首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
新世纪新阶段人才的根本任务是实施：
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《单选题》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
简述新世纪新阶段人民军队的历史任务
中国人民解放军政治工作在新世纪新阶段的基本任务之一是从政治上思想上组织上保证党对军队的绝对领导和人民
中国人民解放军政治工作在新世纪新阶段的基本任务
中国人民解放军政治工作在新世纪新阶段的基本任务是什么
在新世纪新阶段公安机关的总任务是维护国家安全和社会稳定
下面对社会主义初级阶段三个内容的关系表述正确的是
根本任务——基本国情——主要矛盾
主要矛盾——根本任务——基本国情
基本国情——根本任务——主要矛盾
基本国情——主要矛盾——根本任务
是改革发展新阶段求真务实的根本任务
以人为本
落实科学发展观
实现政府转型
坚持发展成果由人民共享
新世纪新阶段人才工作的根本任务是实施
科教兴国战略
人才强国战略
可持续发展战略
西部大开发战略
新世纪新阶段我军面临的两大战略任务是什么
新世纪新阶段人才工作的根本任务是
是改革发展新阶段求真务实的根本任务
以人为本
落实科学发展观
实现政府转型
坚持发展成果由人民共享
教师的根本任务是教书育人为社会培养个人才
中__国务院关于进一步加强人才工作的决定指出新世纪新阶段人才工作的根本任务是实施_________
简述中国人民解放军政治工作在新世纪新阶段的基本任务
下面对社会主义初级阶段三个内容的关系表述正确的是
基本国情一一根本任务——主要矛盾
根本任务——基本国情——主要矛盾
主要矛盾——根本任务——基本国情
基本国情——主要矛盾——根本任务
人才工作的根本任务是什么
在新世纪新阶段公安机关的总任务是维护国家稳定和社会和谐
热门试题
更多
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text2 Centuriesagomandiscoveredthat removingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveitandthattheeasiestwaytodo thisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmerican IndiansproducepemmicantheScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdry datesandapricotleather.Allfoodscontainwater-cabbageand otherleafvegetablescontainasmuchas93%waterpotatoesandotherroot vegetables80%leanmeat75%andfishanythingfrom80%to60%dependingonhow fattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremovedtheactivityofthebacteriathatcause foodtodeteriorateischecked.Fruitissun-driedinAsia MinorGreeceSpainandotherMediterraneancountriesandalsoinCalifornia SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvarybutingeneralthefruitis spreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertoprevent darkeningpearspeachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburning sulfurbeforedrying.Plumsformakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapes formakingraisinsandcurrantsaredippedinanalkalinesolutioninorderto cracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoatingso increasingtherateofdrying.Nowadaysmostfoodsaredried mechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodin chambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110℃atentry toabout43℃atexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsas vegetablesmincedmeatandfish.Liquidssuchasmilkcoffee teasoupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedhorizontalsteel cylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotair passes.Inthefirstcasethedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasa thinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmallthoughstillrelativelycoarse flakes;inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafine powder.Whererecognizablepiecesofmeatandvegetablesarerequiredasin souptheingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.Dried foodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansor frozenandtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthese reasonstheyareinvaluabletoclimbersexplorersandsoldiersinbattlewho havelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseit takessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthe dried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.Theshrimpscontainasmuchwateras______.
