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通货膨胀所引发的社会现象有
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通货膨胀属于
经济现象
社会现象
政治现象
货币现象
下列通货膨胀类型中属于成本推动型通货膨胀的有
扩张性货币政策造成的通货膨胀
消费强劲增长引发的通货膨胀
工资和物价螺旋上升引发的通货膨胀
进口品价格上涨引起的通货膨胀
垄断企业人为抬高价格引发的通货膨胀
下列通货膨胀类型中属于成本推进型通货膨胀的有
扩张性货币政策造成的通货膨胀
消费强劲增长引发的通货膨胀
工资和物价螺旋上升引发的通货膨胀
进口品价格上涨引起的通货膨胀
垄断企业人为抬高价格引发的通货膨胀
下列通货膨胀类型中属于输入型通货膨胀的有
垄断企业人为抬高价格引发的通货膨胀
消费强劲增长引发的通货膨胀
工资和物价螺旋上升引发的通货膨胀
进口品价格上涨引起的通货膨胀
通货膨胀首先是一种
制度现象
经济现象
心理现象
社会现象
通货膨胀首先是一种
社会现象
经济现象
心理现象
政治现象
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Text3 HalfwaythroughTheRebelSellthe authorspausetomakefunoffree-rangechicken.Payingovertheoddsto ensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisall wellandgood.Butafree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-loving earthworm:givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedark comerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%offree-rangechickensactuallyusethe spaceavailabletothem.ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJoseph HeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPottera journalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbut intheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfrom consumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.Mr HeathandMrPotterarguethatthecountercultureinallitsattemptstobe subversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketand thusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopesto destroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceof StanleyMilgramthefilmsPleasantvilleTheMatrixandAmerican Beauty15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estate pricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovement andtheworld’sfunniestjoke.WhyrangesowidelyThe authors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschew smallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthe hopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersofsellingout.Insteadof encouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-be leftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrations againstglobalizationorbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhich onlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.Twoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainst brandsNaomiKleinNoLogoandAlissaQuartBrandedcomein forspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusing toofferpracticalsolutions.Anticipatingcriticismperhaps MessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutions suchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagers fromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes. Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupid workersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofaculturalarms race:eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelative tohisneighbors’Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweek mightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensive excesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventhe authorsdonotseementirelysure.Butonthewaytosuch modestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthe counterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandsto itspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsand onthesearchforcoolcouldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethe mistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith—theoneswhobuy brandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheir purchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessages wholeasitwere.Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’s ramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthe counterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarIIcritiquesofmodemsocietyThe RebelSellisalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoretical stretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeron atrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfor theirfree-rangechicken.Thepassageisobviouslytakenfroma
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswill notbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46Thatisone ofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme whichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissobering reading.47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03a studyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissues containsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactof factorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereport releasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainable DevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsfor reversingthedamage.Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinone offourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsidered situationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarkets environmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebased onattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulation levelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance.Someofthe situationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48Inaworlddominatedbyamarket mentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissue particularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Butthe sustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors.Thedelays betweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggest surprisetotheregionalexpertssaysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteof PublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthe report’sauthors.49Thereportfoundthatevenif environmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxide concentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswould continueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficulty inchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures.Originally usedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedin animprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCinthe early1990s.Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacredible storyabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiable formation.saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairofthe IPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworld intonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasused justfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchair energyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailin futurestrudies.
