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Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1 [A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandBAllresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwebineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 42
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly. Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare. Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep. "Icouldtellyouhorrorstories’saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound." "PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[1051an/h]." "Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy"writesathird"becausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep." Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit. Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment." TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed. OnJayaAgrawal’swebsitewhatarethecommonresponsestothedoctors’sleepproblems
Directions: Thefollowingparagraphsaregiveninawrongorder.ForQuestions41-45youarerequiredtoreorganizetheseparagraphsintoacoherenttextbychoosingfromthelistA-Gtofillineachnumberedbox.ThefirstandthelastparagraphshavebeenplacedforyouinBoxes.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1 [A]Asasciencemanagemententailstheuseoforganizedknowledge.Manyofthethingsmanagersdoarearesultofinformationobtainedthroughformalresearchandstudy.Oneareainwhichagreatdealhasbeendoneisquantitativedecisionmakingorasitisknowntodaymanagementscience.Weknowthatbyusingcertainmathematicalformulaswecancontrolinventoryandprojectdemandmoreaccuratelythanbymerelyusingtrialanderror. [B]Managementistheprocessofgettingthingsdonethroughpeople.Weknowthatpartofthisprocessiscarriedoutwiththedevelopmentofanorganizationstructure. [C]Yetmanagementisalsoanart.Throughexperiencethemanagerdevelopsjudgmentandintuitionsubjectivefactorsthatareusefulinevaluationsituations.ForexamplethemanagermayhavetochoosebetweentwostrategiesAandBAllresearchandstudymayindicatethatneitherofthetwoisanybetterthantheother. [D]Effectivemanagementisacombinationofartandscience.Neithershouldbeignored;neitheroughttobereliedonexclusively.Ingettingthingsdonethroughpeoplemanagementmustseektherightblendofartandscience.Attheupperlevelsofthehierarchytherewillbemoreemphasisontheformer;atthelowerlevelstherewillbemoreemphasisonthelatter. [E]HowdomanagerssucceedingettingthingsdonethroughpeopleInordertoanswerthisquestionitisnecessarytobreakdownthemanager’sjobintoitsbasicdutiesorfunctions.Managemententailsplanningorganizingdirectingandcontrolling.Byperformingwebineachoftheseareasthemanagercangetthingsdonethroughpeople. [F]HoweverwhatifthemanagerchoosesstrategyAonthebasisofintuitionandprovestoberightInthiscaseitisdifficulttosaypreciselywhythemanagerwasabletochoosesowellbuttheremustbesomespecialabilityheorshehas.Thissametypeofabilityisusefulinmanagingpeople.Effectivemanagersknowwhentoflattertheirsubordinatesandwhentobestern.Suchhumanbehaviorskillscannotbequantified;theycanonlybelearnedthroughexperienceandtraining. [G]Howeverthereismoretomanagementthanjustorganizingthepeopleandthework.Objectivesmustbesetplansformulatedpeopledirectedandoperationscontrolled.Inmakingthenecessarydecisionsmanagementmustrelyonalltheskillsatitscommand.Asaresultmanagementisbothascienceandanart. 44
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Anewstudyclaimingtodocumentaconnectionbetweenviolenceontelevisionandviolenceinreallifeisalreadycomingunderattackfromacademics.Theysaythattheauthorisdemandingactiononhisreportbeforeproducingdetailedfindingstosubstantiateit. 47Dr.WilliamBelsontoldtheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinBirminghamlastweekthathisresearchsuggestedthatboysexposedtohighlevelsoftelevisionviolencewere50percentmorelikelytocommitactsofviolencethanboyswhohadnotbeenexposed. His110000poundssurveypaidforbyCBStheAmericantelevisioncompanystudiedmorethan15000Londonboysagedbetween12and16.HeclosedhispaperwithacallforimmediateactiononhisrecommendationstoreducelevelsofTVviolenceandspecifickindsofviolencewhichheclaimedweremoredamagingthanothers.HisrecommendationswereenthusiasticallyendorsedbyMrs.MaryWhitehouse. SocialscientistsfamiliarwiththefieldhaveanumberofspecificqueriesaboutBelson’swork.48Theypointedoutthatastatisticaltechniqueinventedbyhimandcentraltohisresearchhasbeencriticizedbysomeacademicsinthepast.RobinMrCornoftheMassCommunicationResearchCentreatLeicesterUniversitysays"Selfreporting—askingthesubjecttogivehisownaccountoftheevidenceisnotoriouslyunreliable.Studieshaveputthepossibleerrorashighas20percentandwedon’tknowwhatcheckstherewereinthiswork.ThefactthatBelsonpaidtheboysmay’havehadaninfluence.Withoutthefulldataitcan’tbechecked." McCornadds:"Hisquestionsontheprogrammesgoback12years.Iftheboyswereagedbetween13and16itmeanstheoldestwasonlyfouryearsoldwhenthefirstprogrammeswerebroadcast.HowreliableisthememoryofachildthatyounglikelytobeontheprogrammeshewatchedDr.Belsonmayhaveanswersbutwejustdon’tknow." 49TheNelsonaffairhighlightsthedifficultiesfacedbyresearchersintotelevisionviolence-problemssoseverethatatleastoneBritishgrouphaswithdrawnfromthefieldcompletely."It’simpossibletodoseriousscientificworkinhisareanow"saysRobinMcCron."Ithasmovedoutoftheacademicworldandithasbeentakenoverbypressuregroupsandpolitics." IndeedexperienceintelevisionresearchinAmericarevealshowtreacherousthisfieldhasbecome.50Resultsofnervousprojectstherehavebeenfoundatworstcontradictoryatbestinconclusive. Theypointedoutthatastatisticaltechniqueinventedbyhimandcentraltohisresearchhasbeencriticizedbysomeacademicsinthepast.
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Anewstudyclaimingtodocumentaconnectionbetweenviolenceontelevisionandviolenceinreallifeisalreadycomingunderattackfromacademics.Theysaythattheauthorisdemandingactiononhisreportbeforeproducingdetailedfindingstosubstantiateit. 47Dr.WilliamBelsontoldtheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinBirminghamlastweekthathisresearchsuggestedthatboysexposedtohighlevelsoftelevisionviolencewere50percentmorelikelytocommitactsofviolencethanboyswhohadnotbeenexposed. His110000poundssurveypaidforbyCBStheAmericantelevisioncompanystudiedmorethan15000Londonboysagedbetween12and16.HeclosedhispaperwithacallforimmediateactiononhisrecommendationstoreducelevelsofTVviolenceandspecifickindsofviolencewhichheclaimedweremoredamagingthanothers.HisrecommendationswereenthusiasticallyendorsedbyMrs.MaryWhitehouse. SocialscientistsfamiliarwiththefieldhaveanumberofspecificqueriesaboutBelson’swork.48Theypointedoutthatastatisticaltechniqueinventedbyhimandcentraltohisresearchhasbeencriticizedbysomeacademicsinthepast.RobinMrCornoftheMassCommunicationResearchCentreatLeicesterUniversitysays"Selfreporting—askingthesubjecttogivehisownaccountoftheevidenceisnotoriouslyunreliable.Studieshaveputthepossibleerrorashighas20percentandwedon’tknowwhatcheckstherewereinthiswork.ThefactthatBelsonpaidtheboysmay’havehadaninfluence.Withoutthefulldataitcan’tbechecked." McCornadds:"Hisquestionsontheprogrammesgoback12years.Iftheboyswereagedbetween13and16itmeanstheoldestwasonlyfouryearsoldwhenthefirstprogrammeswerebroadcast.HowreliableisthememoryofachildthatyounglikelytobeontheprogrammeshewatchedDr.Belsonmayhaveanswersbutwejustdon’tknow." 49TheNelsonaffairhighlightsthedifficultiesfacedbyresearchersintotelevisionviolence-problemssoseverethatatleastoneBritishgrouphaswithdrawnfromthefieldcompletely."It’simpossibletodoseriousscientificworkinhisareanow"saysRobinMcCron."Ithasmovedoutoftheacademicworldandithasbeentakenoverbypressuregroupsandpolitics." IndeedexperienceintelevisionresearchinAmericarevealshowtreacherousthisfieldhasbecome.50Resultsofnervousprojectstherehavebeenfoundatworstcontradictoryatbestinconclusive. Anewstudyclaimingtodocumentaconnectionbetweenviolenceontelevisionandviolenceinreallifeisalreadycomingunderattackfromacademics
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisahadidea. WhenoilburnsItdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeoplebumsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthe"greenhousegases"thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise. Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment--thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse. AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy. Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks--mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture. TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithitTheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer. Accordingtosomeenvironmentalisttheoilcompanies