Text4 Itishardtogetanyagreementonthe precisemeaningofthetermsocialclassIneverydaylifepeopletendtohave adifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichthey assumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocial scale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintancehoweverareacomplex mixtureoffactors.Dresswayofspeakingareaofresidenceinagivencityor provinceeducationandmannersallplayapart.Inthe eighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomistsAdamSmiththoughtthat thewholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’provided revenuetothreedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrentthosewho livebywagesthosewholivebyprofit.Eachsuccessivestageofthe industrialrevolutionhowevermadethesocialstructuremore complicated.Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthe nineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.There weresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeonessmallshopkeepersand tradesmenofficialsandsalariedemployeesskilledandunskilledworkersand professionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedin allcountriesasindependentgroups.Duringthenineteenthand earlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffecteda person’ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemade fortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthan theirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupper classwhodespisedthemasthenewrich.Theyoftensent theirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Here theirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedby themandveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesamewaya thriftyhardworkinglabourerthoughnotcleverenoughhimselfmightsavefor hissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehope thathewouldmoveintoawhite-collar’occupationcarryingwithitahigher salaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.Inthetwentiethcentury theincreasedtaxationofhigherincomesthegrowthofthesocialservicesand thewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthe socialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesoleoreventhemain possessorsofwealthpowerandeducationthoughinheritedsocialposition stillcarriesconsiderableprestige.Manypeopletodayare hostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachievea classlesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremovedanother tendstotakeitsplaceandthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisa societyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfair opportunitiesformakingthebestofhis abilities.Whathappenedtotheclassdifferencesinthetwentiethcentury
Text2 Centuriesagomandiscoveredthat removingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveitandthattheeasiestwaytodo thisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmerican IndiansproducepemmicantheScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdry datesandapricotleather.Allfoodscontainwater-cabbageand otherleafvegetablescontainasmuchas93%waterpotatoesandotherroot vegetables80%leanmeat75%andfishanythingfrom80%to60%dependingonhow fattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremovedtheactivityofthebacteriathatcause foodtodeteriorateischecked.Fruitissun-driedinAsia MinorGreeceSpainandotherMediterraneancountriesandalsoinCalifornia SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvarybutingeneralthefruitis spreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertoprevent darkeningpearspeachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburning sulfurbeforedrying.Plumsformakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapes formakingraisinsandcurrantsaredippedinanalkalinesolutioninorderto cracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoatingso increasingtherateofdrying.Nowadaysmostfoodsaredried mechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodin chambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110℃atentry toabout43℃atexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsas vegetablesmincedmeatandfish.Liquidssuchasmilkcoffee teasoupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedhorizontalsteel cylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotair passes.Inthefirstcasethedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasa thinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmallthoughstillrelativelycoarse flakes;inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafine powder.Whererecognizablepiecesofmeatandvegetablesarerequiredasin souptheingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.Dried foodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansor frozenandtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthese reasonstheyareinvaluabletoclimbersexplorersandsoldiersinbattlewho havelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseit takessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthe dried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.Contemporarilythemincedmeatismostcommonlydried______.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachines toproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghours becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseis nowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsare demandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneabout it.46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportion thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedthe expenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthan lateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.Technical difficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem. Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreading onaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47You findthatwithanyexistingsimplenoise-metervehicleswhicharejudgedto beequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayin manycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytothe ear.48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledby forethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnical improvement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesel lorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthe communitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrun ithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernair transportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrol measuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolis tobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreduce theirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythe purchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50One estimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjet engineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateof thearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointsto acceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachines toproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghours becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseis nowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsare demandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneabout it.46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportion thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedthe expenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthan lateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.Technical difficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem. Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreading onaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47You findthatwithanyexistingsimplenoise-metervehicleswhicharejudgedto beequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayin manycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytothe ear.48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledby forethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnical improvement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesel lorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthe communitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrun ithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernair transportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrol measuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolis tobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreduce theirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythe purchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50One estimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjet engineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateof thearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointsto acceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary.
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
Text1 Generallyasavinginenergy consumptionisinsufficientincentivefortheconsumertopurchasenewcooking equipmentunlessotherimprovementse.g.shortercookingperiodsfewer cleaningdifficultiesandimprovedappearanceareavailableaswell.Forthe individualthereisanaturalreticencetoincurrapidchangesbecauseofthe valideconomicdesiretoexploitexistingcapitalinvestmenttothemaximum: thisisthemajorproblemwithmanyproposedenergy-thriftmeasures.However caterersshould’appreciatethatbyreducingenergywastages;theywillnotonly besavingmoneybutalsoimprovingtheworkingenvironmentwithintheir kitchens.Retro-fittingexistingcookerswith energy-conservationimprovementsinordertoraiseachievableefficiencieswill occuronlyrarely.Forthemostimmediatesignificantimpactnationallywith respecttoreducingtheenergyexpendeduponcookingbettermanagementis recommended.Lawsonsuggestedthatabout16PJperyearcouldbesavedinthe Britishcateringsectorbyadoptingimprovedoperationalpractices.Ifonly10% oftheenergyusedforcateringpurposesinthedomesticsectorcouldalsobe savedoverallnationalsavingswouldamounttoapproximately44PJperannum. Toachievethisaimacomprehensiveandstraight-forwardprogramof energy-thrifteducationforhousewivescooksandkitchenmanagersisneeded. Thiswillrequireallconcernedtoexerciseconsiderablepersonal discipline.Thepresentapproachwherebyindividualsmake purchasingdecisionsmainlyonvisualandfirst-costgrounds-partlybecausethe cookingapplianceandfoodmanufacturingindustriesrarelyprovideadequate scientificdatatosupporttheirclaims-shouldbesupplementedbyother considerations.Foodistoofundamentaltohumanlifehealthandhappinessto beconsideredanunworthysubjectbyintellectuals.Forexampleeventhe typicalBritonwhotendstobecasualabouteatingcomparedwithmostofhis foreigncounterpartsspendsbetween5%and13%ofhiswakinghourspreparing cookingand/orcleaningaway’aftermeals.Neverthelessenergywastageprevails bothonanationalscalee.g.storingvastquantitiesoffoodatsub-ambient temperaturesinso-calledfoodmountains;andonanindividualscalee.g. performinghoboperationswithoutplacinglidsonthepansemployed .Tosaveenergycooksandkitchenmanagersshouldreceive______.