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A cramped public-school test kitchen might seem an unlikely outpost for a food revolution. But Colla...
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下列代码中将引起编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest2intmn3public
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest{2intmn;3publicTe
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是【】 1publicclassTest{ 2intmn 3p
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是 1publicclassTest{ 2intmn 3publi
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest2intmn3publicTest
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下列程序的输出结果为publicclassTest{publicstaticvoidmainStri
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTest{publicstaticvoidmainS
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下面程序执行的结果应是【8】 classTest2{ publicstaticvoidmainS
下列代码中将引起编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest2intmn3public
m=a;
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(6) Test t1,t2;
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(9) t1=new Test( );
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是 1publicclassTest{2intmn3publicT
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTest{publicstaticvoidmainS
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下列代码中将引起编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest{2intmn3publi
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTestpublicstaticvoidmainSt
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下列语句序列执行后k的值是publicclassTestpublicstaticvoidmainSt
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是______1publicclassTest2intmn;3pub
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下面程序执行的结果应是【】 classTest2{ publicstaticvoidmainSt
下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest2intmn;3publicTes
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下列语句序列执行后K的值是______publicclassTest11{publicstaticv
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下列代码中将引起一个编译错误的行是1publicclassTest2intmn;3publicTes
m=a;
5) public static void main(String args[])
6) Test t1,t2;
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下列语句序列执行后K的值是______publicclassTest11publicstaticvo
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Peoplehavegoodreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeenseenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliamWilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementtoabolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther:mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacitytosuffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereservedformankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesaremeasuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Thosewhowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfromghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplacessafelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyofpeoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquitehappilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapstheinconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutitpeoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisboundtogetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusionandcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearchisremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheircampaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwhereveryoudrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyanalternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgraspitbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animalresearchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit.Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedstheunknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyandlargekindtoitsanimals.ThecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethatdieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanelykilledthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.IndeedifDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucanbefairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastepbackwards.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]ThehourlongdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 41
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused.Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitledWomeninanInsecureWorldfacenothingshortofahiddengendercide.Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates--notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones.AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographicallymissing.Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsonsso-calledhonourkillingsanddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogenderbasedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime.Hitler’sHolocaustandtheRwandangenocidearementionedinthetextwiththeaimto______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 7
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 13
Peoplehavegoodreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeenseenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliamWilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementtoabolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther:mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacitytosuffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereservedformankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesaremeasuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Thosewhowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfromghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplacessafelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyofpeoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquitehappilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapstheinconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutitpeoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisboundtogetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusionandcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearchisremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheircampaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwhereveryoudrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyanalternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgraspitbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animalresearchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit.Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedstheunknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyandlargekindtoitsanimals.ThecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethatdieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanelykilledthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.IndeedifDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucanbefairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastepbackwards.Thefirstparagraphiswrittento______.
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]ThehourlongdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 45
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure.FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting$60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.IttookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.AclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic.USAaccordingtothetextdisapprovedofRussianexpedientinthat______.
TheimpulsetoexcessamongyoungBritonsremainsaspowerfulaseverbuttheforcethatusedtokeeptheimpulseincheckhasallbutdisappearedclaimedanewspaper.LegislationthatmadeiteasiertogetholdofadrinkwasanActfortheincreaseofdrunkennessandimmoralityassertedapolitician.Thefirststatementcomesfrom2005thesecondfrom1830.Onbothoccasionstheobjectofscornwasaparliamentarybillthatpromisedtosweepawayantiquatedlicensinglaws.AsliberalregulationscameintoforcethisweekBritonsonbothsidesofthedebateunwittinglyfolloweda19th-centuryscript.Reformersthenasnowtookabenignviewofhumannature.MakeboozecheaperandmorereadilyavailablesaidtheliberalisersanddrinkerswoulddevelopsensiblecontinentalEuropeanstyleways.Nonsenseretortedthecritics.HabitsarehardtochangerifBritonscandrinkeasilytheywilldrinkmore.Worryinglyformodernadvocatesofliheralisationearlierdoomsayersturnedouttoberight.Between1820and1840consumptionofmaltwhichisusedtomakebeerincreasedbymorethan50%.WorseBritonsdevelopedakeenertasteforwhatThomasCarlylecalledliquidmadness--ginandotherspirits.Thebacklashwasfierce.Criticspointedtowidespreaddebaucheryinthemoredisreputablesectionsoftheworkingclass.Theywereparticularlyworriedaboutthepeoplewhoinalateragecametobeknownasladettes.AnacutefearsaysVirginiaBerridgewhostudiestemperanceattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicinewasthatwomenwouldpassontheirsinfulwaystotheirchildren.Inthe19thcenturytemperanceorganisationssetuptheirownnewspaperstoeducatethepublicabouttheconsequencesofexcess.Thatatleasthaschanged:thesedaysthemainstreammediarailagainstthedemondrinkallbythemselves.Whatdothe19thcenturyreformersandpresent-dayreformershaveincommon
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis.TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor£577m$1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms.Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to£114m$196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears.Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay.Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.ButifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetooTheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference.Basedonthefirstparagraphthebesttitleofthetextcouldbe______.
