpopularmusic—folkthemes—inworksclearlyintendedashighart.ThecaseofVerdiisadifferentone:hetookapopulargenre—bourgeoismelodramasettomusicanaccuratedefinitionofnineteenth-centuryopera—andwithoutalteringitsfundamentalnaturetransmuteditintohighart.47Thisremainsoneofthegreatestachievementsinmusicandonethatcannotbefullyappreciatedwithoutrecognizingtheessentialtrashinessofthegenre.AsanexampleofsuchatransmutationconsiderwhatVerdimadeofthetypicalpoliticalelementsofnineteenth-centuryopera.48Generallyintheplotsoftheseoperasaheroorheroine—usuallyportrayedonlyasanindividualunrestrainedbyclass—iscaughtbetweentheimmoralcorruptionofthearistocracyandthedoctrinairerigidityoftheleadersofthecivilians.Verditransformsthisnaiveandunlikeformulationwithmusicofextraordinaryenergyandrhythmicvitalitymusicmoresubtlethanitseemsatfirsthearing.Therearescenesandariasthatstillsoundlikecallstoarmsandwereclearlyunderstoodassuchwhentheywerefirstperformed.Suchpieceslendanimmediacytotheotherwiseveiledpoliticalmessageoftheseoperasandcallupfeelingsbeyondthoseoftheoperaitself.OrconsiderVerdi’streatmentofcharacter.49BeforeVerditherewererarelyanycharactersatallinmusicaldramaonlyaseriesofsituationswhichallowedthesingerstoexpressaseriesofemotionalstate.Anyattempttofindcoherentpsychologicalportrayalintheseoperasismisplacedingenuity.Theonlycoherencewasthesinger’svocaltechnique:whenthecastchangednewariaswerealmostalwayssubstitutedgenerallyadaptedfromotheroperas.Verdi’scharactersontheotherhandhavegenuineconsistencyandintegrityevenifinmanycasestheconsistencyisthatofpasteboardmelodrama.Theintegrityofthecharacterisachievedthroughthemusic:50oncehehadbecomeestablishedVerdididnotrewritehismusicfordifferentsingersorallowalterationsorsubstitutionsofsomebodyelse’sariasinoneofhisoperasaseveryeighteenth-centurycomposerhaddone.Whenherevisedanoperaitwasonlyfordramaticeconomyandeffectiveness.
AtColumbiaUniversitywhereItaughteconomicsformanyyearsbeforecomingtoChinamostofmystudentsspentagreatdealoftimeinvolunteerwork.TheytaughtpoorchildreninthelocalneighborhoodstheyvisitedtheelderlyinhospitalsandathomeandhelpedthemwiththeirshoppingtheyworkedtopreservehistoricsitesandplacesofbeautytheycleanedupwastedumpstheypreparedfoodforthehungrytheycreatedandranstudentnewspaperstheyorganizedconcertsandartisticeventstheyactedastranslatorsformigrantworkerstheyformedpoliticalpressuregroupstheyraisedmoneytocombatAIDSmalariaandotherdiseasesandsoon.Aspart0fthattraditionIdovolunteerworkhereinBeijingjustasIdidinNewYorkbutIfindthatmystudentsatTsinghuaUniversityandatotherschoolsinBeijingaremuchlessinvolvedinvolunteeringthenIhadexpected;InpartofcoursethisreflectstheheavierworkloadinChineseschoolswhichleaveslesstimeforoutsideactivities.ButIthinkthereismoretoitthanjustthis.Ithinkitalsoreflectsaverydifferentsysteminwhichvolunteerworkforstudentshereisusuallyorganizedorsponsoredbygovernmentschoolsorotherofficialgroupsratherthanbythestudentsthemselves.41.Thisisunfortunate.IthinkitwouldbebetterbothforthemandforsocietyifChinesestudentstooktheinitiativetodecidewhatkindsofproblemsorissuestheyfelttobeofimportanceandthenplayedamoreactiveroleinorganizingthework.42.Butthereareatleasttwootherimportantreasonsfordoingvolunteerwork.Thefirstisthatyoucanlearnalotaboutyourselfandaboutyourabilitiesbyorganizingtakingonresponsibilitiesdecidingonobjectivesandfulfillingthem.43.Thisisanimportantlesson.Manyofmystudentshereworkveryhardbuttheirattitudetowardstheirworkisnotalwaysahealthyone.Theydotheworknotbecausetheyloveitorfeelthatitisexcitingbutratherbecauseitisexpectedofthemandtheywillgetrewardedoratleastnotpunishediftheydoit.Withcharitableworkthereisnoexplicitreward.Youworkbecauseyouhavegoalsandintheendtheonlyjudgeofyourworkisyourself.44.Italsoforcesyoutothinkaboutwhatyouaredoingandthebestwaytoaccomplishyourobjectives.Youarenolongersimplydoingsomethingbecauseyourteacheroryourbosstoldyoutodoit.Thesecondimportantreasonforcharitableworkisthatitchangesyourrelationshipwithyoursociety.SometimesIfeelthatmanyofthepeopleImeetheredon’treallyappreciatethegreatnessofChinaandtheexcitementoftheprocessthroughwhichitiscurrentlyliving.TheChinesearewell-knownforbeingnationalisticbutsometimesIthinkthisnationalismhasmoretodowithdistrustofforeignersthanwithloveofcountry.ManyofmyfriendsandstudentssimplydonotknowverymuchabouttheirowncountryandoftenseemunhappywithorembarrassedbycertainaspectsofChina.45.ForexampleifyouhelpthechildrenofmigrantworkerswiththeireducationyouwillquicklyrealizethatpoormigrantworkersshouldnotbeseenasanembarrassmenttoBeijing.OnthecontrarytheyareagreatstrengthandtheirstoriesarepartofahugeanddramaticexperimentthatChinaisundergoing.Inasmallwaybyworkingwithmigrantchildrenyoucanhelpmaketheexperimentasuccess.[A]Ithinkthatiftheyhadspentmoretimeengagedinactivitiesoutsideofschoolandfamilysuchasdoingvolunteerworktheywouldfeelverydifferently.[B]Thischangesthewayyouthinkaboutworkandaboutyourresponsibilitiestoyourselfandothers.[C]YouwillrealizehowfutureeventscanhavejustasBiganimpactonyourlifeandthoseofyourfriendsandfamily.[D]ThismeansthatmanystudentshereinBeijingthinkofvolunteeringassomethingthatmustbedonetopleaseteachersbossesorotherfiguresofauthorityratherthanbecauseofadesiretoaddressaproblemaboutwhichtheyhavethoughtverydeeply.[E]Whenyouworkcloselywithotherswhoarelessfortunatethanyouorwhenyousetalocalgoalandworktoaccomplishityouseedirectlyhowyouractionscanaffecttheworldaroundyou.[F]Ifyouareinterestedinvolunteerworkyoudon’thavetowaitforyourschoolyourteachersorofficialsontelevisiontotellyouwhattodo.[G]Therearemanyreasonswhythiswouldbegood.Themostobviousreasonofcourseisthatweallhaveobligationstowardsoursocietyandvolunteerworkisonewayofrepayingthisobligation.
