首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
[A] Dr Daniel Stanley, an oceanographer, has found volcanic shards in Egypt that he believes are ...
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《填空集》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
A.Holdtheline B.flightnumber C.
A.HoldthelineB.flightnumberC.askaquestionD.ToNewYo
A.HoldthelineB.flightnumber C.askaquestionD.T
A.Holdtheline B.flightnumber C.
A.Holdtheline B.flightnumber C.
--Excuseme?____________________?---Sorryhe’snot___
May I speak to Daniel; in
Is Daniel speaking?; at
May I speak to Daniel; at
Is it Daniel; out
A.Holdtheline B.flightnumber C.
AtBlossomEndRailroadStation22-year-oldStanleyVines
AtBlossomEndRailroadStation22-year-oldStanleyVines
A.HoldthelineB.flightnumber C.askaquestionD.T
A.HoldthelineB.flightnumber C.askaquestionD.T
-WheredoesSimonsitintheclassroom?-Hesitsbetween___
Daniel and I
I and Daniel
Daniel and me
me and Daniel
任务型阅读Daniellikeshisschool1verymuch.Hegoestoschoola
AtBlossomEndRailroadStation22-year-oldStanleyVines
A.Holdtheline B.flightnumber C.
A.HoldthelineB.flightnumber C.askaquestionD.T
A.HoldthelineB.flightnumber C.askaquestionD.T
阅读表达阅读下面短文回答问题FromMondaytoFridayDanielwakesupatsix
---________modelplaneisthis?---It’s________.
Who’s; Daniel
Whose; Daniel
Who’s ; Daniel’s
Whose; Daniel’s
AtBlossomEndRailroadStation22-year-oldStanleyVines
热门试题
更多
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 11处填
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
Whereonestageofchilddevelopmenthasbeenleftoutornotsufficientlyexperiencedthechildmayhavetogobackandcapturetheexperienceofit.Agoodhomemakesthispossibleforexamplebyprovidingtheopportunityforthechildtoplaywithaclockworkcarortoyrailwaytrainuptoanyageifhestillneedstodoso.46Thisprincipleinfactunderliesallpsychologicaltreatmentofchildrenindifficultieswiththeirdevelopmentandisthebasisofworkinchildclinics.Thebeginningsofdisciplineareinthenursery.Eventheyoungestbabyistaughtbygradualstagestowaitforfoodtosleepandwakeatregularintervalsandsoon.Ifthechildfeelstheworldaroundhimisawarmandfriendlyoneheslowlyacceptsitsrhythmandaccustomshimselftoconformingtoitsdemands.47Learningtowaitforthingsparticularlyforfoodisaveryimportantelementinupbringingandisachievedsuccessfullyonlyiftoogreatdemandsarenotmadebeforethechildcanunderstandthem.Everyparentwatcheseagerlythechild’sacquisitionofeachnewskill—thefirstspokenwordsthefirstindependentstepsorthebeginningofreadingandwriting.48Itisoftentemptingtohurrythechildbeyondhisnaturallearningratebutthiscansetupdangerousfeelingoffailureandstatesofanxietyinthechild.Thismighthappenatanystage.Ababymightbeforcedtouseatoilettooearly;ayoungchildmightbeencouragedtolearntoreadbeforeheknowsthemeaningofthewordshereads.49Ontheotherhandthoughifachildisleftalonetoomuchorwithoutanylearningopportunitiesheloseshisnaturalzestforlifeandhisdesiretofindoutnewthingsforhimself.Learningtogetherisafruitsourceofrelationshipbetweenchildrenandparents.Byplayingtogetherparentslearnmoreabouttheirchildrenandchildrenlearnmorefromtheirparents.Toysandgameswhichbothparentsandchildrencanshareareanimportantmeansofachievingthisco-operation.Building-blocktoysjigsawpuzzlesandcrosswordaregoodexamples.Parentsvarygreatlyintheirdegreeofstrictnessorindulgencetowardstheirchildren.Somemaybeespeciallystrictinmoneymatters;othersaresevereovertimesofcominghomeatnightpunctualityformealsorpersonalcleanliness.50Ingeneralthecontrolsimposedrepresenttheneedsoftheparentsandthevaluesofthecommunityasmuchasthechild’sownhappinessandwell-being.
ItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimistsorthosegiventospeedassumptionsmightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.UnfortunatelythereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselvessufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures. Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek"can-dos"ratherthan"might-dos"andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensufficientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers’possiblecontribution. ItiscuriousgiventhenameofthedegreethatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshouldencompass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookplace. PerhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagersperchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladdersTheInstituteofManagement’s1992surveywhichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheypersonallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretrainingsuggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereistoothefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andabovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonowwhenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexionsifnottotalconviction. Onecaneasilythinkofpeoplesomecomparativelyunletteredwhoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.WemaythereforenotneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolplacesoreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiativenowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualificationissuccessfultherewillbeapowerfulcorrective. Webelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustrycurrentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-usedworkinginindustrialghettosthatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveallwehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit. Whichoftheinformationistrueaccordingtothepassage
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 5处填
Directions. Arecruitmentdrivefor100000OlympicvolunteerswhichaimstohelptheChineseandforeignersgetinvolvedinthe2008GameswasofficiallylaunchedinBeijinglastmonth.Youintendtoapplyforcertainpositionsandnowwritealettertherecruitmentofficeshowingyourmotivationandstatingyoureligibilityfortherequirements. Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2. Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruse"LiMing"instead. Donotwritetheaddress.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 15处填
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
[A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness.[B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness.[C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness.[D]Wheretoseekhappiness[E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice.[F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness.AreyouhappyIaskedmybrotherIanoneday.Yes.No.Itdependswhatyoumeanhesaid.ThentellmeIsaidwhenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappyApril1967hesaid.Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget.41.__________.Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated.42.__________.MydictionarydefineshappyasluckyorfortunatebutIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessisthecapacityforenjoyment.Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43.__________.Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments.Ihateshoppingonefriendsaid.Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup.Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone.EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme.44.__________.Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness.45.__________.Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehad’perhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwegottahave.We’resoself-consciousaboutourrighttoitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tnecessarilyhappier.Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess.
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 7处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 19处填
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ ThetermtheBigBangprobablyrefersto
Ifthereisonethingscientistshavetohearitisthatthegameisover.Raisedonthebeliefofanendlessvoyageofdiscoverytheyrecoilfromthesuggestionthatmostofthebestthingshavealreadybeenlocated.Iftheyhavetoday’sscientistscanhopetocontributenomorethanafewgracenotestothesymphonyofscience. AbooktobepublishedinBritainthisweekTheEndofSciencearguespersuasivelythatthisisthecase.ItsauthorJohnHorganisaseniorwriterforScientificAmericanmagazinewhohasinterviewedmanyoftoday’sleadingscientistsandsciencephilosophers.TheshockofrealizingthatsciencemightbeovercametohimhesayswhenhewastalkingtoOxfordmathematicianandphysicistSirRogerPenrose. TheEndofScienceprovokedawaveofdenunciationintheUnitedStateslastyear."Thereactionhasbeenoneofcompleteshockanddisbelief"Mr.Horgansays. Therealquestioniswhetheranyremainingunsolvedproblemsofwhichthereareplentylendthemselvestouniversalsolutions.Iftheydonotthenthefocusofscientificdiscoveryisalreadynarrowing.Sincethetriumphsofthe1960s—thegeneticcodeplatetectonicsandthemicrowavebackgroundradiationthatwentalongwaytowardsprovingtheBigBang—genuinescientificrevolutionshavebeenscarce.Morescientistsarenowalivespendingmoremoneyonresearchthatever.Yetmostofthegreatdiscoveriesofthe19thand20thcenturiesweremadebeforetheappearanceofstatesponsorshipwhenthescientificenterprisewasafractionofitspresentsize. Werethescientistswhomadethesediscoveriesbrighterthantoday’sThatseemsunlikely.Afarmorereasonableexplanationisthatfundamentalsciencehasalreadyenteredaperiodofdiminishedreturns."Lookdon’tgetmewrong"saysMrHorgan."Therearelotsofimportantthingsstilltostudyandappliedscienceandengineeringcangoonforever.Ihopewegetacureforcancerandformentaldiseasethoughtherearefewrealsignsofprogress./ JohnHorgan. Ⅰ.haspublishedabookentitledTheEndofScience Ⅱ.hasbeenworkingasaneditorofScientificAmerican Ⅲ.hasbeenworkingmanyyearsasaliterarycritic Ⅳ.isworkingasasciencewriter
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. Radiationcancauseseriousconsequencesatthelowestlevel
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 3处填
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway.FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains.Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithomehesays.Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening.41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics.Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years.42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics.Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting.43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming.Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.44.Recedingicecaps.That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingandcalvingoflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped.We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeensaysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys.45.Thinningicecores.Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick.ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory.The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru.[A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates.Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities.ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingiswith-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000yearssaystheIPCC.[B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070.[C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically.[D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates.Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup.[E]IfullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheicesaysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair.[F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978.YoucanalmostsitthereandwatchitmovesaysThompson.