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text4 Itishardtogetanyagreementonthe precisemeaningofthetermsocialclassIneverydaylifepeopletendtohave adifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichthey assumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocial scale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintancehoweverareacomplex mixtureoffactors.Dresswayofspeakingareaofresidenceinagivencityor provinceeducationandmannersallplayapart.Inthe eighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomistsAdamSmiththoughtthat thewholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’provided revenuetothreedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrentthosewho livebywagesthosewholivebyprofit.Eachsuccessivestageofthe industrialrevolutionhowevermadethesocialstructuremore complicated.Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthe nineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.There weresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeonessmallshopkeepersand tradesmenofficialsandsalariedemployeesskilledandunskilledworkersand professionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedin allcountriesasindependentgroups.Duringthenineteenthand earlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffecteda person’ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemade fortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthan theirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupper classwhodespisedthemasthenewrich.Theyoftensent theirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Here theirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedby themandveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesamewaya thriftyhardworkinglabourerthoughnotcleverenoughhimselfmightsavefor hissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehope thathewouldmoveintoawhite-collar’occupationcarryingwithitahigher salaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.Inthetwentiethcentury theincreasedtaxationofhigherincomesthegrowthofthesocialservicesand thewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthe socialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesoleoreventhemain possessorsofwealthpowerandeducationthoughinheritedsocialposition stillcarriesconsiderableprestige.Manypeopletodayare hostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachievea classlesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremovedanother tendstotakeitsplaceandthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisa societyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfair opportunitiesformakingthebestofhis abilities.Whichclassdosmallshopkeepersandtradesmenbelongto
Text4 Itishardtogetanyagreementonthe precisemeaningofthetermsocialclassIneverydaylifepeopletendtohave adifferentapproachtothosetheyconsidertheirequalsfromthatwhichthey assumewithpeopletheyconsiderhigherorlowerthanthemselvesinthesocial scale.Thecriteriaweusetoplaceanewacquaintancehoweverareacomplex mixtureoffactors.Dresswayofspeakingareaofresidenceinagivencityor provinceeducationandmannersallplayapart.Inthe eighteenth-centuryoneofthefirstmoderneconomistsAdamSmiththoughtthat thewholeannualproduceofthelandandlaborofeverycountry’provided revenuetothreedifferentordersofpeople:Thosewholivebyrentthosewho livebywagesthosewholivebyprofit.Eachsuccessivestageofthe industrialrevolutionhowevermadethesocialstructuremore complicated.Manyintermediategroupsgrewupduringthe nineteenth-centurybetweentheuppermiddleclassandtheworkingclass.There weresmall-scaleindustrialistsaswellaslargeonessmallshopkeepersand tradesmenofficialsandsalariedemployeesskilledandunskilledworkersand professionalmensuchasdoctorsandteachers.Farmersandpeasantscontinuedin allcountriesasindependentgroups.Duringthenineteenthand earlytwentiethcenturiesthepossessionofwealthinevitablyaffecteda person’ssocialposition.Intelligentindustrialistswithinitiativemade fortunesbytheirwitswhichliftedthemintoaneconomicgroupfarhigherthan theirworking-classparents.Buttheylackedthesocialtrainingoftheupper classwhodespisedthemasthenewrich.Theyoftensent theirsonsanddaughterstospecialschoolstoacquiresocialtraining.Here theirchildrenmixedwiththechildrenoftheupperclasseswereacceptedby themandveryoftenfoundmarriagepartnersfromamongthem.Inthesamewaya thriftyhardworkinglabourerthoughnotcleverenoughhimselfmightsavefor hissonenoughtopayforanextendedsecondaryschooleducationinthehope thathewouldmoveintoawhite-collar’occupationcarryingwithitahigher salaryandmoveupinthesocialscale.Inthetwentiethcentury theincreasedtaxationofhigherincomesthegrowthofthesocialservicesand thewiderdevelopmentofeducationalopportunityhaveconsiderablyalteredthe socialoutlook.Theupperclassesnolongerarethesoleoreventhemain possessorsofwealthpowerandeducationthoughinheritedsocialposition stillcarriesconsiderableprestige.Manypeopletodayare hostiletowardsclassdistinctionsandprivilegesandhopetoachievea classlesssociety.Thetroubleisthatasoneinequalityisremovedanother tendstotakeitsplaceandthebestthathasasfarbeenattemptedisa societyinwhichdistinctionsareelasticandinwhicheverymemberhasfair opportunitiesformakingthebestofhis abilities.Howdoweplacepeopleinsocietyinrelationtoourselvesaccordingtothetext