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesign-hastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns--theFoodGuidePyramid--andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedtopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheftproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproductsmeatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphaftofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstandableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.Anyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheiragesexandactivitylevelandgetacustom-designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfreeforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups--fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertoseetheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowiththeeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork.Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid--abigsuccessintheworldofpublic-healthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEabouttheFoodGuidePyramidin1992
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesign-hastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns--theFoodGuidePyramid--andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedtopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheftproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproductsmeatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphaftofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstandableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.Anyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheiragesexandactivitylevelandgetacustom-designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfreeforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups--fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertoseetheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowiththeeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork.Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid--abigsuccessintheworldofpublic-healthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly. Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare. Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep. "Icouldtellyouhorrorstories’saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound." "PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[1051an/h]." "Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy"writesathird"becausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep." Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit. Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment." TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed. WhichofthefollowingisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
SomeoilcompaniesplantogetridofsomeofthepollutiontheyproducebypumpingitintorocksdeepinsidetheEarthwheretheysayitwillstayforthousandsofyears.Otherpeoplethougharen’tsosurethisisadvisable;environmentalgroupssaythatputtingthispollutionbackintotheEarthisahadidea. WhenoilburnsItdoesn’tjustproduceheat:italsoproducescarbondioxide.Carbondioxideisanaturalpartoftheairbutbecausepeoplebumsomuchoilthere’stoomuchcarbondioxideintheair.Thisextracarbondioxideispollution;somescientificstudiesshowthatcarbondioxideisoneofthe"greenhousegases"thatiscausingtheEarth’stemperaturetorise. Environmentalistssaythattheoilcompanies’plansmaynotwork.Theoilcompaniessaytheyaremakingsurethatthegaswillneverescapebutenvironmentalistswonderhowtheoilcompaniescanbesosurethatthegaswon’tseepintotheair.Theyalsopointoutthatthere’snowaytochecktomakesurethegasisn’tleaking.Inadditiontheenvironmentalistspointoutthatthepumpingcostsmoney—forresearchandforequipment--thattheoilcompaniesshouldbespendingonpreventingpollutionratherthanonjustmovingitsomeplaceelse. AnotherproblemsaysomepeoplewhoareconcernedabouttheEarthisthatiftheoilcompaniesfindacheapwaytogetridoftheirpollutiontheywon’tlookfornewkindsofenergy.Theseenvironmentalistssaythatenergycompaniesshouldberesearchingwaystousehydrogenwindpowerandsolarpowerinsteadoffindingbetterwaystouseoil.Theyarguethatcontinuingtouseoilmeansthatwewillstillneedtobuyoilfromothercountriesinsteadofproducingourowncheapcleanenergy. Environmentalistsalsosaythatburyingpollutionjustpushestheproblemintothefutureratherthanreallysolvingit.TheysaythatiftheoilcompaniespumpcarbondioxideintotherocksinsidetheEarthitwillbethereforthousandsofyearsandthatnooneknowsifthisplan—evenifitworks--mightturnintoapollutionproblemforallofusinthefuture. TheoilcompaniesinsistthattheirplanissafeandthatputtingthegasinsidetheEarthisareasonablewaytodealwithitTheypointoutthatthereisalotofroomintheEarthforthisextragasandthatputtingcarbondioxideinsidetheEarthmeansthatthegaswon’tbeintheairandifit’snotintheairitwon’tmaketheEarthwarmer. Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe
Druguseisrisingdramaticallyamongthenation’syouthafteradecadeofdecline.From1993to1994marijuanauseamongyoungpeople1from12to17jumped50percent.Oneinfivehighschoolseniors2marijuanadaily.MonitoringtheFuturewhich3studentdruguseannuallyreportsthatnegativeattitudesaboutdrugshavedeclinedforthefourthyearinarow.4youngpeopleseegreatriskinusingdrugs.Mood-alteringpharmaceuticaldrugsare5newpopularityamongyoungpeople.Ritalin6asadietpillinthe1970sandnowusedto7hyperactivechildrenhasbecomea8drugoncollegecampuses.Acentralnervoussystem9Ritalincancausestrokeshypertensionandseizures.RohypnolproducedinEuropeasa10tranquilizerlowersinhibitionsandsuppressesshort-termmemorywhichhasledtosomewomenbeingrapedbymentheyaregoingoutwith.11takenwithalcoholitseffectsaregreatly12.RocksingerKurtCobaincollapsedfroman13ofRohypnolandchampagneamonthbeforehecommitted14in1994.InFloridaandTexasRohypnolhasbecomewidelyabusedamongteenswhoseethedrugasalessexpensive15formarijuanaandLSD.Alcoholandtobaccouseisincreasingamongteenagers16youngeradolescents.Eachyearmorethanonemillionteensbecomeregularsmokers17theycannotlegallypurchasetobacco.By12thgradeoneinthreestudentssmokes.In1995oneinfive14-year-oldsreportedsmokingregularlya33percentjump181991.Drinkingamong14-year-oldsclimbed50percentfrom1992to1994andallteensreportedsubstantialincreasesin19drinking.In1995oneinfive10thgradersreportedhavingbeendrunkinthepast30days.Two-thirdsofhighschoolseniorssaytheyknowa20withadrinkingproblem. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Anewstudyclaimingtodocumentaconnectionbetweenviolenceontelevisionandviolenceinreallifeisalreadycomingunderattackfromacademics.Theysaythattheauthorisdemandingactiononhisreportbeforeproducingdetailedfindingstosubstantiateit. 47Dr.WilliamBelsontoldtheBritishAssociationfortheAdvancementofScienceinBirminghamlastweekthathisresearchsuggestedthatboysexposedtohighlevelsoftelevisionviolencewere50percentmorelikelytocommitactsofviolencethanboyswhohadnotbeenexposed. His110000poundssurveypaidforbyCBStheAmericantelevisioncompanystudiedmorethan15000Londonboysagedbetween12and16.HeclosedhispaperwithacallforimmediateactiononhisrecommendationstoreducelevelsofTVviolenceandspecifickindsofviolencewhichheclaimedweremoredamagingthanothers.HisrecommendationswereenthusiasticallyendorsedbyMrs.MaryWhitehouse. SocialscientistsfamiliarwiththefieldhaveanumberofspecificqueriesaboutBelson’swork.48Theypointedoutthatastatisticaltechniqueinventedbyhimandcentraltohisresearchhasbeencriticizedbysomeacademicsinthepast.RobinMrCornoftheMassCommunicationResearchCentreatLeicesterUniversitysays"Selfreporting—askingthesubjecttogivehisownaccountoftheevidenceisnotoriouslyunreliable.Studieshaveputthepossibleerrorashighas20percentandwedon’tknowwhatcheckstherewereinthiswork.ThefactthatBelsonpaidtheboysmay’havehadaninfluence.Withoutthefulldataitcan’tbechecked." McCornadds:"Hisquestionsontheprogrammesgoback12years.Iftheboyswereagedbetween13and16itmeanstheoldestwasonlyfouryearsoldwhenthefirstprogrammeswerebroadcast.HowreliableisthememoryofachildthatyounglikelytobeontheprogrammeshewatchedDr.Belsonmayhaveanswersbutwejustdon’tknow." 49TheNelsonaffairhighlightsthedifficultiesfacedbyresearchersintotelevisionviolence-problemssoseverethatatleastoneBritishgrouphaswithdrawnfromthefieldcompletely."It’simpossibletodoseriousscientificworkinhisareanow"saysRobinMcCron."Ithasmovedoutoftheacademicworldandithasbeentakenoverbypressuregroupsandpolitics." IndeedexperienceintelevisionresearchinAmericarevealshowtreacherousthisfieldhasbecome.50Resultsofnervousprojectstherehavebeenfoundatworstcontradictoryatbestinconclusive. Resultsofnervousprojectstherehavebeenfoundatworstcontradictoryatbestinconclusive.
