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什么是逻辑设备，什么是物理设备如何实现从逻辑设备到物理设备的变换这样做有什么好处
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在操作系统中用户在使用I/O设备时通常采用
物理设备名
逻辑设备名
虚拟设备名
设备牌号
程序员利用系统调用打开I/O设备时通常使用的设备标识是
逻辑设备名
物理设备名
主设备号
从设备号
什么是物理设备和逻辑设备两者之间有什么区别和联系
在操作系统中用户在使用I/O设备时通常采用
物理设备名
逻辑设备名
虚拟设备名
设备牌号
程序员利用系统调用打开I/O设备时通常使用的设备标识是
逻辑设备名
物理设备名
主设备号
从设备号
虚拟设备是指______
允许用户使用比系统中具有的物理设备更多的设备
允许用户以标准方式来使用物理设备
把一个物理设备变换成多个对应的逻辑设备
允许用户程序不必全部装入内存就可使用系统中的设备
什么是逻辑设备什么是物理设备如何实现从逻辑设备到物理设备的转换
由系统通过逻辑设备表实现逻辑设备到物理设备的映射当更换物理设备时用户的程序不用改仅需修改逻辑设备表
逻辑设备表LUT的主要功能是实现________ 到________的映射
在操作系统中用户对I/O设备的使用通常采用
物理设备名
逻辑设备名
虚拟设备名
设备牌号
为了实现设备的独立性系统中的逻辑设备表必须包含
逻辑设备名和物理设备名
逻辑设备名和驱动程序入口地址
物理设备名和驱动程序入口地址
逻辑、物理设备名和驱动程序入口地址
服务器模型的物理设备由若干逻辑设备构成每个逻辑设备由若干可访问的 接口类对象构成包括若干个预先建立的
设备管理中为了管理和分配设备建立了一个数据结构通常称为设备表它的作用是
管理物理设备
管理逻辑设备
实现即插即用
建立逻辑设备与物理设备之间的对应关系
什么是物理设备什么是逻辑设备两者之间有什么区别和联系
虚拟设备是指把一个物理设备变换成多个对应的逻辑设备
程序员利用系统调用打开1/0设备时通常使用的设备标识是
逻辑设备名
物理设备名
主设备名
从设备名
虚拟设备是指把一个物理设备变换成多个对应的逻辑设备它通过逻辑设备表 来实现的
以下属于IEC61850标准数据模型的是
通信信息片、物理设备、数据属性
物理设备、逻辑节点、数据和数据属性
逻辑设备、逻辑节点、数据和数据属性
PICOM、功能、数据和数据属性
如果n是某一物理设备所对应的虚拟的逻辑设备数则虚拟设备的速度必然是物理设备速度的
1
n
2
2n
n(n-1)
设备管理中设备映射表DMT的作用是______
管理物理设备
管理逻辑设备
实现输入/输出
建立逻辑设备与物理设备的对应关系
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主存空间的共享是为了提高主存空间的利用效率主存空间的共享有两方面的含义______和______
ThesuddendramaticexplosioninvalueofonlinesocialmediasiteslikeFacebookandTwitterisreminiscentoftheriseabout15yearsagooftheonlinebusinessesthatcreatedthe"dotcombubble."TheInternetwasfarlesswidelyusedthanitistoday.StillvisionariessawthepotentialfortheInternetwehavetodaysovirtualcompaniessprungupandgrewlikeweedsasinvestorsthrewmoneytheirway.SomelikeGoogleandAmazondevelopedanenduringonlinepresenceandlastingfinancialvalue.Butfartoomanyquicklylostvaluewhenitbecameapparentthattheirrapidgrowthwasn’tyieldingrevenue. SohowmuchisFacebook’snetworkofusersreallyworthThepotentialisclear—whensomanypeoplearegatheredinonevirtualplaceofferingsomuchpersonalinformationaboutthemselvestheycreateanunprecedentedplatformfortargetedadvertising.Ortheywouldiftheywereonthenetworktoshop.WheneBayandAmazonsuggestproductstotheircustomersthey’retalkingtopeoplewho’vealreadyproventhatthey’reinterestedinbuyingsimilarproducts.PeoplegoonFacebookforavarietyofreasons-tocatchupwitholdfriendssharepicturesmakenewacquaintancesandtalksometimesendlesslyaboutthemselves.Whetherthey’llappreciatehavingtheirvirtualconversationsinterruptedbyadvertisingtargetedornotremainsunclear. It’salsounclearwhetherFacebookwillactuallybeabletoshareinformationaboutitsusers’browsinghabitswithadvertisers.ComplaintsabouttheineffectivenessofFacebook’sprivacypolicieshaveariseninmultiplecountriespartofalargersocialconcernabouthowprivateinformationgetsusedonline.InDecembertheFederalTradeCommissionissuedaproposedframeworkthatamongotherthingswouldpermitFacebookuserstoblockadvertisersfromaccessinginformationabouttheironlineinterests.IfthatframeworkisimplementedandwidelyusedbyFacebooksubscribersitcouldseriouslyimpairthesite’svalueasapotentialplatformfortargetedmarketing. WhatisclearisthatGoldmanSachshasasignificantinterestinFacebook’sfinancialvalueatleastfortheshortterm.GoldmanSachs’decisiontoinvestheavilyinFacebookhashadsomeinterestingimpacts.ForonethingtheinvestmenthasallowedFacebookanopportunitytopostponeissuinganIPO.ThatmeansthatatleastforthemomentFacebookdoesn’tyethavetodiscloseitsfinancesorpubliclyaddressinvestorcomplaints. GoldmanSachs’investmentalsoputsthefirminanidealpositiontohandleFacebook’sIPOwheniteventuallyisissuedperhapssometimenextyear.ThatofcoursehasthepotentialtogeneratesubstantialrevenuesforGoldmanSachs’clients.Google’s2004IPOraisedaninitial$1.2billionforthecompany.AfterallthepropagandaFacebook’sIPOcanhardlybeexpectedtoraiseless.HoweverthereremainsasignificantquestionastowhetherFacebook’spotentialforgeneratingincomeismorevirtualthanreal.IfitturnsoutthatFacebookcan’tliveuptoitspotentialforgeneratingadvertisingrevenueventurecapitalistswhoinvestforthelongtermmaygetburned. GoldmanSachs’investmentisagoodthingtoFacebookbecause