A.HumanbehaviorB.Culture attributesC.PhysiologyofHomosapiensD. ClassificationofHomosapiensE.Humansociety F.StructureofHomosapiensHumancommonnamegiventoany individualofthespeciesHomosapiensandbyextensiontotheentirespecies. Thetermisalsoappliedtocertainspeciesthatweretheevolutionary forerunnersofHomosapiens.Scientistsconsideralllivingpeoplemembersofa singlespecies.41.__________Homosapiensisidentifiedfor purposesofclassificationasananimalwithabackboneandsegmentedspinal cordthatsucklesitsyoung;thatgestatesitsyoungwiththeaidofaplacenta; thatisequippedwithfive-digitedextremitiesacollarboneandasinglepair ofmammaryglandsonthechest;andthathaseyesatthefrontofthehead stereoscopicvisionandaproportionatelylargebrain.Thespeciesbelongsto thefamilyHominidaethegeneralcharacteristicsofwhicharediscussed below.42.__________Thedetailsofskeletal structuredistinguishingHomosapiensfromthenearestprimaterelatives-the gorillachimpanzeeandorangutan-stemlargelyfromaveryearlyadaptationto acompletelyerectpostureandatwo-footedstridingwalk.TheuniquelyS-shaped spinalcolumnplacesthecenterofgravityofthehumanbodydirectlyoverthe areaofsupportprovidedbythefeetthusgivingstabilityandbalanceinthe uptightposition.Completebipedalisminthehumanfreedthe handtobecomeasupremelysensitiveinstrumentforprecisemanipulationand grasping.Themostimportantstructuraldetailinthisrefinementisthe elongatedhumanthumbwhichcanrotatefreelyandisfullyopposabletothe otherfingers.Thephysiologicalrequirementsforspeechweresecondarily establishedbyerectposturewhichpositionsthevocalcordsforcontrolled breathingandbytheskilleduseofthehands.Thelatterdevelopmentoccursin associationwiththeenlargementandspecializationofabrainareathatisa prerequisiteforrefinedcontrolofthelipsandtongue. 43.__________ThelargebrainofHomosapiensisapproximately doublethatofearlyhumantoolmakers.Thisgreatincreaseinsizeinonly2 millionyearswasachievedbyaprocesscalledneotenywhichisthe prolongationofretentionofimmaturecharacteristics.Thejuvenilestageof brainandskulldevelopmentisprolongedsothattheygrowforalongerperiod oftimeinrelationtothetimerequiredtoreachsexualmaturity.Unlikethe earlyhumanadultskullwithitsslopingforeheadandprominentjawthemodem humanskull-withbiologicallyinsignificantvariations-retainsintomaturitya proportionatelylargesizeinrelationtotherestofthebodyahigh-rounded domestraight-planedfaceandreducedjawsizeallcloselyresemblingthe characteristicsoftheskullinthejuvenilechimpanzee.Itsenlargeddimensions requiredadaptationsforpassagethroughthebirthcanal;consequentlythe humanfemalepelviswidensatmaturityandthehumaninfantisborn prematurely.44.__________Thephysiological adaptationsthatmadehumansmoreflexiblethanotherprimatesallowedforthe developmentofawiderangeofabilitiesandanunparalleledversatilityin behavior.Thebrain’sgreatsizecomplexityandslowmaturationwithneural connectionsbeingaddedthoughatleastthefirst12yearsoflifemeantthat learnedbehaviorcouldlargelymodifystereotypedinstinctiveresponses.New environmentaldemandscouldbemetbyrapidadjustmentsratherthanbyslow geneticselection;thussurvivalinawiderangeofhabitatsandunderextreme conditionseventuallybecamepossiblewithoutfurtherspeciesdifferentiation. Eachnewinfanthoweverwithrelativelyfewinnatetraitsyetwithavast numberofpotentialbehaviorsmustbetaughttoachieveitsbiological potentialasahuman.45.__________Thehuman specieshasauniquecapabilityforcultureinthesenseofconsciousthinking andplanningtransmissionofskillsandsystemsofsocialrelationshipsand creativemodificationoftheenvironment.Theintegratedpatternsofbehavior requiredforplanningandfashioningtoolswereaccomplishedatleast2.5 millionyearsagoandsomeformofadvancedcodeforvocalcommunicationmay alsohaveexistedatthistime.By350000yearsagoplannedhuntingfire makingandthewearingofclothingwerewellestablishedaswaspossibly ritualizeddisposalofthedead.Evidenceofreligionrecordedeventsandart datefrom30000to40000yearsagoandimplyadvancedlanguageandethics forthecomplexorderingofsocialgroupsrequiredforsuchactivities.From aboutthattimethegenusHomobegantostabilizeintotheonegeneralized speciesofHomosapiens.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text2 Centuriesagomandiscoveredthat removingmoisturefromfoodhelpstopreserveitandthattheeasiestwaytodo thisistoexposethefoodtosunandwind.InthiswaytheNorthAmerican IndiansproducepemmicantheScandinaviansmakestockfishandtheArabsdry datesandapricotleather.Allfoodscontainwater-cabbageand otherleafvegetablescontainasmuchas93%waterpotatoesandotherroot vegetables80%leanmeat75%andfishanythingfrom80%to60%dependingonhow fattyitis.Ifthiswaterisremovedtheactivityofthebacteriathatcause foodtodeteriorateischecked.Fruitissun-driedinAsia MinorGreeceSpainandotherMediterraneancountriesandalsoinCalifornia SouthAfricaandAustralia.Themethodsusedvarybutingeneralthefruitis spreadoutontraysindryingyardsinthehotsun.Inordertoprevent darkeningpearspeachesandapricotsareexposedtothefumesofburning sulfurbeforedrying.Plumsformakingprunesandcertainvarietiesofgrapes formakingraisinsandcurrantsaredippedinanalkalinesolutioninorderto cracktheskinsofthefruitslightlyandremovetheirwaxcoatingso increasingtherateofdrying.Nowadaysmostfoodsaredried mechanically.Theconventionalmethodofsuchdehydrationistoputfoodin chambersthroughwhichhotairisblownattemperaturesofabout110℃atentry toabout43℃atexit.Thisistheusualmethodfordryingsuchthingsas vegetablesmincedmeatandfish.Liquidssuchasmilkcoffee teasoupsandeggsmaybedriedbypouringthemoveraheatedhorizontalsteel cylinderorbysprayingthemintoachamberthroughwhichacurrentofhotair passes.Inthefirstcasethedriedmaterialisscrapedofftherollerasa thinfilmwhichisthenbrokenupintosmallthoughstillrelativelycoarse flakes;inthesecondprocessitfallstothebottomofthechamberasafine powder.Whererecognizablepiecesofmeatandvegetablesarerequiredasin souptheingredientsaredriedseparatelyandthenmixed.Dried foodstakeuplessroomandweighlessthanthesamefoodpackedincansor frozenandtheydonotneedtobestoredinspecialconditions.Forthese reasonstheyareinvaluabletoclimbersexplorersandsoldiersinbattlewho havelittlestoragespace.Theyarealsopopularwithhousewivesbecauseit takessolittletimetocookthem.Usuallyitisjustacaseofreplacingthe dried-outmoisturewithboilingwater.Housewiveslikedriedfoodsbecause______.