利率互换InterestRateSwap与货币互换CurrencySwap
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementin bothspeakingandwritingfollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations. ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumbered subheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse. MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Therearemanydifferences.betweencommunicatinginwritten andspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceand personalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting..Handandbodygesturesfacial expressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-face communication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersinthe formofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analert speakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcanshiftgearsandadapttochanging circumstances.41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingand writingWritinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsand punctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandif thereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter.42.Whylong sentencescanbeusedinwritingEffectivetalkingisaimedat people’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirect conversationalsentences.Therearethreestandardsthatapply equallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness.43. Clarity.Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessage instantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossible measuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectly cleartotheaudience.44.Accuracy.Asaconscientious speakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurate asresearchcanmakeit.45.Appropriateness.Inadditionto beingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudience andoccasion.[A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvary his/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheother handhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbraces toachievethat.[B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitive andfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedword forwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeats wordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgood writing.[C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprime meansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnessthe profoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusinga dictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresourcesyouwillfail toachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Another devicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyour talkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyour introductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover. Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeany conclusionshattheyleadto.[D]Forexampleaspeaker who’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticaland psychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokenshe shouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeher audiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly.[E] Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforth misinformationoroutdatedinformation.Howmanytimeshaveyouseenastorya nameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapers Unfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedin print.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoided ffsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkis onacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotations andsourcestofortifyyourfacts.[F]Longinvolvedsentences areacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymore wordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesona marathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceuttered they’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothshe andthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexcept perhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethe listenercanaskthespeakertorepeat.
Text4 Withaseriesofwell-timeddeals private-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmediamanagerscausetobeenvious TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthree private-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003is alreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelyto drawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikely togetbigger:individualprivateequityfundsaregrowing—a$10billionfundis likelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrange especiallyffprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogetherSome private-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliable relativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemare placingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies. Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthatthe advertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards.Onereason whyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotof moneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.But private-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessin particular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebig acquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTime WarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuy MGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Instead private-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuy MGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthe factthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradiois nowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesof establishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwas just3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equity putsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublic stockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersa media-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennow bringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusan enthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaim thenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheir industry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatso farprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheir entertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostof their$2.6billionfromthefarmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmaking specialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunch aninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillions more.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementin bothspeakingandwritingfollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations. ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumbered subheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse. MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Therearemanydifferences.betweencommunicatinginwritten andspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceand personalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting..Handandbodygesturesfacial expressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-face communication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersinthe formofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analert speakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcanshiftgearsandadapttochanging circumstances.41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingand writingWritinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsand punctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandif thereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter.42.Whylong sentencescanbeusedinwritingEffectivetalkingisaimedat people’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirect conversationalsentences.Therearethreestandardsthatapply equallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness.43. Clarity.Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessage instantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossible measuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectly cleartotheaudience.44.Accuracy.Asaconscientious speakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurate asresearchcanmakeit.45.Appropriateness.Inadditionto beingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudience andoccasion.[A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvary his/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheother handhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbraces toachievethat.[B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitive andfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedword forwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeats wordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgood writing.[C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprime meansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnessthe profoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusinga dictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresourcesyouwillfail toachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Another devicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyour talkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyour introductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover. Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeany conclusionshattheyleadto.[D]Forexampleaspeaker who’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticaland psychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokenshe shouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeher audiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly.[E] Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforth misinformationoroutdatedinformation.Howmanytimeshaveyouseenastorya nameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapers Unfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedin print.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoided ffsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkis onacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotations andsourcestofortifyyourfacts.[F]Longinvolvedsentences areacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymore wordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesona marathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceuttered they’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothshe andthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexcept perhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethe listenercanaskthespeakertorepeat.