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession. Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferan"alternativeroute"toateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries. ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachers"Proudtoserveagain"foundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas. AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones."Schoolprincipalsareourbiggestfans"WendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly. Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.Thisnotionof"competitivecertification"hasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration. WhichofthefollowingistrueofalternativecertificationAC
Directions: ReadthefollowingChinesetextandwriteanabstractofitin80～100Englishwords. 现代化要求教师角色重新定位 中国教育现代化的最终达成相当程度上取决于作为教育主体力量的教师富于创新智慧的开拓性教育实践全球化教育语境迫切要求教师角色的历史性创新 全球化已经并将继续催生教育基本理念的诸多深刻转换在知识观方面全球化知识经济的新环境使知识的创新和文明的传播出现了基于知识注重更新追求升级换代并且知识更新换代周期短数量大的新特征这样知识的传授从传统的过去时转向新颖的未来时在学习观方面突破空间阻隔的国际互联网正在并终将把全球的学校研究所图书馆和其他种种信息资源联结起来构成一个庞大和复杂的资源库以教师为中心的灌输式教学将被以学习者为中心的自主式学习所取代个体的志向兴趣和精神发展的种种需求将上升为学习的主导性力量在教师观方而随着全球化语境中学生个人的知识来源多元化教师不再被视作知识的唯一拥有者和化身其功能主要不是传授知识而是引导和激励学生探寻发现和创造性地运用知识并与之和谐共享教师工作由传授知识变为开发学生智慧和精神资源职责更为全面使命更加重要 这些教育理念的诸多变化必然对教师传统角色形成新的挑战以全球化视角来看教师所关注的并不是通常所谓的灌输条理分明的知识而是保护使每个学生找到适合自己道路的环境条件由此可以管窥教师因其职责转换而引发的一系列角色创新 首先教师要成为学生教育学意义上的交往者以平等的人格除伪的语言同步实行与学生的人际交往与心灵交流教师以平等的姿态接纳交互主体的差异性独特性甚至是局限性并将这些视作极其珍贵极其重要的教育资源而不是以严密预设的目标来封闭开放性对话的“边界”因此教师全方位超越了知识提供者人生设计者之类传统的“权威”角色 其次教师要成为学生可持续自主化学习的有力促进者一方面教师的教育价值在于引导和促进学生积极主动地去求知这样教师帮学生主动“要学”显然远比被动“学好”更为重要因为前者才是促进学生坚韧不拔穿越坎坷有望建树的“可持续学习”后者只是复制既往重在守成的“维持性学习”而重要的另一方面在于教师通过平等和诚挚的对话促进学生不断地寻找发现那条开发自我更新旧我的独特道路从而赋予其学习活动以个体生命的情感体验和深沉意义正因如此教师促进学生“会学”显然远比“学会”更重要所谓“会学”即教师要促进学生养成开放性思维品格弹性化价值尺度和变通性发展方向故“会学”具有指向未来超越和创新的展开性而“学会”则往往局限于既定和既有的知识与义理难免带有一定的滞后性 再次教师要成为学生智慧和情意等精神资源的深度开发者所谓开发者即教师要以忘我奉献的精神去珍爱和维持教育学意义上的诸多“环境条件”以利于教师不仅释放出青春的智慧而且高扬起崇高的理想精神坚定的意志品格和纯洁的道德力量从而通过一生可持续发展走出属于自己的那条创新性和建树性道路 展望全球化所引导的新时代学校作为多元化文明的集散地将在创造新人的过程中发挥更为重要的作用为了适应未来社会和未来教育发展对教师角色的新需求教师应努力把握自身素质结构发展的基本价值取向重铸自身的人格和精神结构 一是发展面向全球多元文化选择融合有机统一的开放性和创新性思维素质全球教育竞争在相当程度上取决于教师的思维素质和其思辨力的广度和深度教师应着力追求以开放性和创新性为基本特征的思维品格由于网络能够及时迅速完整地提供一个真实的全球语境学生已拥有个性和求异思维的发展空间故教师能否以开放性眼光评估和引导学生们五彩缤纷的心智流向客观对待母体文化和异质文化无疑是对教师“教育文明”的一种严峻考验 二是发展适应全球交际需要有力促进学生精神健康发育的世界性和现代性人格素质生命的品位灵魂的境界取决于人格素质面对信息多元化思维自由化的全球语境下时代新特征面对克隆羊的诞生使人的批量生产在技术上成为可能黑客的袭击可以摧毁一个国家的金融甚至防卫系统等这些对人类传统价值观的新挑战教师的教育范畴显然存在着从单一的认知领域向情感道德意志和行为等非认知领域扩展的现实问题势必要求教师自觉主动地优化作为一门隐蔽课程而存在并发挥着重大潜教育价值的自身人格素质教师要有对全人类对未来生活的超越性理想精神及其敬业态度要有以爱心为内核的博大情怀要有堪为表率的道德品格还要敢于对学生不耻下问以期达到教学相长学海无涯的美好境界 三是发展符合全球化新时代潮流的教育理论素质在人类文明的发展中文字的出现与印刷术的诞生引发了教育两次质的飞跃新世纪以来高新科技正以前所未有的加速度推进着教育的又一次重大变革尤其是多媒体和信息高速公路成为人类步入全球化网络时代的重要标志极为深刻地影响着学校教育理念和模式教师理当优化自身教育理论素质从而把原本缺乏人的活力的现代教育技术融入以人为主体的活生生的教育进程中去
页式存储管理时每读/写一个数据要访问次主存
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo. Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 17
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo. Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 19
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
[A]Convenientpackaging[B]Healthandwellness[C]Skepticalcustomers[D]Enormousmarkets[E]Soaringsales[F]TrendydrinkInthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding.IthinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstodaysaysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity.Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree.41.______Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry.ThedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecadessaysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold.It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries.NoactualvarietySomepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness.Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvarietysaysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst.42.______.Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994.Perrierpopularisedbottledwaterhesays.Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable.Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap.43.______.FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers.PerrierbecameabadgesaysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation.WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters.44.______.Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit.PeopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressedsaysMr.Fishman.Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment.45.______.WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry.StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplodesaysMr.Bellas.ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks.Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies.