Directions: A.Studythetwopicturesgivenbelowcarefullyandwriteanessayofabout200words. B.Youressayshouldcoverailtheinformationofthepicturesandmeetthefollowingrequirement: 1interpretthepictures; 2causesofthephenomenon; 3yourcomments.
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesign-hastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns--theFoodGuidePyramid--andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedtopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheftproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproductsmeatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphaftofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstandableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.Anyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheiragesexandactivitylevelandgetacustom-designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfreeforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups--fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertoseetheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowiththeeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork.Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid--abigsuccessintheworldofpublic-healthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusinesscanbeeasilyprovedbythefactthat
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston"Wehavealotofsympathyforthecity"Taylorsaid."Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresuitsforthem." Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe-1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasacceleratedcomplicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobsCorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm. Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifferencetothebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay."Butiftheydon’t"hesaidwithtypicalglibness"I’llsendthemapostcard."ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback. NewOrleans"wasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.Peoplewerealwaysdribblingout"saysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs."We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobs"hesays."We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry." OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartralnandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy."WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisions"saysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompany;likemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.Themove"willmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalent"Wilsonsays. AccordingtoPeterRicchiutiNewOrleans
ItmaynothavegeneratedmuchinterestoutsideenergyandinvestmentcirclesbutarecentcommentbyTidewaterInc.presidentDeanTaylorsentearthquakesthroughtheNewOrleansbusinesscommunity.InJuneTaylortoldtheHoustonChroniclethattheinternationalmarineservicescompany—theworld’slargestoperatorofshipsservingtheoffshoreoilindustry—wasseriouslyconsideringmovingitsheadquartersalongwithscoresofadministrativejobsfromtheCrescentCitytoHouston"Wehavealotofsympathyforthecity"Taylorsaid."Butourshareholdersdon’tpayustohavesympathy.Theypayustohaveresuitsforthem." Itwasthelastthingthehurricane-scarredcityneededtohear.Tidewaterwasfoundedherealittlemorethan50yearsagoandkeptitsmainofficeinNewOrleansthroughouttheoilbustofthe-1980sandthefollowingdecadesofindustryconsolidationwhendozensofenergyfirmsallbutabandonedNewOrleansforgreenerpasturesontheTexascoast.InthenearlytwoyearssinceHurricaneKatrinaravagedthecitythepaceofexodushasacceleratedcomplicatingNewOrleans’haltingrecovery;accordingtothelocalbusinessweeklyCityBusinessthemetropolitanareahaslost12ofthe23publiclytradedcompaniesheadquarteredheretakingwhite-collarjobsCorporatecommunitysupportandsorelyneededtaxpayerswiththem—andthreateningtoleavethecityevenmoredependentonatourismbasedeconomythanitwasbeforethestorm. Makingmattersworsesomeobserverssayisthecityleadership’sapparentindifferencetothebloodletting.JustweeksafterHurricaneKatrinainAugust2005MayorRayNaginthenintheveryearlystagesofaheatedreelectionbiddismissedwarningsthatmanycompanieslikedisplacedresidentsmightopttorelocate.Naginsaidhehopedtheywouldstay."Butiftheydon’t"hesaidwithtypicalglibness"I’llsendthemapostcard."ThecommentmighthavebeenwrittenoffasoneofNagin’smanyverbalmissteps.Butinthemonthsthatfollowedthewarningsturnedoutinmanycasestobetrueevenasthecity’srebuildingeffortlanguishedinfrastructurerepairslimpedalongthestatereimbursementprogramfordamagedhomesfalteredandtheNewOrleans’infamouscrimeratemadeasickeningcomeback. NewOrleans"wasn’tconsideredagreatcityfordoingbusinessbeforethestorm.Peoplewerealwaysdribblingout"saysPeterRicchiutiaprofessorofeconomicsatTulaneUniversity.Whilemanyofthecompaniesthatmadeitthroughthestormcouldstandtobenefitfromthecity’srecoveryhesaysKatrinamayhavehastenedthelossofhigh-payingenergyjobs."We’relosingthewhite-collarjobsandkeepingtheblue-collarjobs"hesays."We’rebecomingmuchmoreofablue-collaroilindustry." OneofthelatestexamplesisChevronCorp.whichisbuildingnewofficesinthenorthernsuburbs40milesnorthofthecityacrossLakePontchartralnandplanstotransfer550employeesfromNewOrleanstoCovingtonbytheendoftheyear.Thatwouldtakewell-paidpeopleoutofdowntownNewOrleansamovethatwillimpactthecentralbusinessdistrict’seconomy."WemadethedecisioninMay2006whenouremployeesweremakingimportanthousingdecisions"saysQiWilsonaChevronspokesperson.Thecompany;likemanyemployeesdecidedthenorthshoreofferedbettersecurityshouldanotherhurricanestrikealongwithfewerofthepost-Katrinaheadachesthatstillplaguethecity.Themove"willmakeiteasiertoretainthetalentwehaveandtoattractnewtalent"Wilsonsays. Thewordexodusline5paragraph2mostprobablymeans
Sleepisafunnything.We’retaughtthatweshouldgetsevenoreighthoursanightbutalotofusgetbyjustfineonlessandsomeofusactuallysleeptoomuch.AstudyoutoftheUniversityofBuffalolastmonthreportedthatpeoplewhoroutinelysleepmorethaneighthoursadayandarestilltiredarenearlythreetimesaslikelytodieofstroke—probablyasaresultofanunderlyingdisorderthatkeepsthemfromsnoozingsoundly. Doctorshavetheirownspecialsleepproblems.Residentsarefamouslysleepdeprived.WhenIwastrainingtobecomeadoctoritwasnotunusualtowork40hoursinarowwithoutrest.Mostofustookitinstrideconfidentwecouldstilldeliverthehighestqualityofmedicalcare. Maybeweshouldn’thavebeensosureofourselves.AnarticleintheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationpointsoutthatinthemorningafter24hoursofsleeplessnessaperson’smotorperformanceiscomparabletothatofsomeonewhoislegallyintoxicated.Curiouslysurgeonswhobelievethatoperatingundertheinfluenceisgroundsfordismissaloftendon’tthinktwiceaboutoperatingwithoutenoughsleep. "Icouldtellyouhorrorstories’saysJayaAgrawalpresidentoftheAmericanMedicalStudentAssociationwhichrunsawebsitewhereresidentscanpostanonymousanecdotes.Someareterrifying."Iwasoperatingafterbeingupforover36hours"onewrites."Iliterallyfellasleepstandingupandnearlyfaceplantedintothewound." "PracticallyeverysurgicalresidentIknowhasfallenasleepatthewheeldrivinghomefromwork"writesanother."Iknowofthreewhohavehitparkedcars.Anotherhitaconveniencestoreontheroadsidegoing[1051an/h]." "Yourownpatientshavebecometheenemy"writesathird"becausetheyaretheonethingthatstandsbetweenyouandafewhoursofsleep." Agrawal’sorganizationissupportingthePatientandPhysicianSafetyandProtectionActof2001introducedlastNovemberbyRepresentativeJohnConyersJr.ofMichigan.ItskeyprovisionsmodeledonNewYorkState’sregulationsincludean80-hourworkweekanda24hourwork-shiftlimit. Mostdoctorshoweverresistsuchinterference.Dr.CharlesBinkleyaseniorsurgeryresidentattheUniversityofMichiganagreesthatsomethingneedstobedonebutbelieves"doctorsshouldbeboundbytheirconsciencenotbythegovernment." TheU.S.controlsthehoursofpilotsandtruckdrivers.Butuntilsuchasystemisinplacefordoctorspatientsareontheirown.Ifyou’reworriedaboutthepeopletreatingyouyoushouldfeelfreetoaskhowmanyhoursofsleeptheyhavehad.Doctorsfortheirparthavetogiveuptheirposeofinfallibilityandgettheresttheyneed. Whoiswellawareoftheconsequencesofthedoctors’sleepproblemandrunsawebsitetoraisethecommonpeople’sawareness
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