如果货币需求对利率的敏感度较低则
Text3 HalfwaythroughTheRebelSellthe authorspausetomakefunoffree-rangechicken.Payingovertheoddsto ensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisall wellandgood.Butafree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-loving earthworm:givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedark comerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%offree-rangechickensactuallyusethe spaceavailabletothem.ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJoseph HeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPottera journalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbut intheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfrom consumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.Mr HeathandMrPotterarguethatthecountercultureinallitsattemptstobe subversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketand thusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopesto destroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceof StanleyMilgramthefilmsPleasantvilleTheMatrixandAmerican Beauty15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estate pricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovement andtheworld’sfunniestjoke.WhyrangesowidelyThe authors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschew smallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthe hopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersofsellingout.Insteadof encouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-be leftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrations againstglobalizationorbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhich onlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.Twoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainst brandsNaomiKleinNoLogoandAlissaQuartBrandedcomein forspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusing toofferpracticalsolutions.Anticipatingcriticismperhaps MessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutions suchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagers fromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes. Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupid workersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofaculturalarms race:eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelative tohisneighbors’Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweek mightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensive excesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventhe authorsdonotseementirelysure.Butonthewaytosuch modestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthe counterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandsto itspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsand onthesearchforcoolcouldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethe mistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith—theoneswhobuy brandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheir purchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessages wholeasitwere.Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’s ramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthe counterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarIIcritiquesofmodemsocietyThe RebelSellisalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoretical stretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeron atrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfor theirfree-rangechicken.Thewordeschewline2paragraph3isclosestinmeaningto
Text3 HalfwaythroughTheRebelSellthe authorspausetomakefunoffree-rangechicken.Payingovertheoddsto ensurethatdinnerwasnotinapreviouslifeconfinedtotinycagesisall wellandgood.Butafree-rangechickenisaboutasplausibleasasun-loving earthworm:givenachoicechickensprefertocurlupinanicedark comerofthebarn.Onlyabout15%offree-rangechickensactuallyusethe spaceavailabletothem.ThisisjustonecaseinwhichJoseph HeathwhoteachesphilosophyattheUniversityofTorontoandAndrewPottera journalistandresearcherbasedinMontrealfindfaultwithwell-meaningbut intheirviewultimatelynaiveconsumerswhohopetodistancethemselvesfrom consumerismbybuyingtheirshoesfromMotherJonesmagazineinsteadofNike.Mr HeathandMrPotterarguethatthecountercultureinallitsattemptstobe subversivehasdonenothingmorethancreatenewsegmentsofthemarketand thusendsupfeedingtheverymonsterofconsumerismandconformityithopesto destroy.IntheprocesstheycoverMarxFreudtheexperimentsonobedienceof StanleyMilgramthefilmsPleasantvilleTheMatrixandAmerican Beauty15th-centurytablemannersNormanMailertheUnabomberreal-estate pricesincentralTorontomorethanoncethevoluntary-simplicitymovement