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Text 2 An English schoolboy would only ask his friend:"Wassa time, then"To his teacher he would...
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IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 13
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofunilateralism
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Towhichofthefollowingistheauthorlikelytoagree
Text2 OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebelsrespectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%40oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. ThewordlopsidedParagraph4mostprobablymeans
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 15
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers..physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 43
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfromthedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs.
Text2 OnaweekdaynightthisJanuarythousandsofflag-wavingyouthspackedOlayaStreetRiyadh’smainshoppingstriptocheeramemorableSaudivictoryintheGCCCupfootballfinal.Onecarrockmusicblaringfromitsstereosquealedtoastopblockinganintersection.Thepassengersleaptoutclamberedontotheroofanddancedwildlyinfrontofthehonkingcrowd.Havingparalyzedthetrafficacrosshalfthecitytheyspedoffbeforethepolicecouldcatchthem. SuchpublicoccasionwasonceunthinkableintherigidconformistkingdombutnowyoungpeoplethereandinotherGulfstatesareincreasinglywillingtochallengeauthority.Thatdoesnotmakethemrebelsrespectforeldersforreligiousdutyandformaintainingfamilybondsremainpre-eminentvaluesandpremaritalsexisgenerallyoutofthequestion.Yetdemographyisbeginningtoputpressureonultra-conservativenorms. Afterall60%40oftheGulf’snativepopulationisundertheageof25.Withmanymoreofitscitizensinschoolthanintheworkforcetheregionfacesatleastagenerationofrocketingdemandforemployment.IneverysingleGCCcountrythenativeworkforcewilldoubleby2020.InSaudiArabiaitwillgrowfrom3.3mnowtoover8m.Thetaskofmanagingthissurgewouldbedauntingenoughforanysocietybutisparticularlyforbiddinginthisregionforseveralreasons. ThefirstisthattheGulfsuffersfromalopsidedlaborstructure.Thisgoesbacktothe1970swhenballooningoilincomesallowedgovernmentstoimportmillionsofforeignworkersandtodispensecozyjobstothelocals.Theresultisatwo-tierworkforcewithoutsidersworkingmostlyintheprivatesectorandnativesmonopolizingthestatebureaucracy.Privatefirmsareasproductiveasany.Butwithinthegovernmentclaimsonestudyworkersareworthonlyaquarterofwhattheygetpaid. Similarlyintheeducationsector30yearsspentkeepingpacewithsoaringstudentnumbershastakenaheavytollonstandards.TheSaudischoolsystemforinstancetodayhastocopewith5mstudentseighttimesmorethanin1970.AndmanyGulfcountriesadaptedtheircurriculafromEgyptianmodelsthatarenowthoroughlydiscredited.Theycontinuetofavorrotelearningof"facts"intendedtoinstillpatriotismorreligiousvalues. Evenworsethesystemasawholediscouragesintellectualcuriosity.Itchannelsstudentsintoacquiringprestigedegreesratherthangainingmarketableskills.Ofthe120000graduatesthatSaudiuniversitiesproducedbetween1995and1999only10000hadstudiedtechnicalsubjectssuchasarchitectureorengineering.Theyaccountedforonly2%ofthetotalnumberofSaudisenteringthejobmarket. Thewildbehaviordepictedinthefirstparagraphisintendedto
Text3 WhenandhowmuchThosearethequestionsonthelipsofinvestorsbondholdersandotherFederalReservewatchers.TheFedkeptinterestratesonholdatitsMar.19meeting.ButtheaccompanyingstatementinwhichtheFedabandoneditsviewthateconomicweaknesswasthegreatestriskintheoutlookmakesitclearthatpolicymakersarethinkingaboutthetimingofratehikesinordertobringmonetarypolicybacktoaneutralstance. Evensothereareotherfactorsthatargueforsomeriseinshort-termrates——perhapsasearlyasJuneasWallStreetexpects.WhiletheFed’swordslessenthechancesofaratehikeattheMaymeetingtheydonotsetthecriteriaforapossiblehikeattheJune25-26meeting. Thelatestdataseemtocomedownonthe"evenlymixed"scenario.Businessesarebackingofffromlastyear’sfeverishpaceofstock-cuttingbutdomesticdemandisholdingup.Factoriesarebusierinresponsetorisingorders.Inparticularthemakersoftechequipmentareboostingoutputatarapidclip.AtthesametimethewidertradegapinJanuarysuggeststhatsomeoftheinventoryswingisbenefitingforeignproducers.KeepinmindthatabiggertradegapsubtractsfromeconomicgrowthbutariseinU.S.importsisnecessarytogiverisetoaglobalrebound.Thatwilleventuallyboostexportsaswellandhelptobetteralignmonetarypolicyaroundtheworld. TheFed’sdecisiontoshifttoaneutralstancewasprobablymadeeasierbythelatestgoodnewsonindustrialproduction.Outputatfactoriesutilitiesandminesincreased0.40%inFebruaryontopofa0.2%Januarygainwhichwasfirstreportedasa0.1%loss.Manufacturingoutputrose0.3%ineachmonththebestshowingsincemid-2000. Surprisinglythelong-ailingtechsectorisleadingthecharge.Techproductionisgrowingatadouble-digitannualrateinthefirstquartervs.almostnogainintherestofmanufacturing.Buteventhatsmallriseinnontechmanufacturingisavastimprovementfromthesteepdeclinesoftheprevioussixquarters.JustastechisfuelingthereboundinU.S.factoryactivitytechimportsareleadingtheimportrise.Incomingshipmentsoftechgoodsjumped14.6%inJanuarysuggestingstrongercapitalspending. AsdemandpicksuptheFedwillwanttoremoveitselffromtheequationofeconomicplusesandminuses.StepOnewastheshiftinitsviewoftheoutlook.StepTwowillbeaseriesofratehikesthatwillbringpolicymoreinlinewithsustainableeconomicgrowth. AccordingtotheauthortheAmericaneconomy
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 7
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 1
Text1 Europeisdesperatetosucceedinbusiness.TwoyearsagotheEuropeanUnion’sLisbonsummitsetagoalofbecomingtheworld’sleadingeconomyby2010.Butsuccessasanynew-ageexecutivecoachmighttellyourequiresconfrontingthefearoffailure.ThatiswhyEurope’sapproachtobankruptcyurgentlyneedsreform. InEuropeasintheUnitedStatesmanyheavilyindebtedcompaniesareshuttingupshopjustastheeconomybeginstorecover.Ironicallytheupturnisoftenthemomentwhenweakfirmsfinallyfail.ButAmerica’sfailureshaveabigadvantageoverEurope’sweaklings:theircountry’smorerelaxedapproachtobankruptcy. IntheUnitedStatestheChapter11lawmakesgoingbustanorderlyandevenroutineprocess.Firmsintroublesimplyapplyforbreathingspacefromcreditors.Managerssubmitaplanofreorganizationtoajudgeandcreditorsdecidewhethertogiveitagoortocomeupwithoneoftheirown.Creditorshaveasayinwhethertokeepthefirmrunningortoliquidateit.Iftheykeepitrunningtheyoftenendupwithabigchunkofequityifnotoutrightcontrol. ButshuttingabustEuropeancompanyisharderintwootherways.FirstwithnoequivalentofChapter11bankruptcyforcescompaniestostoptradingabruptly.Thatdamagesthevalueofthecreditors’potentialassetsandmayalsocausehavocforcustomers.SecondacompanythattradesacrosstheEuropeanUnionwillfindthatithastoabidebydifferentbankruptcylawsinthe15memberstateswhosecourtsandadministratorsmaymakeconflictingandsometimesincompatiblestipulations. Theabsenceofprovisionfornegotiationsbetweencompaniesandcreditorsincreasesthetemptationforgovernmenttostepin.Whengovernmentsdonotcometotherescuethelackofclearrulescanleadtochaos.AsaresultofallthisEurope’steeteringfirmsmissthechancetobecomemorecompetitivebysellingassetstootherswhomightmanagethemmoreefficiently.TheirsicklyAmericanrivalssurvivetransformedtosweepthefield. AnopportunitynowexiststothinkagainaboutEurope’sapproachtobankruptcy.TheEuropeanUnionisexpectedtoissueanewdirectiveonthesubjectinMay.Germanyhasbeguntoupdateitsinsolvencylaw.AndlastyearBritainproducedawhitepapersayingthatarigidapproachtobankruptcycouldstiflethegrowthneededtomeetLisbon’sgoals. ThewordweaklingsParagraph2mostprobablymeans
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 9
Text4 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP——thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’Sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectations.Nowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. TheproposedalternativefundingmodelsParagraph2mightbemoreclearlybasedon
Text3 ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sfanshadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhightariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident’sdefensewaspathetic.Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehowconsistentwithfreetradethatthedomesticindustrywasimportantandstrugglingandthatthereliefwasatemporarymeasuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.OnereasonthatthisargumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompanies"BigSteel"havereceivedvariousformsofgovernmentprotectionandsubsidyformorethan30years. Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructurethelong-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesandcostU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnneO.KruegernowdeputymanagingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFundsaidinareportonBigSteel:"TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeenthechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection....ItprovidesakeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilityspecialintereststolobbyinWashingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelpaverysmallgroup." Since1950sBigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomaketheinvestmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroducedelsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.HencethecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywithmoreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowithtechnologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-millswhichrelyonscrapmetalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.thesemillsnowcaptureabouthalfofoverallU.S.sales. TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteelpriceswhichdespiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.andothergovernmentsaredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000buthavesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowestdollarvaluesofthelast20years.AlthoughtheselowpricesareunfortunateforU.S.producerstheyarebeneficialfortheoverallU.S.economy.ThelowpricesarealsosignalthattheinefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinessevenfasterthantheyhavebeen. InsteadofleavingormodernizingthedyingBigSteelindustrycomplainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.HoweveritishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlowprices.Afteralltheextremecaseofdumpingisonewhereforeignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbeabadthing Theauthor'sattitudetowardsthemeasureadoptedbythePresidentseemstobethatof
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheattitudeofthosewhoarebarkingupthewrongtreetowardstheprimacyofUSinthe21stcenturyseemstobe
Text1 ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBushesfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned——orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstayingpower.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly20%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheauthorbeginshisarticlewithGeorgeBush'sfather'swords
Text3 ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sfanshadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhightariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident’sdefensewaspathetic.Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehowconsistentwithfreetradethatthedomesticindustrywasimportantandstrugglingandthatthereliefwasatemporarymeasuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.OnereasonthatthisargumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompanies"BigSteel"havereceivedvariousformsofgovernmentprotectionandsubsidyformorethan30years. Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructurethelong-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesandcostU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnneO.KruegernowdeputymanagingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFundsaidinareportonBigSteel:"TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeenthechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection....ItprovidesakeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilityspecialintereststolobbyinWashingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelpaverysmallgroup." Since1950sBigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomaketheinvestmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroducedelsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.HencethecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywithmoreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowithtechnologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-millswhichrelyonscrapmetalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.thesemillsnowcaptureabouthalfofoverallU.S.sales. TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteelpriceswhichdespiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.andothergovernmentsaredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000buthavesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowestdollarvaluesofthelast20years.AlthoughtheselowpricesareunfortunateforU.S.producerstheyarebeneficialfortheoverallU.S.economy.ThelowpricesarealsosignalthattheinefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinessevenfasterthantheyhavebeen. InsteadofleavingormodernizingthedyingBigSteelindustrycomplainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.HoweveritishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlowprices.Afteralltheextremecaseofdumpingisonewhereforeignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbeabadthing WecandrawaconclusionfromthetextthattheoverallU.S.economy