In2010afederaljudgeshookAmerica’sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades—by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisationBIOatradegroupassuredmembersthatthiswasjusta"preliminarystep"inalongerbattle. OnJuly29ththeywererelievedatleasttemporarily.AfederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisionrulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman’sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriadacompanyinUtahsaidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike. Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicinethecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnaturesoitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents’monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad’s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcasearguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature..thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds." Despitetheappealscourt’sdecisionbigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexampleitisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt. Astheindustryadvanceshoweverothersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmoleculesImostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteractlookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacycompaniesareeagertowinpatentsfor’connectingthedits’explainsHansSaueralawyerfortheBIO. TheirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissuebroughtbytheMayoClinicwhichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked. Generallyspeakingtheauthor’sattitudetowardgenepatentingis
MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit. Inmedievalmarketstherewaslittleretailtradebecause
对可变分区中的碎片以下说法不正确的是
[A]Convenientpackaging[B]Healthandwellness[C]Skepticalcustomers[D]Enormousmarkets[E]Soaringsales[F]TrendydrinkInthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding.IthinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstodaysaysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity.Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree.41.______Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry.ThedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecadessaysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold.It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries.NoactualvarietySomepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness.Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvarietysaysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst.42.______.Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994.Perrierpopularisedbottledwaterhesays.Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable.Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap.43.______.FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers.PerrierbecameabadgesaysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation.WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters.44.______.Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit.PeopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressedsaysMr.Fishman.Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment.45.______.WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry.StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplodesaysMr.Bellas.ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks.Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies.