andtheworld’sfunniestjoke.WhyrangesowidelyThe authors’beefiswithaverysmallgroup:left-wingactivistswhoeschew smallerpotentiallyusefulcampaignsinfavorofgrandstatementsaboutthe hopelessnessofconsumercultureandthedangersofsellingout.Insteadof encouragingusefulactivitiessuchaspushingfornewlegislationwould-be leftistsarelefttoparticipateinunstructuredpointlessdemonstrations againstglobalizationorbuyfair-tradecoffeeandfree-rangechickenwhich onlysubstitutessnobberyforactivism.Twoauthorsofbooksthatrailedagainst brandsNaomiKleinNoLogoandAlissaQuartBrandedcomein forspecialderisionfordiagnosingtheproblemsofconsumerismbutrefusing toofferpracticalsolutions.Anticipatingcriticismperhaps MessrsHeathandPottermakesuretoputforthafewoftheirownsolutions suchasthe35-hourworkingweekandschooluniformstokeepteenagers fromcompetingwitheachothertowearever-more-expensiveclothes. Increasingconsumptiontheyarguethroughoutisnotimposeduponstupid workersbyoverbearingcompaniesbutarisesasaresultofaculturalarms race:eachpersonbuysmoretokeephisstandardoflivinghighrelative tohisneighbors’Imposingsomerestrictionssuchasashorterworkingweek mightnotstopthearmsracebutitwouldatleastcurbitsmostoffensive excesses.Thisassumesonefindsexcessconsumptionoffensive;eventhe authorsdonotseementirelysure.Butonthewaytosuch modestsuggestionstheauthorswanttocriticiseeveryaspectofthe counterculturefromitsdisdainforhomogenisationfranchisesandbrandsto itspoliticaloffshoots.Asaresultthebookwanders:chaptersonuniformsand onthesearchforcoolcouldhavebeencut.Moreovertheauthorsmakethe mistakeofassumingthattheconsumerstheysympathisewith—theoneswhobuy brandsandliveintracthouses—knowenoughtoseparatethemselvesfromtheir purchaseswhereasthefree-trade-coffeebuyersswallowthebrandmessages wholeasitwere.Stillitwouldbeashameifthebook’s ramblingskeptitfromgettingread.Whenitfocusesonexplaininghowthe counterculturegrewoutofpost-WorldWarIIcritiquesofmodemsocietyThe RebelSellisalivelyreadwithenoughhumourtokeepthemoretheoretical stretchesofitsargumentinteresting.Attheveryleastitputsitsfingeron atrend:therewillbeplentyoffuturecriticsofcapitalismliningupfor theirfree-rangechicken.Thejokeaboutfree-rangechickenisusedinthetextto
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatly onANSWERSHEET2. Thebenefitsofsomeenvironmentallyfriendlypolicieswill notbeapparentuntildecadesaftertheyhavebeenenacted.46Thatisone ofthemessagesofareportfromtheUnitedNationsEnvironmentProgramme whichevenbythestandardsofglobalenvironmentassessmentsissobering reading.47GlobalEnvironmentalOutlook3GE03a studyofthelinksbetweenenvironmentalsocialanddevelopmentissues containsarangeofdreadfulbutfamiliarpredictionsabouttheimpactof factorssuchasclimatechangeandindustrialdevelopment.Butthereport releasedlastweekintherun-uptoAugust’sWorldSummitonSustainable DevelopmentinJohannesburgwasunusuallypessimisticabouttheprospectsfor reversingthedamage.Thenewpredictionsarecontainedinone offourpossiblefuturesoutlinedinthereport.Theauthorsconsidered situationsinwhichglobalpoliticsweredominatedbyconcernsovermarkets environmentalandsocialpoliciessecurityorsustainability.Thesewerebased onattemptstocalculatetheeffectofthedifferentapproachesonpopulation levelseconomicstechnologyandgovernance.Someofthe situationsproducedafamiliarpicture.48Inaworlddominatedbyamarket mentalityforexamplelandandforestruinbecomesacriticalissue particularlyinLatinAmericaandtheCaribbean.Butthe sustainabilitysituation’spredictionsshockedsomeoftheauthors.Thedelays betweenchanginghumanbehaviourandenvironmentalrecoverycameasthebiggest surprisetotheregionalexpertssaysJanBakkesoftheNationalInstituteof PublicHealthandtheEnvironmentinBilthoventheNetherlandsoneofthe report’sauthors.49Thereportfoundthatevenif environmentallyfriendlyapproacheswereadoptednowcarbondioxide concentrationswouldcontinuetoriseuntil2050.Watershortageswould continueandcoastalpollutionwouldincreaseslightly.Bakkesblamesdifficulty inchangingenergyandtransportinfrastructures.Originally usedduringthe1950stosimulatefutureconflictssituationswererevivedin animprovedformbytheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangeIPCCinthe early1990s.Byaddingsituationstoassessmentsyoucomeupwithacredible storyabouthowtheworldmightdevelopandcantranslatethatintoquantifiable formation.saysBertMetzalsoattheBilthoveninstituteandco-chairofthe IPCCworkinggrouponstrategiesfortacklingclimatechange. Morethan1000scientistscontributedtoGEO$whichdividestheworld intonolessthan17differentregions.50BycontrasttheIPCChasused justfourregionsinpreviousassessmentsalthoughthepanel’snewchair energyeconomistRajendraPachaurihaspledgedtoimproveregionaldetailin futurestrudies.