Saygoodbyetotheworld’stropicalglaciersandicecaps.Manywillvanishwithin20years.WhenLonnieThompsonvisitedPeru’sQuelccayaicecapin1977hecouldn’thelpnoticingaschool-bus-sizeboulderthatwasupendedbyicepushingagainstit.Thompsonreturnedtothesamespotlastyearandtheboulderwasstilltherebutitwaslyingonitsside.Theicethatoncesupportedthemassiverockhadretreatedfarintothedistanceleavingbehindagiantlakeasitmeltedaway.FoeThompsonageologistwithOhioStateUniversity’sByrdPolarResearchCentertherolled-backrockwasanobvioussignofclimatechangeintheAndesMountains.Observingthatover25yearspersonallyreallybringsithomehesays.Yourdon’thavetobeabelieveringlobalwarmingtoseewhat’shappening.41.Thawedicecapsinthetropics.Quelccayaisthelargesticecapinthetropicsbutitisn’ttheonlyonethatismeltingaccordingtodecadesofresearchbyThompson’steam.NotropicalglaciersarecurrentlyknowntobeadvancingandThompsonpredictsthatmanymountaintopswillbecompletelymeltedwithinthenext20years.42.Situationinareasotherthanthetropics.Thephenomenonisn’tconfinedtothetropics.GlaciersinEuropeRussianewZealandtheUnitedStatesandelsewherearealsomelting.43.Theworseningeffectsofglobalwarming.Formanyscientiststhewidespreadmelt-downisaclearsignthathumansareaffectingglobalclimateprimarilybyraisingthelevelsofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegasesintheatmosphere.44.Recedingicecaps.That’snottosaythatglacierscurrentlyfoundoneverycontinentexceptAustraliahaven’tmeltedinthepastasaresultofnaturalvariability.Theseriversoficeexistinadelicatebalancebetweeninputsaccumulatingsnowandiceandoutputsmeltingandcalvingoflargechunksofice.Overtimethebalancecantiltineitherdirectioncausingglacierstoadvanceorretreat.What’sdifferentnowisthespeedatwhichthescaleshavetipped.We’vebeensurprisedathowrapidtherateofretreathasbeensaysThompson.HisteambeganmappingoneofthemainglaciersflowingoutoftheQuelccayaicecapin1978usingsatelliteimagesandgroundsurveys.45.Thinningicecores.Andits’notjustthemarginoftheicecapthatismelting.AtQuelccayaandMountKilimanjarotheresearchershavefoundthattheicefieldsarethinningaswell.BesidesmappingicecapsandglaciersThompsonandhiscolleagueshavetakencoresamplesfromQuelccayasince1976whentheiceatthedrillinglocationwas154metersthick.ThompsonandhiscolleagueshavealsodrilledicecoresfromotherlocationsinSouthAmericaAfricaandChina.Trappedwithineachofthesecoresisaclimaterecordspanningmorethan8000years.Itshowsthatthepast50yearsarethewarmestinhistory.The4-inch-thickicecoresarenowstoredinfreezersatOhioState.OnthefuturesaysThompsonthatmaybetheonlyplacetoseewhat’sleftoftheglaciersofAfricaandPeru.[A]ThelatestreportfromtheIntergovernmentalPanelonClimateChangepreparedbyhundredsofscientistsandapprovedbygovernmentdelegatesfrommorethan100nationsstates.Thereisnewandstrongerevidencethatmostofthewarmingobservedoverthelast50yearsisattributabletohumanactivities.ThereportreleasedinJanuarysaysthattheplanet’saveragesurfacetemperatureincreasedbyabout0.6℃duringthe20thcenturyandisprojectedtoincreaseanother1.4℃to5.8℃by2100.Thatrateofwarmingiswith-outprecedentduringatleastthelast10000yearssaystheIPCC.[B]Alaska’smassiveBeringandColumbiaGlacierslocatedinnontropicalregionsforexamplehaverecededbymorethan10kilometersduringthepastcentury.AndastudybygeologistsattheUniversityofColoradoatBoulderpredictsthatGlacierNationalParkinMontanaundertheinfluenceofmeltingwillloseallofitsglaciersby2070.[C]Forexampleabout97percentoftheplanet’swaterisseawater.Another2percentislockedinicecapsandglaciers.Therearealsoreservesoffreshwaterundertheearth’ssurfacebutthesearetoodeepforustouseeconomically.[D]ForexampleAfrica’sMountKilimanjarointropicalareashaslost82percentofitsicefieldsinceitwasfirstmappedin1912.ThatyearKilimanjarohad12.1squarekilometersofice.Bylastyeartheicecoveredonly2.2squarekilometers.AtthecurrentrateofmeltingthesnowsofKilimanjarothatErnestHemingwaywroteaboutwillbegonewithin15yearsThompsonestimates.Butitprobablywillhappensoonerbecausetherateisspeedingup.[E]IfullyexpecttobeabletoreturnthereinadozenyearsorsoandseethemarksontherockwhereourdrillbitpunchedthroughtheicesaysThompson.Ifthathappensitwillmeanthatalayeroficemorethan500feetthickhasvanishedintothinair.[F]TheglacierQoriKaliswasthenretreatingby4.9metersperyear.EverytimethescientistsreturnedQoriKaliswasmeltingfaster.Between1998and2000itwasretreatingatarateof155metersperyearsmorethanafootperday32timesfasterthanin1978.YoucanalmostsitthereandwatchitmovesaysThompson.
ItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimistsorthosegiventospeedassumptionsmightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.UnfortunatelythereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselvessufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures. Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek"can-dos"ratherthan"might-dos"andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensufficientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers’possiblecontribution. ItiscuriousgiventhenameofthedegreethatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshouldencompass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookplace. PerhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagersperchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladdersTheInstituteofManagement’s1992surveywhichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheypersonallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretrainingsuggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereistoothefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andabovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonowwhenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexionsifnottotalconviction. Onecaneasilythinkofpeoplesomecomparativelyunletteredwhoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.WemaythereforenotneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolplacesoreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiativenowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualificationissuccessfultherewillbeapowerfulcorrective. Webelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustrycurrentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-usedworkinginindustrialghettosthatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveallwehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit. Accordingtothepassage
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Thephrasecavedinlines3-4paragraph2mostprobablymeans
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 9处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 13处填
Nuclearpower’sdangertohealthsafetyandevenlifeitselfcanbesummedupinoneword:radiation. Nuclearradiationhasacertainmysteryaboutitpartlybecauseitcannotbedetectedbyhumansenses.Itcan’tbeseenorheardortouchedortastedeventhoughitmaybeallaroundus.Thereareotherthingslikethat.Forexampleradiowavesareallaroundusbutwecan’tdetectthemsensethemwithoutaradioreceiver.Similarlywecan’tsenseradioactivitywithoutaradiationdetector.Butunlikecommonradiowavesnuclearradiationisnotharmlesstohumanbeingsandotherlivingthings. Atveryhighlevelsradiationcankillananimalorhumanbeingoutrightbykillingmassesofcellsinvitalorgans.Buteventhelowestlevelscandoseriousdamage.Thereisnolevelofradiationthatiscompletelysafe.Iftheradiationdoesnothitanythingimportantthedamagemaynotbesignificant.Thisisthecasewhenonlyafewcellsarehit.Andiftheyarekilledoutrightyourbodywillreplacethedeadcellswithhealthyones.Butifthefewcellsareonlydamagedandiftheyreproducethemselvesyoumaybeintrouble.Theyreproducethemselvesinadeformedway.Theycangrowintocancer.Sometimesthisdoesnotshowupformanyyears. Thisisanotherreasonforsomeofthemysteryaboutnuclearradiation.Seriousdamagecanbedonewithoutthevictimbeingawareatthetimethatdamagehasoccurred.Apersoncanheirradiatedandfeelfinethendieofcancerfivetenortwentyyearslaterasaresult.Orachildcanbebornweakorliabletoseriousillnessasaresultofradiationabsorbedbyitsgrandparents. Radiationcanhurtus.Wemustknowthetruth. Radiationcanhurtusinthewaythatitcan
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecisionmakingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsersaneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredict:whowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. AccordingtoDr.NoraVolkowtheuseofdrugs