WorldHealthOrganizationWHOofficialsrecentlyurgedAsia-PacificgovernmentstoshakeoffcomplacencyandintensifythefightagainsttuberculosisTBwhichkills1000peopleadayintheregion.ShigeruOmiregionaldirectorofWHOfortheWesternPacificsaiddeathscausedbytuberculosiscontinuetoriseintheregionas’moreandmorepeopleareinfectedwiththedreadfuldiseaseeveryyear.EveryyearanadditionaltwomilliontuberculosiscasesarediagnosedintheregionOmisaidatanewsconferenceduringtheopeningofatwo-daymeetingofAsian’parliamentarianstodiscussstrategiestocontrolthedisease.41WhenitcomestodevelopedcountriesthereasonfortheincreaseofTBisrelatedtotheageingsocietyhesaid.42OnecommonfactamongdevelopingcountriesanddevelopedcountriesiscomplacencyOmiadded.43WHOsaidamongthehighburdenhighriskcountriesintheregionareCambodisChinaLaosMongoliaPapuaNewGuineathePhilippinesandVietnam.44Itnotedthatmorethat40millionpeopleareinfectedwiththediseaseand10percentofthem-willdevelopTBintheirlifetime.InCambodiamorethan7millionpeopleor60percentofthepopulationareinfectedwiththediseasewhileinVietnammorethan145000peopleareinfectedeachyear.InseveraldevelopedandnewlyindustrializedcountriesintheWesternPacificregionTBprevalencehasnotdecreasedmarkedlyduringthelastdecadealthougheconomicgrowthshouldmakemoreresourcesavailabletodealwiththeproblemWHOsaid.45.Omiexpressedconfidencethatwithrenewedvigilanceamonghealthofficialsintheregion.TBprevalencecouldbereducedbyhalfby2010.[A]Ifyoubecomeelderlyyourimmunesystemisbecomingweakerandweaker.[B]InJapanthenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto48264in1999from42472casesin1996.[C]OmipointedoutthatthemainfactorfortheriseofTBcasesindevelopingcountriesistherapidincreaseofpeoplewhomigrateintothebigcitiesandliveinunsanitaryconditions.[D]Thereisnodoubtthattuberculosiswillbeeliminatedcompletelyeverywhereintheworldinthenearfuture.[E]Theythoughtwehavealreadyconqueredtuberculosissotheybecomealittlebitcomplacent.[F]WHOrecordsshowedthatinChinatuberculosisisoneofthemostcommoncausesofdeath.[G]InAsiathenumberofdiagnosedcasesroseto148264in2001from42472casesin2005.
YourfriendMr.Hancouldnotusehisdictionarybecauseofyourfaultandwritealetterinabout100wordstoexpressyourapology. Donotsignyourownnameusing"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
TheUnitedStatesexperiencedsomeofthemostextremeweathereventsinitshistorythisspringincludingdeadlyoutbreaksoftornadoesnear-recordfloodingdroughtandwildfires.Damagesfromthesedisastershavealreadypassed$32billionandthehurricaneseasonwhichisjustbeginningisprojectedtobeaboveaverageaccordingtotheNationalOceanicandAtmosphericAdministration. GovernmentscientistssaidWednesdaythatthefrequencyofextremeweatherhasincreasedoverthepasttwodecadesinpartasaresultofglobalwarmingcausedbytheaccumulationofcarbondioxideintheatmosphere.Buttheywerecarefulnottoblamehumansforthisyear’srashofdeadlyeventssayingthatinsomewaysweatherpatternswerereturningtothoseseenatthebeginningofthelastcentury."Lookingatlong-termpatternssince1980indeedextremeclimatologicalandmeteorologicaleventshaveincreased"saidThomasR.KarldirectorofNOAA’sNationalClimaticDataCenter."Butintheearlypartofthe20thcenturytherewasalsoatendencyformoreextremeeventsfollowedbyaquietcoupleofdecades." PresentinganewNOAAreporton2011extremeweatherDr.Karlsaidthatextremesofprecipitationhaveincreasedastheplanetwarmsandmorewaterevaporatesfromtheoceans.Healsosaidmodelssuggestthatascarbondioxidebuildsupintheatmosphereandheatstheplanetdroughtswillincreaseinfrequencyandintensity."ButitisdifficultandunlikelytodiscernahumanfingerprintifthereisoneonthedroughtrecordoftheUnitedStates"hesaid. Someotherclimatescientistsweremorecategoricalaboutthehumancontributiontoextremeclimateevents.KevinTrenberthdistinguishedseniorscientistattheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchsaidthatwhenthegreenhouseeffectcausedbyburningfossilfuelsisaddedtothenaturalvariabilityofclimateweatherdisasterscanbeexpectedtooccurmorefrequently."Globalwarmingiscontributingtoanincreasedincidenceofextremeweatherbecausetheenvironmentinwhichallstormsformhaschangedfromhumanactivities"Dr.TrenberthsaidinatelephoneinterviewWednesday."Recordsarenotjustbrokentheyaresmashed.Itisasclearawarningaswearegoingtogetaboutprospectsforthefuture." Aprilwasaparticularlydevastatingmonthfortornadoesandrainfallwith875tornadoesreportedduringthemonthandheavyrainandsnowmeltcontributingtoMississippiRiverfloodinglaterinthespringthatsurpassedthehistoricfloodsof1927and1937.Sofarthisyeartherehavebeennearly1400preliminarytornadoreportsnationwide;thosereportswillmostlikelybewhittleddowntoabout900confirmedtornadoesthesecond-highestannualtotalrecordedinmoderntimes.Therecordis1011confirmedtornadoesin2008.Theyearalsoisontracktobeoneofthedeadliestwith536fatalitiessofarfromtornadoesplacing2011insixthplaceinUnitedStateshistoryandthedeadliestsince1936. AccordingtoDr.Karlextremeweatherismainlyattributableto
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 4
WhowontheWorldCup1994footballgameWhathappenedattheUnitedNationsHowdidthecriticslikethenewplay1aneventtakesplacenewspapersareonthestreets2thedetails.Whereveranythinghappensintheworldreportersareonthespotto3thenews. Newspapershaveonebasic4togetthenewsasquicklyaspossiblefromitssourcefromthosewhomakeittothosewhowantto5it. Radiotelegraphtelevisionand6inventionsbroughtcompetitionfornewspaper.Sodidthedevelopmentofmagazinesandothermeansofcommunication.7thiscompetitionmerelyspurredthenewspaperson.Theyquicklymadeuseofthenewerandfastermeansofcommunicationtoimprovethe8andthustheefficiencyoftheirownoperations.Todaymorenewspapersare9andreadthaneverbefore.Competitionalsolednewspaperstobranchoutintomanyotherfields.Besideskeepingreaders10ofthelatestnewstoday’snewspapers11andinfluencereadersaboutpoliticsandotherimportantandseriousmatters.Newspapersinfluencereaders’economicchoices12advertising.Mostnewspapersdependonadvertisingforvery13. Newspapersaresoldatapricethat14evenasmallfractionofthecostofproduction.Themain15ofincomeformostnewspapersiscommercialadvertising.The16insellingadvertisingdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoadvertisers.This17intermsofcirculation.Howmanypeoplereadthenewspaper Circulationdepends18ontheworkofthecirculationdepartmentandontheservicesorentertainment19inanewspaper’spages.Butforthemostpartcirculationdependsonanewspaper’svaluetoreadersasasourceofinformation20thecommunitycitycountystatenationandworld—andevenouterspace. 2
Theproducedepartmentsofthefuturemaylooklikenothingonearthandwithgoodreason.Chinesescientistshavebeengrowingtomatoesthesizeofsoftballscucumbersaslongasbaseballbatsandotheroutsizefruitsandvegetablesusingseedsthathavebeenshotintospace.Theseedsarethenexposedtoseventypesofextraterrestrialconditionsfromzerogravityandcosmicradiationtosubatomicparticles.46Asthesespaceveggiesgrowbackonearththeyareselectedfordesirabletraits--bulkappearanceorcertainnutrients--thenbredthroughsuccessivegenerationstoensurethatthemutationsareconsistent.Chinesescientistsdon’tunderstandexactlyhowatripintospacealterstheseeds’DNAandyieldssucheffectsbutit’snotjustsizethatchanges.47TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.UsingconventionalmethodsascientistmightcreatejustthreenewplantsinhislifetimesaysTong.We’vedevelopedmorethan50since1999.48AdozenorsoChinesefirmsarepayingupto$45000agramtoplacevariousfloraaboardsatellitesandmannedspacecraft.Thelong-termgoal:tofeedmorepeopleandhelpendangeredspeciesescapeextinction.Todatenearly3000botanicalspecies-includinggardenvegetablesmedicinalherbsandflowers--havebeensentintoorbitandbroughtbacktoearth.49ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.It’slegaltosellthecosmicproduceandcommercialfarmshavepurchasedsomespaceplants.Butmostarebeingdevelopedinlabsorexperimentalgreenhousesbecausenoonewantstogotomarketbeforethesafetyandqualityoftheproducehavebeenestablished.Evensotheideaofspacefloraisprovingirresistibletoanovelty-lovingChinesepublic.50WhenTongdisplayedahandfulofmonsterspaceeggplants--thelargestofwhichweighedmorethanfourpounds--atanexpoonedisappearedbeforetheshowopened.Hotstuffforsure.