Text3 Everyyear100millionholiday-makers aredrawntotheMediterranean.Withonethirdoftheworld’stouristtradeit isthemostpopularofalltheholidaydestinations:itisalsothemost polluted.Ithasonly1percentoftheworld’sseasurfacebut carriesmorethanhalftheoilandtarfloatingonthewaters.Thousandsof factoriespourtheirpoisonintotheMediterraneanandalmosteverycitytown andvillageonthecoastsluicesitssewageuntreatedintothesea. TheresultisthattheMediterraneanwhichnurturedsomany civilizationsisgravelyill-thefirstoftheseastofallvictimtothe abilitiesandattitudesthatevolvedaroundit.Andthepopulationdoesnot merelystiflethelifeofthesea-itthreatensthepeoplewhoinhabitandvisit itsshores.Typhoidparatyphoiddysenterypolioviral hepatitisandfoodpoisoningareendemicintheareaandthereareperiodic outbreaksofcholera.Themournfullitanyofdiseaseiscaused bysewage.Eight-fivepercentofthewastefromtheMediterranean’s120coastal citiesispushedoutintothewaterswheretheirpeopleandvisitorsbatheand fish.Whatismoremostcitiesjustdropitinstraightoffthebeach;rare indeedaretheplaceslikeCannesandTelAvivwhichpipeitevenhalfamile offshore.Lessthan100000ofGreece’sfourmillioncoastal peoplehavetheirsewageproperlytreated-andGreeceisoneofthecleaner countriesofthenorthernshore.Theworstpartsoftheseaare Israeli/LebanoncoastandbetweenBarcelonaandGenoawhichflushesoutover 200tonsofsewageeachyearforeverymileofitslength.Not surprisinglyvastareasoftheshallowsareawashwithbacteriaanditdoesn’t takelongforthesetoreachpeople.ProfessorWilliamBrumfitoftheRoyalFree HospitaloncecalculatedthatanyonewhogoesforaswimintheMediterranean hasaoneinsevenchanceofgettingsomesortofdisease.Otherscientistssay thisisanoverestimate;butalmostallofthemagreethatbathersareat risk.Anevengreaterdangerlurksintheseductiveseafood dishesthataddsomuchinteresttoholidaymenu.Shellfishareprimecarriers ofmanyofthemostviciousdiseasesofthearea.Theyoftengrowamid pollution.Andeveniftheydon’ttheyarefrequentlyinfectedbythepopular practiceoffresheningthemup-throwingfilthywateroverthemin markets.Industryaddsitsownpoisons.Factoriesclusterround thecoastlineandeventhemostmodernrarelyhasproperwaste-treatmentplant. Theydoasmuchdamagetotheseaassewage.Fifteenthousandfactoriesfoulthe ItalianLihurianRiviera.SixtythousandpollutetheTyrrhenianSeabetween SardiniaSicilyandthewestItaliancoast!ThelagoonofVenicealonereceives theeffluentsof76factories.Thousandsoftonsofpesticides areblownoffthefieldsintotheseadetergentsfrommillionsofsinkskill fishandfertilizersflushedouttoseanourishexplosionsofplanktonwhich coverbatherswithitchyslime.Thenthereistheoil-130000 tonspouringeachyearfromships115000tonsmorefromindustriesroundthe shore.RecentstudiesshowthattheMediterraneanisfourtimesaspollutedas thenorthAtlantic20timesasbadasthenorth-eastPacific. Apartfromthenine-mile-wideStraitofGibraltartheMediterraneanis landlockedvirtuallyunabletocleanseitself.Ittakes80yearsforthewater toberenewedthroughthenarrowshallowstraitsfartooslowaprocessto copewiththeremorselessrushofpollution.Whatadviceisgiventotouristsaccordingtothetext
Directions:A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofatleast200wordsB.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethepictureandinterpretitsmeaning. 2Giveyourcommentonthephenomenon.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Text3 Everyyear100millionholiday-makers aredrawntotheMediterranean.Withonethirdoftheworld’stouristtradeit isthemostpopularofalltheholidaydestinations:itisalsothemost polluted.Ithasonly1percentoftheworld’sseasurfacebut carriesmorethanhalftheoilandtarfloatingonthewaters.Thousandsof factoriespourtheirpoisonintotheMediterraneanandalmosteverycitytown andvillageonthecoastsluicesitssewageuntreatedintothesea. TheresultisthattheMediterraneanwhichnurturedsomany civilizationsisgravelyill-thefirstoftheseastofallvictimtothe abilitiesandattitudesthatevolvedaroundit.Andthepopulationdoesnot merelystiflethelifeofthesea-itthreatensthepeoplewhoinhabitandvisit itsshores.Typhoidparatyphoiddysenterypolioviral