Text2 Goodlooksthevideo-gamesindustryis discoveringwillgetyouonlysofar.Thegraphicsonamoderngamemayfar outstripthepixellatedblobsofthe1980sbutthereismoretoagoodgame thaneyecandy.Photo-realisticgraphicsmakethelackofauthenticityofother aspectsofgameplaymoreapparent.Itisnotenoughforgamecharacterstolook better—theirbehaviourmustalsobemoresophisticatedsayresearchersworking attheinterfacebetweengamingandartificialintelligenceAI. Today’sgamesmaylookbetterbutthegameplayisbasicallythesameas itwasafewyearsagosaysMichaelMateasthefounderoftheExperimental GameLabattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.AIhesuggestsoffersan untappedfrontierofnewpossibilities.Wearetoppingoutonthegraphicsso what’sgoingtobethenextthingthatimprovesgameplayasksJohnLaird directoroftheA1labattheUniversityofMichigan.ImprovedAlisabigpart oftheanswerhesays.Thoseintheindustryagree.Thehigh-definition graphicspossibleonnext-generationgamesconsolessuchasMicrosoft’s Xbox360areraisingexpectatiousacrosstheboardsaysNeffYoungof ElectronicArtstheworld’sbiggestgamespublisher.Youhavetohave high-resolutionmodelswhichrequireshigh-resolutionanimationhesaysso nowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehaviour.Representativesfrom industryandacademiawillconvergeinMarinadelReyCalifornialaterthis monthforthesecondannualArtificialIntelligenceandInteractiveDigital EntertainmentAIIDEconference.TheaimsaysDrLairdwhowillchairthe eventistoIncreasethetrafficofpeopleandideasbetweenthetwospheres. GameshavebeenveryimportanttoAIthroughtheyearshenotes.AlanTuring oneofthepioneersofcomputinginthe1940swroteasimplechess-playing programbeforetherewereanycomputerstoruniton;healsoproposedthe Turingtestaquestion-and-answergamethatisayardstickformachine intelligence.EvensoAIresearchandvideogamesexistedinseparate worldsuntilrecently.TheAltechniquesusedingameswereverysimplisticfrom anacademicperspectivesaysDr.MateaswhileAlresearcherswereinturn cluelessaboutmoderngames.Buthesaysbothsidesarelearningandarenow muchcloser.Considerforexamplethesoftwarethatcontrols anenemyinafirst-personshooterFPS—agameinwhichtheplayerviewsthe worldalongthebarrelofagun.Thebehaviourofenemiesusedtobe pre-scripted:waituntiltheplayerisnearbypopupfrombehindaboxfire weaponandthenrollandhidebehindanotherboxforexample.Butsomegames nowusefarmoreadvancedplanningsystemsimportedfromacademia.Insteadof scriptsandhand-codedbehaviourtheAImonstersinanFPScanreasonfrom firstprinciplessaysDr.Mateas.Theycanforexampleworkoutwhetherthe playercanseethemornotseekoutcoverwheninjuredandsoon.Ratherthan justmovingbetweenpredefinedspotsthecharactersinawargamecan dynamicallyshiftdependingonwhat’shappeningsaysFionaSperryof ElectronicArts.Iftheindustryisborrowingideasfrom academiatheoppositeisalsotrue.CommercialgamessuchasUnreal Tournamentwhichcanbeeasilymodifiedorscriptedarebeingadoptedas researchtoolsinuniversitiessaysDr.Laird.Suchtoolsprovideflexible environmentsforexperimentsandalsomeanthatstudentsendupwith transferableskills.Butthegreatestpotentialliesin combiningresearchwithgamedevelopmentarguesDr.Mateas.Onlybywrestling withrealcontentarethetechnicalproblemsrevealedandonlybywrestling withtechnologydoesitgiveyouinsightintowhatnewkindsofcontentare possiblehesays.TheexampleofFPSisusedinthepassageto