Directions:WritealettertoLiuXiangexpressingcongratulationsforhisnewworldrecord.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis.TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor£577m$1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms.Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to£114m$196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears.Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay.Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.ButifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetooTheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference.Accordingtothefirstandlastparagraphswhichofthefollowingisstillinsuspense
Inthepastyearalothaschangedinthefieldofhumanspaceflight.46InJanuaryPresidentGeorgeBushbrushedasidethefactthatAmerica’sentirespace-shuttlefleetwasgroundedwhenheannouncedgrandioseplanstoputpeoplebackonthemoonandthentolaunchamannedmissiontoMars.47InJuneBurtRutananAmericanaeronauticalengineershowedthathumanspaceflightwasnolongerthepreserveofgovernmentsbysendingamantotheedgeofspaceinSpaceShipOneaprivatelyfinancedvehiclethatcostaboutthesametobuildasaluxuryyacht.ThatwasfollowedinSeptemberbySirRichardBransontheBritishentrepreneurbehindtheVirginbrandannouncingthathehadsignedadealwithMrRutantoworkonplansforafleetoffivesuborbitalvehiclesdevelopedfromSpaceShipOne. 48NowinthedyingdaysoftheyearAmerica’sCongresshaspassedabillthatunravelsatangleaboutwhowouldberesponsibleforregulatingthefledglingindustryandunderwhatterms.49ThehillalsoallowspassengerstoflyontheunderstandingthatthisnewgenerationofvehiclesmaynotbeassafeastakingacommercialflightbetweensayNewYorkandLondon. TheofficiallinefromVirginGalacticaasSirRichard’slatestventureismodestlynamedisthatthiscomingchangeinthelawmakesnopracticaldifferencetothefirm’splanssincetheydonotintendtoflyunlesstheycanmaketheirspacecraftassafeasaprivatejet.Butitmustsurelycomeassomesortofrelief.InanycaseWillWhitehorndirectorofcorporateaffairsatVirgin’sheadquartersinLondonandsoontobecomethepresidentofVirginGalacticasaysthatworkisunderwayonamockupoftheinter[orofanewspacecraftthatwillholdfivepassengers.50Virginhasalreadycommitted$20mtowardslicensingtheSpaceShipOnetechnologyfromMrRutanandhisfinancialbackerPaulAllenasoftwarebillionaire. InJuneBurtRutananAmericanaeronauticalengineershowedthathumanspaceflightwasnolongerthepreserveofgovernmentsbysendingamantotheedgeofspaceinSpaceShipOneaprivatelyfinancedvehiclethatcostaboutthesametobuildasaluxuryyacht.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 15
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 3
TheymaynotbetherichestbutAfricansremaintheworld’sstaunchestoptimists.AnannualsurveybyGallupInternationalaresearchoutfitshowsthatwhenaskedwhetherthisyearwillbebetterthanlastAfricaonceagaincomesoutontop.Outof52000peopleinterviewedallovertheworldunderhalfbelievethatthingsarelookingup.ButinAfricatheproportioniscloseto60%almosttwiceasmuchasinEurope.Africanshavesomereasonstobecheerful.Thecontinent’seconomyhasbeendoingfairlywellwithSouthAfricatheeconomicpowerhousegrowingsteadilyoverthepastfewyears.SomeofAfrica’slong-runningconflictssuchasthewarbetweenthenorthandsouthinSudanandthecivilwarinCongohaveended.AfricaevenhasitsfirstelectedfemaleheadofstateinLiberia.Yetthereisnoshortageofdownerstoo.MostofAfricaremainsdirtpoor.CrisesinplaceslikeCoted’IvoireSierraLeoneandZimbabwearefarfromsolved.AndthedemocraticcredentialsofEthiopiaandUgandaoncethedarlingsofwesterndonorshavetakenabadknock.AIDSkilledovergmAfricansin2005andwillkillmorethisyear.SoisitalljustacaseofirrationalexuberanceMerilJamesofGalluparguesthatthereisinfactusuallyverylittlerelationbetweenthesurvey’soptimismrankingsandreality.AfricansthisyearledbyNigeriansareconsistentlythemostupbeatwhethertheirlotgetsbetterornot.OntheotherhandGreece--hardlytheworstplaceonearth--topsthegloomanddoomchartfollowedcloselybyPortugalandFrance.MsJamesspeculatesthatreligionmayhavealottodowithit.NineoutoftenAfricansarereligiousthehighestproportionintheworld.ButcynicsarguethatmostAfricansbelievethat2006willbegoldenbecausethingshavebeensobadthatitishardtoimaginehowtheycouldpossiblygetworse.ThismayhelpexplainwhyplacesthathavesufferedrecentmisfortunessuchasKosovoandAfghanistanrankamongthetopfiveoptimists.MoussakaforthoughtforthosedepressedGreeks.ItcanbeinferredfromthefourparagraphofthetextthatAfricanoptimismis______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 11
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 5
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 9
Inthepastyearalothaschangedinthefieldofhumanspaceflight.46InJanuaryPresidentGeorgeBushbrushedasidethefactthatAmerica’sentirespace-shuttlefleetwasgroundedwhenheannouncedgrandioseplanstoputpeoplebackonthemoonandthentolaunchamannedmissiontoMars.47InJuneBurtRutananAmericanaeronauticalengineershowedthathumanspaceflightwasnolongerthepreserveofgovernmentsbysendingamantotheedgeofspaceinSpaceShipOneaprivatelyfinancedvehiclethatcostaboutthesametobuildasaluxuryyacht.ThatwasfollowedinSeptemberbySirRichardBransontheBritishentrepreneurbehindtheVirginbrandannouncingthathehadsignedadealwithMrRutantoworkonplansforafleetoffivesuborbitalvehiclesdevelopedfromSpaceShipOne. 48NowinthedyingdaysoftheyearAmerica’sCongresshaspassedabillthatunravelsatangleaboutwhowouldberesponsibleforregulatingthefledglingindustryandunderwhatterms.49ThehillalsoallowspassengerstoflyontheunderstandingthatthisnewgenerationofvehiclesmaynotbeassafeastakingacommercialflightbetweensayNewYorkandLondon. TheofficiallinefromVirginGalacticaasSirRichard’slatestventureismodestlynamedisthatthiscomingchangeinthelawmakesnopracticaldifferencetothefirm’splanssincetheydonotintendtoflyunlesstheycanmaketheirspacecraftassafeasaprivatejet.Butitmustsurelycomeassomesortofrelief.InanycaseWillWhitehorndirectorofcorporateaffairsatVirgin’sheadquartersinLondonandsoontobecomethepresidentofVirginGalacticasaysthatworkisunderwayonamockupoftheinter[orofanewspacecraftthatwillholdfivepassengers.50Virginhasalreadycommitted$20mtowardslicensingtheSpaceShipOnetechnologyfromMrRutanandhisfinancialbackerPaulAllenasoftwarebillionaire. ThehillalsoallowspassengerstoflyontheunderstandingthatthisnewgenerationofvehiclesmaynotbeassafeastakingacommercialflightbetweensayNewYorkandLondon.
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure.FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting$60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.IttookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.AclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic.BasedontheremarksmadebyRobinWestthecurrentsituationwill______.