hepatitisandfoodpoisoningareendemicintheareaandthereareperiodic outbreaksofcholera.Themournfullitanyofdiseaseiscaused bysewage.Eight-fivepercentofthewastefromtheMediterranean’s120coastal citiesispushedoutintothewaterswheretheirpeopleandvisitorsbatheand fish.Whatismoremostcitiesjustdropitinstraightoffthebeach;rare indeedaretheplaceslikeCannesandTelAvivwhichpipeitevenhalfamile offshore.Lessthan100000ofGreece’sfourmillioncoastal peoplehavetheirsewageproperlytreated-andGreeceisoneofthecleaner countriesofthenorthernshore.Theworstpartsoftheseaare Israeli/LebanoncoastandbetweenBarcelonaandGenoawhichflushesoutover 200tonsofsewageeachyearforeverymileofitslength.Not surprisinglyvastareasoftheshallowsareawashwithbacteriaanditdoesn’t takelongforthesetoreachpeople.ProfessorWilliamBrumfitoftheRoyalFree HospitaloncecalculatedthatanyonewhogoesforaswimintheMediterranean hasaoneinsevenchanceofgettingsomesortofdisease.Otherscientistssay thisisanoverestimate;butalmostallofthemagreethatbathersareat risk.Anevengreaterdangerlurksintheseductiveseafood dishesthataddsomuchinteresttoholidaymenu.Shellfishareprimecarriers ofmanyofthemostviciousdiseasesofthearea.Theyoftengrowamid pollution.Andeveniftheydon’ttheyarefrequentlyinfectedbythepopular practiceoffresheningthemup-throwingfilthywateroverthemin markets.Industryaddsitsownpoisons.Factoriesclusterround thecoastlineandeventhemostmodernrarelyhasproperwaste-treatmentplant. Theydoasmuchdamagetotheseaassewage.Fifteenthousandfactoriesfoulthe ItalianLihurianRiviera.SixtythousandpollutetheTyrrhenianSeabetween SardiniaSicilyandthewestItaliancoast!ThelagoonofVenicealonereceives theeffluentsof76factories.Thousandsoftonsofpesticides areblownoffthefieldsintotheseadetergentsfrommillionsofsinkskill fishandfertilizersflushedouttoseanourishexplosionsofplanktonwhich coverbatherswithitchyslime.Thenthereistheoil-130000 tonspouringeachyearfromships115000tonsmorefromindustriesroundthe shore.RecentstudiesshowthattheMediterraneanisfourtimesaspollutedas thenorthAtlantic20timesasbadasthenorth-eastPacific. Apartfromthenine-mile-wideStraitofGibraltartheMediterraneanis landlockedvirtuallyunabletocleanseitself.Ittakes80yearsforthewater toberenewedthroughthenarrowshallowstraitsfartooslowaprocessto copewiththeremorselessrushofpollution.AccordingtothepassageallthefollowingmaycausedamagetotheseaEXCEPT
Text1 Generallyasavinginenergy consumptionisinsufficientincentivefortheconsumertopurchasenewcooking equipmentunlessotherimprovementse.g.shortercookingperiodsfewer cleaningdifficultiesandimprovedappearanceareavailableaswell.Forthe individualthereisanaturalreticencetoincurrapidchangesbecauseofthe valideconomicdesiretoexploitexistingcapitalinvestmenttothemaximum: thisisthemajorproblemwithmanyproposedenergy-thriftmeasures.However caterersshould’appreciatethatbyreducingenergywastages;theywillnotonly besavingmoneybutalsoimprovingtheworkingenvironmentwithintheir kitchens.Retro-fittingexistingcookerswith energy-conservationimprovementsinordertoraiseachievableefficiencieswill occuronlyrarely.Forthemostimmediatesignificantimpactnationallywith respecttoreducingtheenergyexpendeduponcookingbettermanagementis recommended.Lawsonsuggestedthatabout16PJperyearcouldbesavedinthe Britishcateringsectorbyadoptingimprovedoperationalpractices.Ifonly10% oftheenergyusedforcateringpurposesinthedomesticsectorcouldalsobe savedoverallnationalsavingswouldamounttoapproximately44PJperannum. Toachievethisaimacomprehensiveandstraight-forwardprogramof energy-thrifteducationforhousewivescooksandkitchenmanagersisneeded. Thiswillrequireallconcernedtoexerciseconsiderablepersonal discipline.Thepresentapproachwherebyindividualsmake purchasingdecisionsmainlyonvisualandfirst-costgrounds-partlybecausethe cookingapplianceandfoodmanufacturingindustriesrarelyprovideadequate scientificdatatosupporttheirclaims-shouldbesupplementedbyother considerations.Foodistoofundamentaltohumanlifehealthandhappinessto beconsideredanunworthysubjectbyintellectuals.Forexampleeventhe typicalBritonwhotendstobecasualabouteatingcomparedwithmostofhis foreigncounterpartsspendsbetween5%and13%ofhiswakinghourspreparing cookingand/orcleaningaway’aftermeals.Neverthelessenergywastageprevails bothonanationalscalee.g.storingvastquantitiesoffoodatsub-ambient temperaturesinso-calledfoodmountains;andonanindividualscalee.g. performinghoboperationswithoutplacinglidsonthepansemployed .Whatdoesreticenceinthefirstparagraphmean