Directions: SupposeIAMinghascaughtaflu.Hewantsyoutowriteanotetoyourteacherandaskforleaveforthreedays.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiHuainstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Directions:Youaregoingtoreadatextaboutbasicelementin bothspeakingandwritingfollowedbyalistofexamplesandexplanations. ChoosethebestexampleorexplanationfromthelistA-Fforeachnumbered subheading41-45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse. MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Therearemanydifferences.betweencommunicatinginwritten andspokenwords—onetooneoronetomany.Becausespeakingisfacetofaceand personalitismuchmoredirectthanwriting..Handandbodygesturesfacial expressionsandvocalvarietyhelpgreatlytosupportface-to-face communication.Itisalsoreinforcedbyinstantfeedbackfromlistenersinthe formofsmilesfrownsapplausecatcallsclenchedfistsandsoon.Analert speakerwhoissensitivetofeedbackcanshiftgearsandadapttochanging circumstances.41.Thedifferencesbetweentalkingand writingWritinghoweverdependssolelyonwordsand punctuationtodeliverthemessage.Therearenogesturesandnovoiceandif thereisanyfeedbackittakestimetoreachthewriter.42.Whylong sentencescanbeusedinwritingEffectivetalkingisaimedat people’smindsandheartsthroughtheirearsandearsprefershortdirect conversationalsentences.Therearethreestandardsthatapply equallytotalkingandwriting—clarityaccuracyandappropriateness.43. Clarity.Iftheaudiencedoesn’tunderstandthemessage instantlythenthespeakerhastosomeextentfailed.Thuseverypossible measuremustbetakentoensurethatallyourwordsandthoughtsareperfectly cleartotheaudience.44.Accuracy.Asaconscientious speakeryoumustseetoitthatyourinformationisascurrentandasaccurate asresearchcanmakeit.45.Appropriateness.Inadditionto beingpreciseyourlanguageshouldalsobesuitabletothesubjectaudience andoccasion.[A]Forinstanceaspeakercanvary his/herpitchortonetochangethemeaningexpressed.Awriterontheother handhastorelysolelyonthewordsandcontextorevenexplanationsinbraces toachievethat.[B]Goodtalkingiswordyrepetitive andfarlessstructuredthanefficientwriting.Agoodspeechreproducedword forwordonpaperusuallydoesnotreadwellbecauseitramblesandrepeats wordsandthoughts.Itisnotnearlyasdisciplinedandorganizedasgood writing.[C]Throughoutyourtalkwordsareyourprime meansforhelpingyouraudienceunderstandyourmessage.Andtoharnessthe profoundpowerofwordsyoushoulddevelopalifelonghabitofusinga dictionaryandathesaurus.Ifyoudonotexploittheseresourcesyouwillfail toachieveyourfullpotentialasaspeakerandconversationalist.Another devicethatwillhelpyouachieveclarityinyourtalkisasummary.Ifyour talkconsistsofthreewillresearchedmajorpointslitthosepointsinyour introductionsoyouraudiencewillknowatoncewhatgroundyouwillcover. Discussthemindepthsummarizethemattheendofyourtalkandemphasizeany conclusionshattheyleadto.[D]Forexampleaspeaker who’saddressingaParent-TeacherAssociationshouldavoidthestatisticaland psychologicaljargonofadvancededucationalresearchers.Bythesametokenshe shouldnotindulgeinteenageslang.Anyspeakerworthhersaltwillanalyzeher audiencefirstandadaptherlanguageaccordingly.[E] Thesurestwayforyoutodamageyourcredibilityistospewforth misinformationoroutdatedinformation.Howmanytimeshaveyouseenastorya nameanimportantfactorachargeagainstsomeoneretractedinnewspapers Unfortunatelythedamagewasdonewhenthemisinformationfirstappearedin print.Suchunwarrantedembarrassmentandmentalanguishcouldhavebeenavoided ffsomeonehadtakenthetimetorechecktheinformation.Ifyourtalkis onacurrentorcrucialtopicdoyourhomeworkandarmyourselfwithquotations andsourcestofortifyyourfacts.[F]Longinvolvedsentences areacceptableinwritingfortworeasons:1Theeyecanabsorbmanymore wordsinaninstantthantheearcanhear.2Ifareaderstumblesona marathonsentenceshecanreaditagain.Notsowithspokenwords—onceuttered they’regoneespeciallyinspeech.Ifalistenermissesasentencebothshe andthespeakerhavelostpartofthemessage;thereisnogoingbackexcept perhapsduringthequestion-and-answerperiod.Inaconversationofcoursethe listenercanaskthespeakertorepeat.