动态重定位需要由来实现
下面关于存储管理的功能的说法正确的是
页式存储管理的主要特点是
In2010afederaljudgeshookAmerica’sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades—by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisationBIOatradegroupassuredmembersthatthiswasjusta"preliminarystep"inalongerbattle. OnJuly29ththeywererelievedatleasttemporarily.AfederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisionrulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman’sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriadacompanyinUtahsaidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike. Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicinethecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnaturesoitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents’monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad’s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcasearguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature..thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds." Despitetheappealscourt’sdecisionbigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexampleitisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt. Astheindustryadvanceshoweverothersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmoleculesImostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteractlookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacycompaniesareeagertowinpatentsfor’connectingthedits’explainsHansSaueralawyerfortheBIO. TheirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissuebroughtbytheMayoClinicwhichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked. AccordingtoHansSauercompaniesareeagertowinpatentsfor
所谓LRU页面置换调度算法是淘汰掉
[A]Convenientpackaging[B]Healthandwellness[C]Skepticalcustomers[D]Enormousmarkets[E]Soaringsales[F]TrendydrinkInthelast40yearsthebottledwaterindustryhasgonefromabusinessprospectthatfewtookseriouslytoaglobalindustryworthbillionsofpounds.Thecommodityitselfremainssimple.Thewaywethinkaboutithaschangedfundamentally.Waterisnaturalpureandsourcedatminimalcost.Itsrealvalueliesinitsmarketingandbranding.IthinkbottledwateristhemostrevealingsubstanceforshowingushowtheglobalcapitalistmarketworkstodaysaysRichardWilkprofessorofanthropologyatIndianaUniversity.Inasensewe’rebuyingchoicewe’rebuyingfreedom.That’stheonlythingthatcanexplainwhyyouwouldpaymoneyforabottleofsomethingthatyoucanotherwisegetforfree.41.______Throughaconfectionofadvertisingandmarketingbottledwaterhasbecomeoneofthebiggestsuccessstoriesinthemodernfoodandbeverageindustry.ThedemandforbottlewaterhasgrownexponentiallyinthelastfewdecadessaysDr.PeterGleickauthorofBottledandSold.It’sdoubledit’sdoubledagainandit’sdoubledagain.Andthebottlewatercompaniesseeenormousmarketsnotjustintherichcountriesbutalsointhepoorercountries.NoactualvarietySomepeoplethinkthatbottledwateristhehighpointofglobalcapitalismparticularlythepeopleinthebottledwaterbusiness.Ithinkbottledwateractuallyrepresentsakindofcaricatureoftheglobaleconomy.Itprovidespeopleinthedevelopedworldwith20or30varietiesofsomethingforwhichthereisnoactualvarietysaysCharlesFishmanauthorofTheBigThirst.42.______.Atthebeginningtherereallywasnovarietyandthebottledwaterphenomenonbeganwithonebrand.Perrier佩绿雅矿泉水品牌wasatriumphofadvertisingcreatingabrandthatwastodefineageneration.AttheheartofthecampaigntomakethebrandpopularwasRichardWheatleyoftheLeoBurnettadvertisingagencybetween1979and1994.Perrierpopularisedbottledwaterhesays.Itmadeitacceptablemorethanacceptableitmadeit...desirable.Butitwasnotaninstantsuccess.WhenPerrierUKwaslookingtoincreaseitssalesintheearly1970’sitfacedaskepticalpublic.Manyquestionedwhyanyonewouldbuywaterwhenyoucouldgetitfreefromthetap.43.