PartA Directions: SupposeyouareLiMing.Youaregoingtograduatefromtheuniversitytwoweekslater.Youandyourclassmateswillholdadinnerpartyatthattime.YouallwanttoinviteProf.Wangtothepartyandnowyouwritealetterofinvitation.Andyourwritingshouldinclude: Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 5
Text3 ItwasinevitablethatanyofPresidentGeorgeW.Bush’sfanshadtobeverydisappointedbyhisdecisiontoimplementhightariffsonsteelimportedtotheU.S.Thepresident’sdefensewaspathetic.Hearguedthatthesteeltariffsweresomehowconsistentwithfreetradethatthedomesticindustrywasimportantandstrugglingandthatthereliefwasatemporarymeasuretoallowtimeforrestructuring.OnereasonthatthisargumentisabsurdisthatU.S.integratedsteelcompanies"BigSteel"havereceivedvariousformsofgovernmentprotectionandsubsidyformorethan30years. Insteadofencouragingtheindustrytorestructurethelong-termprotectionhassustainedinefficientcompaniesandcostU.S.consumersdearly.AsAnneO.KruegernowdeputymanagingdirectoroftheInternationalMonetaryFundsaidinareportonBigSteel:"TheAmericanBigSteelindustryhasbeenthechampionlobbyistandseekerofprotection....ItprovidesakeyanddisillusioningexampleoftheabilityspecialintereststolobbyinWashingtonformeasureswhichhurtthegeneralpublicandhelpaverysmallgroup." Since1950sBigSteelhasbeenreluctanttomaketheinvestmentsneededtomatchthenewtechnologiesintroducedelsewhere.Itagreedtohighwagesforitsunionizedlaborforce.HencethecompanieshavedifficultyincompetingnotonlywithmoreefficientproducersinAsiaandEuropebutalsowithtechnologicallyadvancedU.S.mini-millswhichrelyonscrapmetalasaninput.LedbyNucorCor.thesemillsnowcaptureabouthalfofoverallU.S.sales. TheprofitabilityofU.S.steelcompaniesdependsalsoonsteelpriceswhichdespiteattemptsatprotectionbytheU.S.andothergovernmentsaredeterminedprimarilyinworldmarkets.Thesepricesarerelativelyhighasrecentlyasearly2000buthavesincedeclinedwiththeworldrecessiontoreachthelowestdollarvaluesofthelast20years.AlthoughtheselowpricesareunfortunateforU.S.producerstheyarebeneficialfortheoverallU.S.economy.ThelowpricesarealsosignalthattheinefficientBigSteelcompaniesshouldgooutofbusinessevenfasterthantheyhavebeen. InsteadofleavingormodernizingthedyingBigSteelindustrycomplainsthatforeignersdumpsteelsbysellingatlowprices.HoweveritishardtoseewhyitisbadfortheoverallU.S.economyifforeignproducerswishtosellustheirgoodsatlowprices.Afteralltheextremecaseofdumpingisonewhereforeignersgiveustheirsteelforfreeandwhywouldthatbeabadthing WhichofthefollowingcanbeadisadvantageofU.S.BigSteelaspointedoutinthetext
ThelongandprogressivereignofQueenVictoriacametoaclimaxatatimeofpeaceandplentywhentheBritishEmpireseemedtobeatthesummitofitspowerandsecurity.OfthediscordthatsoonfollowedweshallherenoteonlytwofactorswhichhadlargeinfluenceoncontemporaryEnglishliterature. ThefirstdisturbingfactorwasimperialismthereawakeningofadominatingspiritwhichhadseeminglybeenputtosleepbytheproclamationofanImperialFederation.46ItscomingwasheraldedbytheBoerWarinSouthAfricathroughwhichBritainblunderedtowhatwashopedtobeaneraofpeaceandgoodwill.Othernationspromptlymadesuchhopeavainwhistlinginthewind.JapaneseWarLordsbeganacareerofconquestwhichaimedtomakeJapanmasterofAsiaandEastIndies.Pacificislandsthathadforagessleptpeacefullywereturnedintofrowningnavalstations.47EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan. Onlyanationthatentersonadangerouscoursewitheyeswideopenhasanychanceofasafewayoutandtheimperialisticnationswereallalikeblind.48AninevitableresultwastheFirstWarandthegreathorrorofaSecondWorldWarthetwodisastersbeingdifferentactsofthesametragedyofimperialismseparatedonlybyabreathingspell. Anotherfactorthatinfluencedliteraturefortheworsewasawidespreaddemandforsocialreformofeverykind;notslowandorderlyreformwhichisprogressbutimmediateanduncontrolledreformwhichbreedsaspiritofrebellionanddespair.BeforetheVictorianagehadcometoanendEnglishliteratureappearedtohavelosttouchwithhealthyEnglishlife.ManywritersechoedthesorrowfulcryofJamesThomsoninhisCityofDreadfulNightorbabbledof"artforart’ssake"withOscarWilde.49GroominhissurveyoftheperiodnotesthatwritershadmostlyacriticalattitudetowardmoralsandreligionChurchandStateasrelicsfrom"thedeadhandoftraditionalbeliefs."50SmallwonderthatGermanandJapanesewar-advocatesregardedEnglishmenasadecadentracewhenthesameoraworseopinionwasdailyreadinthenovelsofSamuelButlerandnightlyheardintheplaysofBernardShaw. EventheUnitedStatesarousedbyaneasytriumphintheSpanishWarstartedonanimperialisticadventurebytakingcontrolofthePhilippinesthusmakinganimplacableenemyofJapan.