Thoseofushurryingtofinishourtaxesbytomorrow’sdeadlinewillprobablybesubjectedtothoughtsoftheI.R.S.InternalRevenueServiceasanall-powerfulbully.Butthetruthisthegovernmentisnotalwaysamatchforthetaxadvisorsofwealthypeoplesoalotoftaxeswillgounpaidatthetopoftheincomescale. Lawyerswhorepresenthigh-incometaxpayersearnmorethan10timeswhatseniorgovernmentlawyersdo—anobviousdisadvantageforthegovernmentagenciesinattractingandretainingtoptalent.Thelawyerswhowriteourtaxrulesareoverworkedandsometimesinexperiencedsothattheyleaveloopholesthatareexploitedbymoreexperiencedprivatelawyers.Andthegovernmentalwayslosescaseswhichitshouldwinandprovidesprivatelawyerswithprecedents. Asthisviciouscycleshowsskimping节约ontaxadministrationisafalseeconomy.Insteadifwesubstantiallyincreasegovernmentsalariesandstaffinglevelswecanraisemorerevenuewithlowertaxratesandlesswaste.Fourreformsshouldbeadoptedimmediately. Firstthegovernmentshouldfocusonhiringtalentedyounglawyerssincethepaydisparitywiththeprivatesectorisnarrowerforthem.TheseeffortswillbemoreeffectiveifCongresshelpsnewgraduatesrepaystudentloanswhichoftenaremorethan$100000.Aloanrepaymentprogramwouldbeapowerfulrecruitingdevice. Secondthegovernmentshouldtapanotherpromisingtalentpool—recentretireesfromprivatepractice—tomentoryounglawyers.Thesalarygapislessofanissueforretireesandtheopportunitytogivebacktothetaxsystemcanbequiteappealing. Thirdthegovernmentshouldretainasmallteamofadozentoptaxlawyersatsalariesclosertothemarketrate.Theycanserveasarapidreactionforcedecidingwhethertoshutdownanewaggressivestrategyimmediatelyortoletitbeevaluatedthroughusualgovernmentchannels. Fourththegovernmentshouldretainprivatelawyerstohelpwithhigh-priorityprojects.Animportantconstraintisthatlawyerswhorepresentprivateclientsmayviewitasaconflicttohelpthegovernment.Butthisisnotalwaystrue. Throughbarassociationsprivatelawyersalreadyvolunteertoreviewproposedchangesinthetaxlawandofferwaystoimprovethem.Taxacademicscanalsobeavaluableandconflict-freesourceofexpertisesincetheyordinarilydonotrepresentclients.Andsometaxlitigators诉讼律师mayviewitasaprestigiousopportunityandapatrioticservicetorepresentthegovernmentinataxcasethatcouldsetanimportantprecedent. Thetaxsystemcanbeonlyasstrongasthepeoplewhorunitsothegovernmenthastorecruitandretainthemostpromisingtalent.Ataxsystemcanbefairandefficientonlywhenitisadministeredsoundly. Accordingtothetextthemostimportantfactortoperfecttaxsystemisto
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks."Butwhatareyoucomplainingabout"askedtheRussianambassador."You’vehadmoretimethanGod."AhMr.Annanquippedback"butGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees." RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch."With191memberstates"hesighed"it’snoteasytogetanagreement." MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandall-weekendtalks. The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanew"responsibilitytoprotect"peoplesfromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andan"early"reformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived. Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsit"inallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposes"butfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted. BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.Annandescribingthesummitdocumentas"animportantstepforward"andMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtaken"thefirststeps"towardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim. Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat
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