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecisionmakingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsersaneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredict:whowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. Compulsiveeatersaretypicalexampleof
TryingtogetAmericanstoeatahealthydietisafrustratingbusiness.Eventhebest-designedpublic-healthcampaignscannotseemtocompetewiththetemptingflavorsofthesnack-foodandfast-foodindustriesandtheirfat-andsugar-ladenproducts.TheresultsareapparentonawalkdownanyAmericanstreet—morethan60%ofAmericansareoverweightandafullquarterofthemareoverweighttothepointofobesity. Nowhealthadvocatessayanill-conceivedredesignhastakenoneofthemoresuccessfulpublic-healthcampaigns—theFoodGuidePyramid—andrendereditconfusingtothepointofuselessness.SomeofthesecriticsworrythatAmerica’sDepartmentofAgriculturecavedintopressurefrompartsofthefoodindustryanxioustoprotecttheirproducts. TheFoodGuidePyramidwasagraphicwhichemphasizesthatahealthydietisbuiltonabaseofgrainsvegetablesandfruitsfollowedbyever-decreasingamountsofdairyproducts.meatsweetsandoils.Theagriculturedepartmentlaunchedthepyramidin1992toreplaceitspreviousprogramwhichwascenteredontheideaoffourbasicfoodgroups.The"BasicFour"campaignshowedaplatedividedintoquartersandseemedtoimplythatmeatanddairyproductsshouldmakeuphalfofahealthydietwithgrainsfruitsandvegetablesmakinguptheotherhalf.Itwasreplacedonlyoverthestrenuousobjectionsofthemeatanddairyindustries. Theoldpyramidwasundoubtedlyimperfect.Itfailedtodistinguishbetweenadoughnutandawhole-grainrollorahamburgerandaskinlesschickenbreastanditdidnotmakeclearexactlyhowmuchofeachfoodstufftoeat.Itdidhowevermanagetoconveythebasicideaofproperproportionsinaneasilyunderstanableway.Thenewpyramidcalled"MyPyramid"abandonstheefforttoprovidethisinformation.Insteadithasbeensimplifiedtoamerelogo.Thefoodgroupsarereplacedwithunlabelledmulti-coloredverticalstripeswhichinsomeversionsriseoutofacartoonjumbleoffoodsthatlookliketheaftermathofariotatagrocerystore.AnyonewhowantstoseehowthistranslatesintoahealthydietisinvitedtogotoawebsiteputintheirageSexandactivitylevelandgetaCustom.designedpyramidcompletewithhealthyfoodchoicesandsuggestedportionsizes.Thisisfineforthosewhoaremotivatedbutmightprovetoomucheffortforthosewhomostneedsuchinformation. Admittedlythedesignersofthenewpyramidhadatoughjobtodo.Theyweresupposedtocondensetheadviceinthe84-pageUnitedStates’DietaryGuidelinesintoasimplemeaningfulgraphicsuitableforprintingonthebackofacerealbox.Andtheyhadtodothisinthefaceofpressurefromdozensofspecialinterestgroups—fromthecountry’sPotatoBoardwhichthoughtpotatoeswouldlookniceinthepicturetotheAlmondBoardofCaliforniawhichfeltthesamewayaboutalmonds.EventheNationalWatermelonPromotionBoardandtheCaliforniaAvocadoCommissionwereeagertosectheirproductsrecognized. Neverthelessmanyhealthadvocatesbelievethenewgraphicisamissedopportunity.Althoughofficialsinsistindustrypressurehadnothingtodowith:theeventualdesignsomecriticssuspectthatpoliticalinfluencewasatwork:Ontheotherhanditisnotclearhowmuchgoodeventhebestgraphiccoulddo.Surveysfoundthat80%ofAmericansrecognizedtheoldFoodGuidePyramid—abigsuccessintheworldofpublichealthcampaigns.Yetonly16%followeditsadvice. Thebiggestproblemwiththenewpyramidseemstobethat
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 1处填