Asmorepeopleliveclosertogetherandastheyusemachines toproduceleisuretheyfindthattheirleisureandeventheirworkinghours becomespoiltbyaby-productoftheirmachines--namelynoise.Noiseis nowadaysinthenews;ithasacquiredpoliticalstatusandpublicopinionsare demandingmoreandmoreinsistentlythatsomethingmustbedoneabout it.46Tocontrolnoiseistodemandmuchself-discipline annoyancearisesoftenfromlackofcommoncourtesyasenseofproportion thereisusuallyaconflictofinterestifanoiseistobestoppedthe expenditureofmoneyanditisfarmoreeconomicaltodothisearlyratherthan lateandfinallytechnicalknowledge.Technical difficultiesoftenarisefromthesubjective-objectivenatureoftheproblem. Youcandefinetheexcessivespeedofamotor-carintermsofapointerreading onaspeedometer.Butcanyoudefineexcessivenoiseinthesameway47You findthatwithanyexistingsimplenoise-metervehicleswhicharejudgedto beequallynoisymayshowconsiderabledifferenceonthemeter. Thoughtheidealcurefornoiseistostopitatitssourcethismayin manycasesbeimpossible.Thenextremedyistoabsorbitonthewaytothe ear.48Domesticnoisesmayperhapsbecontrolledby forethoughtandcourtesyandindustrialnoisesbygoodplanningandtechnical improvement.Butifwearegoingtoallowfastmotor-cyclesandheavydiesel lorriestopasscontinuouslythroughresidentialandbusinessdistrictsthe communitymustdecideonthecontrolitneedstoexerciseforinthelongrun ithasgottopayforit.49Andifanationistotakepartinmodernair transportitmustenterintointernationalagreementsonthenoisecontrol measuresitwillimposeatitsairports-andherethecostofanyrealcontrolis tobemeasuredinmillionsofdollars.Jetenginesmaybemodifiedtoreduce theirnoiselevelorinsulationfromairtrafficnoisemaybeprovidedbythe purchaseoflandaroundairportsortheinsulationofbuildings.50One estimateisthat＄5.7billionwouldberequiredtoequipallexistingjet engineswithnoisecontroldevices;howeverconsideringthecurrentstateof thearteventakingthisstepwillnotreducenoiselevelsatallpointsto acceptablevalues.Somecombinationofmethodsisprobablynecessary.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
Thefirsttwostagesinthedevelopment ofcivilizedmanwereprobablytheinventionofprimitiveweaponsandthe discoveryoffirealthoughnobodyknowsexactlywhenpeopleacquiredtheuse of1.The2of languageisalsoobscure.Nodoubtitbeganverygradually.Animalshaveafew criesthatserve3signals4eventhe highestapeshavenotbeenfoundabletopronouncewords5 withthemostintensiveprofessionalinstruction.Thesuperior brainofmanisapparently6forthemasteringofspeech. Whenmanbecamesufficientlyintelligentwemustsupposethathe7 thenumberofcriesfordifferentpurposes.Itwasagreatclay 8hediscoveredthatspeedcouldbeusedfornarrative.There arethosewhothinkthat9picturelanguageprecededoral language.Aman10apictureonthewallofhiscaveto show11directionhehadgoneor12 preyhehopedtocatch.Probablypicturelanguageandorallanguage developedsidebyside.Iaminclinedtothinkthatlanguage13 themostimportantsinglefactorinthedevelopmentofman. Twoimportantstagescamenot14beforethedawnof writtenhistory.Thefirstwasthedomesticationofanimals;thesecondwas agriculture.Agriculturewas15inhumanprogresstowhich subsequentlytherewasnothingcomparable16ourown machineage.Agriculturemadepossible17immenseincrease inthenumberofthehumanspeciesintheregionswhereitcouldbesuccessfully practised.18wereatfirstonlythoseinwhichnature fertilizedthesoil19eachharvest.Agriculturemetwith violentresistancefromthepastoralnomadsbuttheagriculturalwayoflife prevailedintheend20thephysicalcomfortsit provided.
热门题库
更多
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号