Ifyouleavealoadedweaponlyingarounditisboundtogooffsoonerorlater.Snow-coverednorthernEuropeheardthegunshotloudandclearwhenRussiacutsuppliestoUkrainethisweekaspartofarowaboutmoneyandpowerthetwoeternalbattlegroundsofglobalenergy.FromcentralEuroperightacrosstoFranceontheAtlanticseaboardgassuppliesfellbymorethanone-third.ForyearsEuropeanshadbeentellingthemselvesthatacold-warenemywhichhadsuppliedthemwithoutfailcouldstillbedependedonnowitwasanallyofsorts.Suddenlynobodywasquitesosure.FearingthethreattoitsreputationasasupplierRussiarapidlyrestoredthegasandsettleditsdifferenceswithUkraine.ButitwasanuncomfortableglimpseofthedangersforacontinentthatimportsroughlyhalfitsgasandthatGerardMestralletbossofSuezaFrenchwaterandpowercompanyexpectstobeimporting80%ofitsgasby2030muchofitfromRussia.ItwasscarcelymorewelcomeforAmericawhichcondemnedRussia’stactics.Andnowonder:itconsumesone-quarteroftheworld’soilbutproducesonly3%ofthestuff.Overthecomingyearstheworld’sdependenceonoillookslikelytoconcentrateontheMiddleEastparticularlySaudiArabia.Russianoilhadseemedausefulalternative.Fearoftheenergyweaponhasalonghistory.Whenproducershadtheupperhandintheoilembargoof1973-74ArabmembersoftheOrganisationofthePetroleumExportingCountriesOPECcutsupplysowingturmoilandaglobalrecession.Whenconsumershadtheupperhandintheearly1990stheembargocuttheotherway.AfterSaddamHusseininvadedKuwaitin1990theworldshutin5mbarrelsadayb/dofproductionfromthetwocountriesinanattempttoforcehimout.Withoilcosting$60abarrelfivetimesmorethanthenominalpricein1999andspotpricesfornaturalgasinsomeEuropeanandAmericanmarketsatornearrecordlevelspowerhasswungbacktotheproducersforthefirsttimesincetheearly1980s.Nobodyknowshowlongtoday’stightmarketswilllast.IttookusalongtimetogetthereanditwilltakeusalongtimetogetbacksaysRobinWestchairmanofPFCEnergyinWashington.AclutchofalarmistbookswithtitlessuchasTheDeathofOilpredictthatsolittleoilisleftinthegroundthatproducerswillalwayshavepricingpower.Thequestionishowworriedconsumersshouldbe.WhatarethethreatstoenergysecurityandwhatshouldtheworlddoaboutthemTheanswerssuggestaneedforplanningandacertainamountofgrimrealismbutnotforoutrightpanic.Thewordnowinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphdenotes______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 17
[A]DrDanielStanleyanoceanographerhasfoundvolcanicshardsinEgyptthathebelievesarelinkedtotheexplosion.ComputersimulationsbyMikeRampinoaclimatemodelerfromNewYorkUniversityshowthattheresultingashcloudcouldhaveplungedtheareaintodarknessaswellasgeneratinglightningandhailtwoofthe10plagues. [B]Thecloudcouldhavealsoreducedtherainfallcausingadrought.IftheNilehadthenbeenpoisonedbytheeffectsoftheeruptionpollutioncouldhaveturneditredashappenedinarecentenvironmentaldisasterinAmerica.Thesamepollutioncouldhavedrivenmillionsoffrogsontothelandthesecondplague.Onlandthefrogswoulddieremovingtheonlyobstacletoanexplosionoffliesandlice--thethirdandfourthplagues.Thefliescouldhavetransmittedfataldiseasestocattlethefifthplagueandboilsandblisterstohumansthesixthplague. [C]MoseswhichwillbebroadcastinDecember2002willsuggestthatmuchoftheBiblestorycanbeexplainedbyasinglenaturaldisasterahugevolcaniceruptionontheGreekislandofSantoriniinthe16thcenturyBC. [D]ThehourlongdocumentaryarguesthateventhestoryofthepartingoftheRedSeawhichallowedMosestoleadtheHebrewstosafetywhilethepursuingEgyptianarmywasdrownedmayhaveitsoriginsintheeruption.Itrepeatsthetheorythat"RedSea"isamistranslationoftheSeaofReedsamuchshallowerswamp. [E]TheprogrammetellsthestoryofhowMosesledtheHebrewsoutofEgyptafteraseriesofplagueshaddevastatedthecountry.Butitalsousesnewscientificresearchtoarguethatmanyoftheeventssurroundingtheexoduscouldhavebeentriggeredbytheeruptionwhichwouldhavebeenathousandtimesmorepowerfulthananuclearbomb. [F]ComputersimulationsshowthattheSantorinieruptioncouldhavetriggereda600ft-hightidalwavetravelingatabout400milesanhourwhichwouldhavebeen6fthighandahundredmileslongwhenitreachedtheEgyptiandelta.Suchaneventwouldhavebeenrememberedforgenerationsandmayhaveprovidedtheinspirationforthestory. [G]FreshevidencethattheBiblicalplaguesandthepartingoftheRedSeawerenaturaleventsratherthanmythsormiraclesistobepresentedinanewBBCdocumentary. Order: 43
Tuninginroundtheclockviasatelliteorinternetblogtoanyboutofmayhemanywhereyoumightnotthinktheworldwasbecomingamorepeaceableplace.Butinsomewaysitisandmeasurablyso.ArecentHumanSecurityReportreleasedbytheLiuInstituteattheUniversityofBritishColumbiaregistersa40%dropinthenumberofarmedconflictsbetween1992and2003withtheworstwarsthoseclaimingmorethanathousandlivesinbattledownby80%.While28armedstrugglesforself-determinationignitedorreignitedbetween1991and2004anencouraging43otherswerecontainedordoused.Yetmeasuredinadifferentwayfromthepointofviewofthehalfoftheworld’spopulationthatisfemalearguestheGenevaCentrefortheDemocraticControloftheArmedForcestheworldisanawfullyviolentplaceandnotjustinitswarzones.MenstillfillmostofthebodybagsinwartimeincludingincivilwarsevenonDCAF’sfiguresbuttheirsistersmotherswivesanddaughtersitarguesinanewreportentitledWomeninanInsecureWorldfacenothingshortofahiddengendercide.Violenceagainstwomenisnothingnew.DCAF’scontributionistocollatethemanyfiguresandestimates--notallofthemeasilyverifiableithastobesaid—oneverythingfrominfanticidetorapeinbothwarandpeacedowrydeathssextraffickinganddomesticviolenceinrichercountriesaswellaspoorerones.AccordingtooneUNestimatecitedbyDCAFbetween113mand200mwomenarenowdemographicallymissing.Thisgendergapisaresultoftheabortingofgirlfoetusesandinfanticideincountrieswhereboysarepreferred;lackoffoodandmedicalattentionthatgoesinsteadtobrothersfathershusbandsandsonsso-calledhonourkillingsanddowrydeaths;andothersortsofdomesticviolence.Itimpliesthateachyearbetween1.5mand3mwomenandgirlsarelosttogenderbasedviolence.InotherwordseverytwotofouryearstheworldlooksawayfromavictimcountonthescaleofHitler’sHolocaust.Womenbetweentheagesof15and44aremorelikelytobemaimedordiefromviolenceinflictedonewayoranotherbytheirmenfolkthanthroughcancermalariatrafficaccidentsorwarcombined.Poorhealthcaremeansthat600000womenarelosteachyeartochildbirthatollroughlyequalannuallytothatoftheRwandangenocide.TheWorldHealthOrganisationestimatesthat6000girlsadaymorethan2mayearmostlyinthepoorworldundergogenitalmutilation.OtherWHOfiguressuggestthataroundtheworldonewomaninfiveislikelytobeavictimofrapeorattemptedrapeinherlifetime.Thewordcontainedinthelastsentenceofthefirstparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