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 11
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers..physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 45
Text2 CanthisbetherighttimetoinvestinluxurygoodsMiucciaPradawasobviouslybitinghernails.ThegranddaughterofthefounderoftheItalianfashiongrouphasjustopenedspectacularnewstoresinquicksuccessioninNewYorkandLondon.Withitsmagicmirrorssilverdisplaysandcomputer-controlledchangingroomsPrada’stwo-month-oldshopinManhattancostastaggering$40msitsjustamilefromGroundZeroandsellspracticallynothing. Theluxury-goodsbusinesshasbeenindespairinhastysuccessionagainstabackgroundofaweakeningglobaleconomyanenduringslumpinJapanesespendingandtheSeptember11thterroristattacks.TheJapanesewhousedtobuyathirdoftheworld’sluxurygoodscuttheirforeigntravelinhalfaftertheattacksandtightenedtheirLouisVuittonpurse-strings.AtthesametimewealthyAmericansstoppedflyingwhichhasadramaticeffectontheluxury-goodspurveyorsofLondonParisandRome. AthometooAmericans’attitudestoluxurychangedatleasttemporarily."Conspicuousabstention"replacedgreedyconsumerismamongthefast-growingyoungerbreedofnewlyrich.Thedeclineinjobsecuritythelowerbonusesinfinancialservicesandthestockmarketbustthatwipedoutmuchofthepaperwealthgeneratedinthelate1990sbredanewfrugality.Salesofexpensivejewelrywatchesandhandbags——theproductsthatmakethejuiciestprofitsforthebigluxury-goodsgroups——droppedsharply. Theimpacthasbeenmoststrikingamongthehandfuloflargequotedluxury-goodscompanies.France’sLouisVuittonMoetHennessyLVMHtheindustryleaderissuedfourprofitswarningsafterSeptember11thandendedupreportinga20%declineinoperatingprofitfor2001afterhavingrepeatedlypromiseditsinvestorsdouble-digitgrowth;andItaly’sGucciGroupthethirdlargestannouncedthisweekthatsecond-halfprofitsdroppedby330/00.MeanwhileprivatelyheldPradahadtopostponeitsstockmarketflotationandwasforcedtosellarecentlyacquiredstakeinFendiaprestigiousItalianbagmakerinordertoreduceitsdebts. Luxuryisanunusualbusiness.Aluxurybrandcannotbeextendedindefinitely:ifitbecomestoocommonitisdevaluedasPierreCardinandRalphLaurenprovedbystickingtheirlabelsoneverythingfromT-shirtstopaint.Equallyabrandnamecanbeunderminedifitisnotadvertisedconsistentlyorifitisdisplayedandsoldpoorly.SagraMaceiradeRosenaluxury-goodsanalystatJ.P.Morganarguesthat"Luxurycompaniesareprimarilyretailers.Inretailingthemostimportantthingisexecutionandexecutionisallaboutmanagement.Youmayhavethebestdesignedproductbutifyoudon’tgetitintotherightkindofshopattherighttimeyouwillfail." Whatistheattitudeofconsumerstowards'luxurygoodsinthepresentsituation
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 19
41Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair."Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers..physiologicalfreaks"sayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframemakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar. [A]Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. [B]Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemanydopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. [C]Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. [D]Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. [E]Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. [F]Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvalueforeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. 41