______.FacedwithobstaclesPerrierturnedtoadvertisingwithacampaignthatwastochangeourconsumerlandscapeforever.Thecampaignwasamarketingcoupandsaleswentthroughtherooffrom12millionbottlesin1980to152millionbytheendofthedecade.Perrierwasnolongerjustabottleofwater.Themarketingandadvertisingteamshadestablishedacrucialemotionallinkbetweentheproductandtheconsumers.PerrierbecameabadgesaysMichaelBellaschairmanoftheBeverageMarketingCorporation.WhenyouheldaPerrierbottleupitsaidsomethingaboutyourselfitsaidyouweresophisticatedyouunderstoodwhatwashappeningintheworld.Itwasaperfectbeveragefortheyoungandcomingbusinessexecutivesthetrend-setters.44.______.Inanageofinstantgratificationstillwaterinportablebottlesprovidedwhatpeopleneededexactlywhentheyneededit.PeopleingeneralaremoreandmoretimepressedsaysMr.Fishman.Wedon’tcookourownmealsanymoreweeatpreparedfoodsofallkinds.Andthere’snothingmoreappealingthanabottleofcoldwateratamomentwhenyou’rereallythirsty.ButIthinkbottledwaterisoneofthoseproductsthatonmanyoccasionswhenpeoplebuyitwhatthey’rebuyingisn’tthewatersomuchasthebottle.Thatisthepackageandtheconvenienceatthatmoment.45.______.WhenpeopleboughtthisconveniencewhattheywerereallybuyingwasPolyethyleneTerephthalateorPETthesinglemostimportantinnovationintheindustry’shistory.StrongshatterproofandahighlyvaluedformofpolyesterPETisaby-productoftheoilindustry.Itisnowutilisedinthepackagingofeverythingfrompharmaceuticalsandsoaptoreadymeals.InyearstocometheenvironmentalimpactofPETwouldhaunttheindustryandraisequestionsaboutitsverysurvivalbutinthe1990sthiswasarevolution.AccordingtoMr.Bellasitwasbehindthesubsequentincrediblegrowthoftheindustry.StartingwiththeintroductionofthesmallpremiumPETwatersthecategorystartedtoexplodesaysMr.Bellas.ThebottledwaterindustrybeforePETonthelistofallbeveragecategorieswasnumberseven.WiththeadventofPETwaterjumpedtothenumbertwospotbehindcarbonatedsoftdrinks.Bybrandingandmarketingwaterbottledwaterhasbeentransformedfromsomethingthatmanyofustookforgrantedintoaproductthatnowmakesbillionsforglobalmultinationalcompanies.
目标程序所对应的地址空间是
46Theclimaticphenomenonthatisbeingblamedforfloodshurricanesandearlysnowstormsalsodeservescreditforencouragingplantgrowthandhelpingtocontrolthepollutantlinkedtoglobalwarminganewstudyshows.E1Nino—theperiodicwarmingofeasternPacificOceanwaters—causesaburstofplantgrowththroughouttheworldandthisremovescarbondioxidefromtheatmosphereresearchershavefound.47ThenewstudyshowsthatnaturalweathereventssuchasthebriefwarmingcausedbyE1Ninohaveamuchmoredramaticeffectthanpreviouslybelievedonhowmuchcarbondioxideisabsorbedbyplantsandhowmuchofthegasisexpelledbythesoil.AtmosphericcarbondioxideorCO2hasbeenincreasingsteadilyfordecades.Thisisthoughttobecausedbyanexpandeduseoffossilfuelsandbytopplingoftropicalforests.ScientistshavelinkedtheCO2risetoglobalwarmingaphenomenonknownasthegreenhouseeffect.48Alarmednationsoftheworldnowaredrawingupnewconservationpoliciestoreducefossilfuelburninginhopesofreducinggreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.ButDavidSchimeloftheNationalCenterforAtmosphericResearchaco-authorofthenewstudysaysthatbeforedetermininghowmuchtoreducefossilfuelburningweshouldconsidertheeffectsofnaturalclimatevariationsontheabilityofplantstoabsorbCO2.SchimelsaidsatellitemeasurementsofCO2plantgrowthandtemperatureshowthatnaturalwarmingeventssuchasE1NinoatfirstcausemoreCO2tobereleasedintotheatmosphereprobablyastheresultofaccelerateddecayofdeadplantmatterinthesoil.Butlaterwithintwoyearsthereisanexplosionofgrowthinforestsandgrasslandswhichmeansplantssuckmorecarbondioxideoutoftheatmosphere.WethinkthatthereisadelayedresponseinvegetationandsoiltothewarmingeffectsofsuchphenomenaasE1NinoandthisleadstoincreasedplantgrowthsaidSchimel.49HoweverhesaiditisnotclearwhetherthewarmingbyE1NinocausesanetdecreaseinthebuildupofCO2overthelonghaul.Wedon’treallyknowthatyetsaidSchimel.WhatthestudydoesshowhoweveristhattheriseandfallofCO2intheatmosphereisstronglyinfluencedbynaturalchangesinglobaltemperaturesaidB.H.BraswelloftheUniversityofNewHampshireanotherco-authorofthestudy.Braswellsaidthatinyearswhentheglobalweatheriscoolerthannormalthereisadecreaseinboththedecayofdeadplantsandinnewplantgrowth.ThiscausesaneffectthatistheoppositeofE1Ninowarming:CO2atmospherelevelsfirstdeclineandlaterincrease.50IthinkwehavedemonstratedthattheecosystemhasalotmoretodowithclimatechangethanwaspreviouslybelievedsaidBraswellFocusingontheroleofhumanactivityinclimatechangeisimportantbutmanmadefactorsarenottheonlyfactors./
计算机系统中的存储器可以分成两类______和______
MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit. Itissuggestedinthelastparagraphthatcraftguilds
MS-DOS的存储管理采用了
In2010afederaljudgeshookAmerica’sbiotechindustrytoitscore.CompanieshadwonpatentsforisolatedDNAfordecades—by2005some20%ofhumangeneswereparented.ButinMarch2010ajudgeruledthatgeneswereunpatentable.Executiveswereviolentlyagitated.TheBiotechnologyIndustryOrganisationBIOatradegroupassuredmembersthatthiswasjusta"preliminarystep"inalongerbattle. OnJuly29ththeywererelievedatleasttemporarily.AfederalappealscourtoverturnedthepriordecisionrulingthatMyriadGeneticscouldindeedholbpatentstotwogenesthathelpforecastawoman’sriskofbreastcancer.ThechiefexecutiveofMyriadacompanyinUtahsaidtherulingwasablessingtofirmsandpatientsalike. Butascompaniescontinuetheirattemptsatpersonalisedmedicinethecourtswillremainratherbusy.TheMyriadcaseitselfisprobablynotoverCriticsmakethreemainargumentsagainstgenepatents:ageneisaproductofnaturesoitmaynotbepatented;genepatentssuppressinnovationratherthanrewardit;andpatents’monopoliesrestrictaccesstogenetictestssuchasMyriad’s.Agrowingnumberseemtoagree.Lastyearafederaltask-forceurgedreformforpatentsrelatedtogenetictests.InOctobertheDepartmentofJusticefiledabriefintheMyriadcasearguingthatanisolatedDNAmolecule"isnolessaproductofnature..thanarecottonfibresthathavebeenseparatedfromcottonseeds." Despitetheappealscourt’sdecisionbigquestionsremainunanswered.Forexampleitisunclearwhetherthesequencingofawholegenomeviolatesthepatentsofindividualgeneswithinit.ThecasemayyetreachtheSupremeCourt. Astheindustryadvanceshoweverothersuitsmayhaveanevengreaterimpact.CompaniesareunlikelytofilemanymorepatentsforhumanDNAmoleculesImostarealreadypatentedorinthepublicdomain.Firmsarenowstudyinghowgenesinteractlookingforcorrelationsthatmightbeusedtodeterminethecausesofdiseaseorpredictadrug’sefficacycompaniesareeagertowinpatentsfor’connectingthedits’explainsHansSaueralawyerfortheBIO. TheirsuccessmaybedeterminedbyasuitrelatedtothisissuebroughtbytheMayoClinicwhichtheSupremeCourtwillhearinitsnextterm.TheBIOrecentlyheldaconventionwhichincludedseddionstocoachlawyersontheshiftinglandscapeforpatents.Eachmeetingwaspacked. ItcanbelearnedfromParagraphIthatthebiotechcompanieswouldlike
在固定分区可变分区页式管理段式管理段页式管理虚拟页式管理虚拟段式管理和虚拟段页式中同时需要设置段表和页表的存储管理方法的个数是