TheimpulsetoexcessamongyoungBritonsremainsaspowerfulaseverbuttheforcethatusedtokeeptheimpulseincheckhasallbutdisappearedclaimedanewspaper.LegislationthatmadeiteasiertogetholdofadrinkwasanActfortheincreaseofdrunkennessandimmoralityassertedapolitician.Thefirststatementcomesfrom2005thesecondfrom1830.Onbothoccasionstheobjectofscornwasaparliamentarybillthatpromisedtosweepawayantiquatedlicensinglaws.AsliberalregulationscameintoforcethisweekBritonsonbothsidesofthedebateunwittinglyfolloweda19th-centuryscript.Reformersthenasnowtookabenignviewofhumannature.MakeboozecheaperandmorereadilyavailablesaidtheliberalisersanddrinkerswoulddevelopsensiblecontinentalEuropeanstyleways.Nonsenseretortedthecritics.HabitsarehardtochangerifBritonscandrinkeasilytheywilldrinkmore.Worryinglyformodernadvocatesofliheralisationearlierdoomsayersturnedouttoberight.Between1820and1840consumptionofmaltwhichisusedtomakebeerincreasedbymorethan50%.WorseBritonsdevelopedakeenertasteforwhatThomasCarlylecalledliquidmadness--ginandotherspirits.Thebacklashwasfierce.Criticspointedtowidespreaddebaucheryinthemoredisreputablesectionsoftheworkingclass.Theywereparticularlyworriedaboutthepeoplewhoinalateragecametobeknownasladettes.AnacutefearsaysVirginiaBerridgewhostudiestemperanceattheLondonSchoolofHygieneandTropicalMedicinewasthatwomenwouldpassontheirsinfulwaystotheirchildren.Inthe19thcenturytemperanceorganisationssetuptheirownnewspaperstoeducatethepublicabouttheconsequencesofexcess.Thatatleasthaschanged:thesedaysthemainstreammediarailagainstthedemondrinkallbythemselves.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardlicensinglawsis______.
Peoplehavegoodreasontocareaboutthewelfareofanimals.EversincetheEnlightenmenttheirtreatmenthasbeenseenasameasureofmankind’shumanity.ItisnocoincidencethatWilliamWilberforceandSirThomasFoxwellBuxtontwoleadersofthemovementtoabolishtheslavetradehelpedfoundtheRoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltytoAnimalsinthe1820s.Anincreasingnumberofpeoplegofurther:mankindhasadutynottocausepaintoanimalsthathavethecapacitytosuffer.Bothviewshaveledpeoplegraduallytoextendtreatmentoncereservedformankindtootherspecies.Butwheneverydaylivesaremeasuredagainstsuchprinciplestheyarefraughtwithcontradictions.Thosewhowouldneverdreamofcagingtheircatsanddogsguzzlebaconandeggsfromghastlyfactoryfarms.Theabattoirandthecattletruckaresecretplacessafelyhiddenfromthemeat-eater’sgazeandthechild’sstorybook.Plentyofpeoplewhodenouncethefur-trademuchofwhichisfromfarmedanimalsquitehappilywearleatheralsofromfarmedanimals.Perhapstheinconsistencyisunderstandable.Afterhundredsofyearsofthinkingaboutitpeoplecannotagreeonasystemofrightsforeachothersothegroundisboundtogetshakierstillwhenanimalsareincluded.Thetroubleisthatconfusionandcontradictionopenthewaytotheextremist.Andbecausescientificresearchisremotefrommostpeople’slivesitisparticularlyvulnerabletotheircampaigns.Infactscienceshouldbethelasttargetwhereveryoudrawtheboundariesofanimalwelfare.Foronethingthereisrarelyanalternativetousinganimalsinresearch.Iftherewerescientistswouldgraspitbecauseanimalresearchisexpensiveandencircledbyregulations.Animalresearchisalsoforahigherpurposethanafullbellyoranelegantoutfit.Theworldneedsnewmedicinesandsurgicalproceduresjustasitneedstheunknowablefruitsofpureresearch.Andscienceisbyandlargekindtoitsanimals.ThecoupleofmillionmainlyratsandmicethatdieinBritain’slaboratoriesarefarbetterlooked-afterandfarmorehumanelykilledthanthebillionorsomainlychickensonBritain’sfarms.IndeedifDarleyOaksmakesupitslossofguineapigswithturkeysordairycowsyoucanbefairlysureanimalwelfareinBritainhasjusttakenastepbackwards.Inthetextacomparisonismadesoasto______.