Text4 Couldmoneycuresickhealth-caresystemsinBritainwhichwillbetheplacetolookforproofin2003.TheNationalHealthServiceNHSwhichoffersfreehealthcarefinancedbytaxesisreceivinganemergencyno-expense-sparedinjectionofcash.By2007totalhealthspendinginBritainwillreachover9%ofGDP——thesameshareFrancehadwhenitwasratedtheworld’sbesthealthservicebytheWorldHealthOrganizationin2000. TheLaborgovernment’sresponsewasnottoconductafundamentalreviewabouthowbesttoreformhealthcareforthe21stcentury.Ratheritconcludedthatshortageofmoneynottheformoffinancingorprovisionwasthemainproblem.In2002GordonBrownthepowerfulchancelloroftheexchequerusedareviewoftheNHS’Sfuturefinancingrequirementstorejectalternativefundingmodelsthatwouldallowpatientstosignupwithcompetinginsurersandsoexercisegreatercontrolovertheirownhealthcare. AlanMilburnthehealthministerhasmadesometentativestepsbacktowardstheinternalmarketintroducedbytheConservativegovernment.Itmeansthatadozentop-rankinghospitalswillalsohavebeengivengreaterfreedomtoruntheirownaffairs.Howeverthesereformswillnotdeliverrealconsumerpowertopatients. AsaresultthereturnonthemoneypouringintotheNHSlookssettobedisappointinglymeager.Alreadythereareworryingsignsthatmuchofthecashcascadewillbesoakedupinhigherpayandshorterhoursforstaffandbearlittlerelationtoextraeffortproductivityandquality.Someimprovementswilloccurbutfarlessthanmightbeexpectedfromsuchafinancialwindfall. Health-caresystemsinthedevelopedworldshareacommonhistoryarguesDavidCutleratHarvardUniversity.Firstgovernmentsfoundedgenerousuniversalsystemsafterthesecondworldwar.Withfewcontrolsoverthedemandformedicalcareoritssupplycoststhenspiraledup.Startinginthe1980stherewasadrivetocontainexpenditureoftenthroughcrudeconstraintsonmedicalbudgetswhichrancountertorisingpatientexpectations.Nowthisstrategyhasrunitscourse:athirdwaveofreformsisunderwaytoincreaseefficiencyandrestraindemandthroughcost-sharingbetweeninsurersandpatients.Viewedfromthisperspectivethegovernment’splantoshowercashonalargelyunreformedNHSlooksanomalous.ButbeforemorefundamentalchangecanbecontemplatedinBritaintheoldsystemmustbeshowntobeincapableofcurethroughmoney.Thisharshlessonislikelytobelearntasearlyas2003. Thebasicproblemofhealth-caresystemsinBritainaspointedoutbythewriterseemstoliein
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 3
IntheUnitedStatesthefirstday-nurserywasopenedin1854.Nurserieswereestablishedinvariousareasduringthe1halfofthe19thcentury;mostofthemwere2BothinEuropeandintheU.S.theday-nursery3receivedgreat4duringtheFirstWorldWarwhen5ofmanpowercausedtheindustrialemployment6numbersofwomen.InsomeEuropeancountriesnurserieswereestablished7inmunitions军火plantsunderdirectgovernment8AlthoughthenumberofnurseriesintheU.S.alsorose9thisrisewasaccomplishedwithoutgovernmentaidofanykind.DuringtheyearsfollowingtheFirstWorldWar10FederalStateandlocalgovernmentsgraduallybegantoexerciseameasureofcontrolovertheday-nurserieschieflyby11themandbyinspectingandregulatingtheconditionswithinthenurseries. The12oftheSecondWorldWarwasquicklyfollowedbyanincreaseinthenumberofday-nurseriesinalmostallcountriesaswomenwereagaincalledupontoreplacemeninthefactories.Onthis13theU.S.governmentimmediatelycametothesupportofthenurseryschool14$6000000inJuly1942foranurseryschoolprogramforthechildrenofworkingmothers.ManyStatesandlocalcommunities15thisFederalaid.BytheendofthewarinAugust1945morethan100000childrenwerebeingcaredforinday-carecentersreceivingFederal16.SoonafterwardtheFederalgovernment17cutdownits18forthispurposeandlater19themcausingasharpdropinthenumberofnurseryschoolsinoperation.Howeverthe20thatmostemployedmotherswouldleavetheirjobsattheendofthewarwasonlypartlyfulfilled. 17
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