MosttownsuptoElizabethantimesweresmallerthanamodernvillageandeachofthemwasbuiltarounditsweeklymarketwherelocalproducewasbroughtforsaleandthetownfolkssoldtheirworktothepeoplefromthecountrysideandprovidedthemwithrefreshmentfortheday.Tradewasvirtuallyconfinedtothatonedayeveninatownofathousandorsopeople.Onmarketdayscraftsmenputuptheirstallsintheopenairwhilstononeortwootherdaysduringtheweekthetownsmanwouldpackuphisloavesornailsorclothandsetoutearlytodoaday’stradeinthemarketofanadjoiningtownwherehoweverhewouldbechargedaheavytollfortheprivilegeandgetalessfavourablespotforhisstandthanthelocalcraftsmen.AnotherchanceforhimtomakeasalewastothecongregationgatheredforSundaymorningworship.Althoughnotradewasallowedanywhereduringthehoursoftheserviceexceptatannualfairtimesafterchurchtherewouldbesometradeatthechurchdoorwithdepartingcountryfolk. Thetradeofmarketswasalmostwhollyconcernedwithexchangingtheproductsofthenearbycountrysideandthegoodssoldinthemarketbutparticularlyinfoodretaildealingwasdistrustedasakindofprofiteering.Evenwhentherewasenoughtradebeingdonetoaffordalivelihoodtoanenterprisingmanreadytobuywholesaleandsellretailtownauthoritieswerereluctanttoallowit. Yettherewereplainlypeoplewhoweretemptedto“forestallthemarket”bybuyinggoodsoutsideitandto“regrate”themthatistoresellthematahigherprice.Theconstantlyrepeatedrulesagainstthesepracticesandtheendlesslyrecurringprosecutionsmentionedintherecordsofallthelargertownsprovethatsomewell-informedandsharp-wittedpeopledidthesethings. Everytownmadeitsownlawsandifitwasbigenoughtohavecraftguildstheseassociationswouldregulatethebusinessoftheirmembersandtriedtoenforceastrictmonopolyoftheirowntrades.Yetwhiletheguildleadersascraftsmenfollowedfiercelyprotectionistpoliciesatthesametimeasleadingtownsmentheywantedtoseeabigbusymarketyieldingahandsomerevenueinvariousduesandtolls.Conflictsofinterestledtoendlessminuteregulationschangeableofteninconsistentfrequentlyabsurd.TherewasatimeinthefourteenthcenturyforexamplewhenLondonfishmongerswerenotallowedtohandleanyfishthathadnotalreadybeenexposedforsaleforthreedaysbythemenwhocaughtit. WeknowfromParagraph1thatcraftsmen
ThesuddendramaticexplosioninvalueofonlinesocialmediasiteslikeFacebookandTwitterisreminiscentoftheriseabout15yearsagooftheonlinebusinessesthatcreatedthe"dotcombubble."TheInternetwasfarlesswidelyusedthanitistoday.StillvisionariessawthepotentialfortheInternetwehavetodaysovirtualcompaniessprungupandgrewlikeweedsasinvestorsthrewmoneytheirway.SomelikeGoogleandAmazondevelopedanenduringonlinepresenceandlastingfinancialvalue.Butfartoomanyquicklylostvaluewhenitbecameapparentthattheirrapidgrowthwasn’tyieldingrevenue. SohowmuchisFacebook’snetworkofusersreallyworthThepotentialisclear—whensomanypeoplearegatheredinonevirtualplaceofferingsomuchpersonalinformationaboutthemselvestheycreateanunprecedentedplatformfortargetedadvertising.Ortheywouldiftheywereonthenetworktoshop.WheneBayandAmazonsuggestproductstotheircustomersthey’retalkingtopeoplewho’vealreadyproventhatthey’reinterestedinbuyingsimilarproducts.PeoplegoonFacebookforavarietyofreasons-tocatchupwitholdfriendssharepicturesmakenewacquaintancesandtalksometimesendlesslyaboutthemselves.Whetherthey’llappreciatehavingtheirvirtualconversationsinterruptedbyadvertisingtargetedornotremainsunclear. It’salsounclearwhetherFacebookwillactuallybeabletoshareinformationaboutitsusers’browsinghabitswithadvertisers.ComplaintsabouttheineffectivenessofFacebook’sprivacypolicieshaveariseninmultiplecountriespartofalargersocialconcernabouthowprivateinformationgetsusedonline.InDecembertheFederalTradeCommissionissuedaproposedframeworkthatamongotherthingswouldpermitFacebookuserstoblockadvertisersfromaccessinginformationabouttheironlineinterests.IfthatframeworkisimplementedandwidelyusedbyFacebooksubscribersitcouldseriouslyimpairthesite’svalueasapotentialplatformfortargetedmarketing. WhatisclearisthatGoldmanSachshasasignificantinterestinFacebook’sfinancialvalueatleastfortheshortterm.GoldmanSachs’decisiontoinvestheavilyinFacebookhashadsomeinterestingimpacts.ForonethingtheinvestmenthasallowedFacebookanopportunitytopostponeissuinganIPO.ThatmeansthatatleastforthemomentFacebookdoesn’tyethavetodiscloseitsfinancesorpubliclyaddressinvestorcomplaints. GoldmanSachs’investmentalsoputsthefirminanidealpositiontohandleFacebook’sIPOwheniteventuallyisissuedperhapssometimenextyear.ThatofcoursehasthepotentialtogeneratesubstantialrevenuesforGoldmanSachs’clients.Google’s2004IPOraisedaninitial$1.2billionforthecompany.AfterallthepropagandaFacebook’sIPOcanhardlybeexpectedtoraiseless.HoweverthereremainsasignificantquestionastowhetherFacebook’spotentialforgeneratingincomeismorevirtualthanreal.IfitturnsoutthatFacebookcan’tliveuptoitspotentialforgeneratingadvertisingrevenueventurecapitalistswhoinvestforthelongtermmaygetburned. CompanieslikeAmazonandFacebookearntheirmoneyby
Aconventionalteacher’slicenseeusuallyrequiresauniversitydegreeineducationplusanunpaidtermofpracticeteaching.Thishasnevermademuchsense.Itexcludesbrightstudentswhotakedegreesinothersubjectsandmightteachthosesubjects;itiscostlyandtime-consumingforcareer-switcherswhomustwaitayearormorebeforetheycanenteraclassroom;itissorigidthatprivate-schoolteachersoruniversityprofessorswithyearsofexperiencehavetojumpthroughhoopsbeforetheycanstartteachinginastateschool.Andthereisvirtuallynoevidencethatitcreatesbetterteachers.Forallthatitisstronglybackedbyschoolsofeducationwhichhaveamonopolyofteacher-trainingandbyteachers’unionswhosemembersmakemoremoneywhenitisartificiallyhardforotherstogetintotheprofession. Nowsome45statesandtheDistrictsofColumbiaofferan"alternativeroute"toateacher’slicenseeupfromonlyahandfulinthe1980s.AlternativecertificationACgenerallyallowsindividualswithauniversitydegreetobeginteachingimmediatelyafterpassinganentranceexamination.Theserecruitswatchedoverbyamentorteachthesubjecttheystudiedatuniversityandtakeeducationcoursesatasponsoringuniversitywhiledrawingtheirsalaries. ThetraditionalsortofAmericanteacherislikelytobeyoungwhiteandfemale.Alternativecertificationattractsmoremenandmorenon-whites.InTexasforinstanceroughly90%ofpublic-schoolteachersarewhitebut40%ofthosewhohavejoinedthroughalternativecertificationarenon-whites.TheACroutealsodrawsteacherswillingtogowheretheyaremostneeded.AsurveyofTroopstoTeachersaprogramthatturnsexsoldiersintopublic-schoolteachers"Proudtoserveagain"foundthat39%ofthosetakingpartarewillingtoteachininner-cityschoolsand68%inruralareas. AretheygoodteachersOfficialdomisreluctanttoreleasethedetailswhichmightanswerthatquestionforcertain.Butanecdotalevidencesuggeststheydowell.InNewJerseywhichhasbeenrunningthissortofprogramsince1984richdistrictswhichcanaffordtobechoosyconsistentlyhiremoreACteachersthanpoordistrictsdo.InHoustonTexaswheretheTeachofAmericaprogramTFAputsrecentuniversitygraduatesintopoorcommunitiesasteachersthemosteffectiveteachersaregenerallytheTFAones."Schoolprincipalsareourbiggestfans"WendyKoppTFA’spresidentsaysproudly. Sowhynotscrapthecumbersometeacher-licensinglawsFrederickHessaprofessorattheUniversityofVirginiahaswrittenapaperfortheProgressivePolicyInstitutearguingthatteacher-licensingoughttobestrippedtothebareessentials.Prospectiveteachersshouldberequiredonlytoholdacollegedegreepassatestofessentialskillsandbecheckedtomakesuretheydonothaveacriminalbackground.OthertrainingisimportantarguesMr.Hessbutthemarketnotstatelegislatorsshoulddecidewhatthattraininglookslike.Thisnotionof"competitivecertification"hasdrawnfavorableattentionfromtheBushadministration. WhatdoestheexampleofNewJerseyPara.4illustrate
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