Text2 Goodlooksthevideo-gamesindustryis discoveringwillgetyouonlysofar.Thegraphicsonamoderngamemayfar outstripthepixellatedblobsofthe1980sbutthereismoretoagoodgame thaneyecandy.Photo-realisticgraphicsmakethelackofauthenticityofother aspectsofgameplaymoreapparent.Itisnotenoughforgamecharacterstolook better—theirbehaviourmustalsobemoresophisticatedsayresearchersworking attheinterfacebetweengamingandartificialintelligenceAI. Today’sgamesmaylookbetterbutthegameplayisbasicallythesameas itwasafewyearsagosaysMichaelMateasthefounderoftheExperimental GameLabattheGeorgiaInstituteofTechnology.AIhesuggestsoffersan untappedfrontierofnewpossibilities.Wearetoppingoutonthegraphicsso what’sgoingtobethenextthingthatimprovesgameplayasksJohnLaird directoroftheA1labattheUniversityofMichigan.ImprovedAlisabigpart oftheanswerhesays.Thoseintheindustryagree.Thehigh-definition graphicspossibleonnext-generationgamesconsolessuchasMicrosoft’s Xbox360areraisingexpectatiousacrosstheboardsaysNeffYoungof ElectronicArtstheworld’sbiggestgamespublisher.Youhavetohave high-resolutionmodelswhichrequireshigh-resolutionanimationhesaysso nowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehaviour.Representativesfrom industryandacademiawillconvergeinMarinadelReyCalifornialaterthis monthforthesecondannualArtificialIntelligenceandInteractiveDigital EntertainmentAIIDEconference.TheaimsaysDrLairdwhowillchairthe eventistoIncreasethetrafficofpeopleandideasbetweenthetwospheres. GameshavebeenveryimportanttoAIthroughtheyearshenotes.AlanTuring oneofthepioneersofcomputinginthe1940swroteasimplechess-playing programbeforetherewereanycomputerstoruniton;healsoproposedthe Turingtestaquestion-and-answergamethatisayardstickformachine intelligence.EvensoAIresearchandvideogamesexistedinseparate worldsuntilrecently.TheAltechniquesusedingameswereverysimplisticfrom anacademicperspectivesaysDr.MateaswhileAlresearcherswereinturn cluelessaboutmoderngames.Buthesaysbothsidesarelearningandarenow muchcloser.Considerforexamplethesoftwarethatcontrols anenemyinafirst-personshooterFPS—agameinwhichtheplayerviewsthe worldalongthebarrelofagun.Thebehaviourofenemiesusedtobe pre-scripted:waituntiltheplayerisnearbypopupfrombehindaboxfire weaponandthenrollandhidebehindanotherboxforexample.Butsomegames nowusefarmoreadvancedplanningsystemsimportedfromacademia.Insteadof scriptsandhand-codedbehaviourtheAImonstersinanFPScanreasonfrom firstprinciplessaysDr.Mateas.Theycanforexampleworkoutwhetherthe playercanseethemornotseekoutcoverwheninjuredandsoon.Ratherthan justmovingbetweenpredefinedspotsthecharactersinawargamecan dynamicallyshiftdependingonwhat’shappeningsaysFionaSperryof ElectronicArts.Iftheindustryisborrowingideasfrom academiatheoppositeisalsotrue.CommercialgamessuchasUnreal Tournamentwhichcanbeeasilymodifiedorscriptedarebeingadoptedas researchtoolsinuniversitiessaysDr.Laird.Suchtoolsprovideflexible environmentsforexperimentsandalsomeanthatstudentsendupwith transferableskills.Butthegreatestpotentialliesin combiningresearchwithgamedevelopmentarguesDr.Mateas.Onlybywrestling withrealcontentarethetechnicalproblemsrevealedandonlybywrestling withtechnologydoesitgiveyouinsightintowhatnewkindsofcontentare possiblehesays.ThelastsentencesonowIexpecthigh-resolutionbehaviorinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans
企业集团组建的宗旨或基本目的在于
PartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answer thequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.Markyouranswerson ANSWERSHEET1.Text1 Addictionissuchaharmfulbehavior infactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:if it’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfroma saber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunchAndyetsaysDr.Nora VolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstand addictiontheuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningof civilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingsto makethemfeelgood.That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-optthe verybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostile world.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscall salience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalient .whichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodand sexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabuse capitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemory systemsrewardcircuitsdecision-makingskillsandconditioningkick in—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollable craving.SomepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddictionsaysVolkow. Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomean addictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol.Thatcango fornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosex maystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbea behavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehas shownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibit hyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthe mouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthe floodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturn intoanaddictionthough.Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesan addict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluate consequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowing exactlyhowthathappens.Paulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolled inaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhowere morelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealso lessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjust tonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobeless adeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-making tasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsof activationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverride impulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedthese abilitiesintherelapsers—aneffectratherthanacauseofthechemical abuse--butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthe druguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.To hissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccurately predictwhowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystem poweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelooking specificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsand bindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrain chemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’s hold.Wecaninferfromthepassagethatwemaycureaddictionby
自由浮动汇率FreeFloating与有管理的浮动汇率ManagedFloating
有效市场假说EfficientMarketHypothesisEMH
实现九五计划和2010年奋斗目标关键是实现两个具有全局意义的根本转变这就是
内含式扩大再生产的实现途径是
生产可能性曲线表示
Text4 Withaseriesofwell-timeddeals private-equityfirmsaregivingtraditionalmediamanagerscausetobeenvious TheWarnerMusictransactioninwhichEdgarBronfmanjuniorandthree private-equityfirmspaidTimeWarner$2.6billionfortheunitin2003is alreadyjudgedafinancialtriumphforthebuyers.Theirsuccessislikelyto drawstillmoreprivate-equityintotheindustry.Andtheinvestmentsarelikely togetbigger:individualprivateequityfundsaregrowing—a$10billionfundis likelythisyear—soeventhebiggestmediafirmscouldcomewithinrange especiallyffprivate-equityinvestorsclubtogetherSome private-equityfirmshavelongputmoneyinmediaassetsbutmostlyreliable relativelyobscurebusinesseswithstablecashflows.Nowsomeofthemare placingbigstrategicbetsonthemorevolatilebitssuchasmusicandmovies. Andtheyarecurrentlyfarmoreconfidentthanthemediaoldguardthatthe advertisingcycleisabouttoturnsharplyupwards.Onereason whyprivate-equityismakingitspresencefeltinmediaisthatithasalotof moneytoinvest.Otherindustriesarefeelingitsweighttoo.But private-equity’sbuyingspree狂购乱买revealsalotaboutthemediabusinessin particular.Mediaconglomerates联合公司lacktheconfidencetomakebig acquisitionsafterthelastwaveofdealswentwrong.ExecutivesatTime WarnerforinstancewhichdisastrouslymergedwithAOLin2000wantedtobuy MGMamoviestudiobuttheboarditissaidweretoonervous.Instead private-equityfirmscombinedwithSonyaconsumer-electronicsgianttobuy MGMlatelastyear.Private-equity’sinterestalsoreflectsthe factthatrevenuegrowthinmediabusinessessuchasbroadcastTVandradiois nowhardtocomeby.Theaverageannualgrowthratefor12categoriesof establishedAmericanmediabusinessesin1998-2003excludingtheinternetwas just3.4%saysVeronisSuhlerStevensonaninvestmentbank.Private-equity putsahighervalueonlow-growthhighcashflowassetsthanthepublic stockmarketsaysJonathanNelsonfounderofProvidenceEquityPartnersa media-focusedprivate-equityfirm.Whatprivate-equitymennow bringtothemediabusinesstheyliketothinkisfinancialdisciplineplusan enthusiasticattitudetowardsnewtechnology.Old-stylemediamanagersclaim thenewcomersarestillindenialabouthowtechnologyistransformingtheir industry.Traditionalmediamanagersgrudginglyagreethatso farprivate-equityinvestorsaredoingverynicelyindeedfromtheir entertainmentdeals.ThebuyersofWarnerMusichavealreadygotbackmostof their$2.6billionfromthefarmbycuttingcostsissuingdebtandmaking specialpayoutstoshareholders.Thisyearitsinvestorsareexpectedtolaunch aninitialpublicofferingwhichcouldbringthemhundredsofmillions more.Traditionalmediamanagersmightbeenviousbecause
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