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 19
MenorcaorMajorcaItisthattimeoftheyearagain.Thebrochuresarepilingupintravelagentswhilenewspapersandmagazinesbulgewithadviceaboutwheretogo.ButthetraditionalpackagedholidayaBritishinnovationthatprovidedmanytimidnativeswiththeirfirstexperienceofwarmsandisnotwhatitwas.IndeedtheindustryisanxiouslyawaitingaHighCourtrulingtofindoutexactlywhatitnowis.TwothingshavechangedthewayBritonsresearchandbooktheirholidays:low-costairlinesandtheinternet.Insteadofbuyingareadymadepackageconsistingofaflighthotelcarhireandassortedentertainmentfromatouroperator’sbrochureitisnoweasytoputtogetheratripusinganonlinetravelagentlikeExpediaorTravelocitywhichlastJulyboughtLastminute.comfor£577m$1billionorfromtheproliferatingwebsitesofairlineshotelsandcar-rentalfirms.Thishasledsometosoundthedeathknellforhighstreettravelagentsandtouroperators.Therehavebeenupheavalsandclosuresbutthetraditionalfirmsarestartingtofightbackinpartbymovingmoreoftheirbusinessonline.FirstChoiceHolidaysforinstancesawitspretaxprofitriseby16%to£114m$196mintheyeartotheendofOctober.Althoughtheoverallnumberofholidaysbookedhasfallenthecompanyisconcentratingonmorevaluablelong-haulandadventuretrips.FirstChoicenowsellsmorethanhalfitstripsdirectlyeitherviatheinternetoverthetelephoneorfromitsowntravelshops.Itwantsthattoreach75%withinafewyears.Othertouroperatorsareshowingsimilarhustle.MyTravelmanagedtocutitslossbyalmosthalfin2005.ThomasCookandThomsonHolidaysnowbothGermanownedarealsobullishaboutthecomingholidayseason.Highstreettravelagentsarehavingatoughertimethoughnotleastbecausemanyleadingtouroperationshavecutthecommissionstheypay.Somehigh-streettravelagentsarealsolearningtolivewiththeinternethelpingpeoplebookcomplicatedtripsthattheyhaveresearchedonlineprovidingadviceandtackingonotherservices:Thisisseenasagrowtharea.ButifanagentputstogetherseparateflightsandhotelaccommodationisthatapackagetooTheCivilAviationAuthorityCAAsaysitisandtheagentshouldholdanAirTravelOrganisers-Licencewhichprovidesfinancialguaranteestorepatriatepeopleandproviderefunds.Theschemedatesfromtheearly1970swhensomelargeBritishtravelfirmswentbuststrandingcustomersontheCostas.AlthoughsuchfailuresarelesscommonthesedaystheCAAhadtohelpoutsome30000peoplelastyear.TheAssociationofBritishTravelAgentswenttotheHighCourtinNovembertoarguesuchbookingsarenottraditionalpackagesandsodonotrequireagentstoacquirethecostlylicences.WhilethecourtdecidesmillionsofBritonswillhappilyclickawaybuyingonlineholidaysunawareofthedifference.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrue
TheCaliforniancoastlinenorthandsouthofSiliconValleyisatrend-settingsortofplace.Increasinglythehomeinteriorsofthewell-heeledtheretendtowardoneoftwo1.Housesare2lightfloodedsparseandvaguelyAsianin3withperhapsaZenfountaininonecorneraYogaareainanother.Ortheyresembleelectroniccontrolroomswithallsortsof4computersroutersantennaescreensandremotecontrols.Occasionallybothelementsare5."She"mayhavethelivingroomand’publicareas6"he"isbanishedwithhistoysupordownthestairs. Currentlythegadgetlovershavepowerfulallies.Manyofthelargestcompaniesintheconsumer-electronicscomputertelecomsandinternetindustrieshavemadeastrategicdecisionto7visionsofa"digitalhome""eHome"or"connectedhome".Doubtingthat8fromcorporatecustomerswillever9totheboomlevelsofthelate1990sMicrosoftIntelSonyVerizonComcastHewlett-PackardAppleandothersseetheconsumer10theirbestchanceforgrowthandwillbethrowingabewildering11ofhome"solutions"at12inthecomingmonthsandyears. Tounderstandwhatthe13ultimatelyhavein14itisbesttovisitthe15homesthatmosthavebuiltontheircampusesorattradeshows.16cosyandoftenintimidatingthesefeatureflatscreensalmosteverywhere17electronicpictureframesinthebedroomfromthelargeTV-substituteinthelivingroom.Every18hasamicrochipandcanbe19totypedintoorclickedonto.Everythingis20toacentralcomputerthroughwirelesslinks. 1
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