TheChinaboomisbynowawell-documentedphenomenon.Whohasn’t1theMiddleKingdom’sastoundingeconomicgrowth8percentannuallyitsmesmerizing2market1.2billionpeopletheinvestmentardorofforeignsuitors$40billioninforeigndirectinvestmentlastyear3Chinaisaneconomicjuggernaut.4NicholasLardyoftheBrookingsInstitutionaWashingtonD.C.-basedthinktank "Nocountryhas5itsforeigntradeasfastasChinaoverthelast20years.Japan6itsforeigntradeovera20-yearperiod;China’sforeigntradeasquintupled.They’vebecomethepre-eminentproduceroflabor-intensive7goodsintheworld".Butthere’sbeen8fromthedazzlingChinagrowthstory—namelytheChinesemultinational.NomajorChinesecompanieshave9establishedthemselvesortheirbrands10theglobalstage.ButasHaiershowsthatisstartingtochange.11100yearsofpovertyandchaosofbeingovershadowedbyforeigncountriesandmultinationalsChineseindustrialcompaniesarestartingto12ontheworld.Anewgenerationoflargeandcrediblefirmshas13inChinaintheelectronicsapplianceandevenhigh-techsectors.Somehavereachedcriticalmassonthemainlandandarenow14newoutletsfortheirproduction—throughexportsandbybuildingChinesefactoriesabroadchieflyinSoutheastAsia.Oneexample:China’sinvestmentinMalaysia15from$8millionin2000to$766millioninthefirsthalfofthisyear.16China’sexportprowessitwillbeyears17ChinesefirmsachievethemanagerialandoperationalexpertiseofWesternandJapanesemultinationals.Foronethingmanyofitsbestcompaniesarestillatleastpartiallystate-owned.18Chinahasashortageofmanagerialtalentandlittlenotionofmarketingandbrand-building.Itscompaniesarealso19bythecountry’slongtraditionofcentralplanninginefficientuseofcapitalandantiquateddistributionsystem20makesbuildingnationalcompaniesachallenge. 17处填
Addictionissuchaharmfulbehaviorinfactthatevolutionshouldhavelongagoweededitoutofthepopulation:ifit’shardtodrivesafelyundertheinfluenceimaginetryingtorunfromasaber-toothedtigerorcatchasquirrelforlunch.AndyetsaysDr.NoraVolkowdirectorofNIDAandapioneerintheuseofimagingtounderstandaddiction"theuseofdrugshasbeenrecordedsincethebeginningofcivilization.Humansinmyviewwillalwayswanttoexperimentwiththingstomakethemfeelgood." That’sbecausedrugsofabuseco-opttheverybrainfunctionsthatallowedourdistantancestorstosurviveinahostileworld.Ourmindsareprogrammedtopayextraattentiontowhatneurologistscallsalience—thatisspecialrelevance.Threatsforexamplearehighlysalientwhichiswhyweinstinctivelytrytogetawayfromthem.Butsoarefoodandsexbecausetheyhelptheindividualandthespeciessurvive.Drugsofabusecapitalizeonthisready-madeprogramming.Whenexposedtodrugsourmemorysystemsrewardcircuitsdecisionmakingskillsandconditioningkickin—salienceinoverdrive—tocreateanallconsumingpatternofuncontrollablecraving."Somepeoplehaveageneticpredispositiontoaddiction"saysVolkow."Butbecauseitinvolvesthesebasicbrainfunctionseveryonewillbecomeanaddictifsufficientlyexposedtodrugsoralcohol." Thatcangofornonchemicaladdictionsaswell.Behaviorsfromgamblingtoshoppingtosexmaystartoutashabitsbutslideintoaddictions.Sometimestheremightbeabehavior-specificrootoftheproblem.Volkow’sresearchgroupforexamplehasshownthatpathologicallyobesepeoplewhoarecompulsiveeatersexhibithyperactivityintheareasofthebrainthatprocessfoodstimuli—includingthemouthlipsandtongue.Forthemactivatingtheseregionsislikeopeningthefloodgatestothepleasurecenter.Almostanythingdeeplyenjoyablecanturnintoanaddictionthough. Ofcoursenoteveryonebecomesanaddict.That’sbecausewehaveothermoreanalyticalregionsthatcanevaluateconsequencesandoverridemerepleasureseeking.Brainimagingisshowingexactlyhowthathappens.PaulusforexamplelookedatdrugaddictsenrolledinaVAhospital’sintensivefour-weekrehabilitationprogram.Thosewhoweremorelikelytorelapseinthefirstyearaftercompletingtheprogramwerealsolessabletocompletetasksinvolvingcognitiveskillsandlessabletoadjusttonewrulesquickly.Thissuggestedthatthosepatientsmightalsobelessadeptatusinganalyticalareasofthebrainwhileperformingdecision-makingtasks.Sureenoughbrainscansshowedthattherewerereducedlevelsofactivationintheprefrontalcortexwhererationalthoughtcanoverrideimpulsivebehavior.It’simpossibletosayifthedrugsmighthavedamagedtheseabilitiesintherelapsersaneffectratherthanacauseofthechemicalabuse—butthefactthatthecognitivedeficitexistedinonlysomeofthedruguserssuggeststhattherewassomethinginnatethatwasuniquetothem.TohissurprisePaulusfoundthat80%to90%ofthetimehecouldaccuratelypredict:whowouldrelapsewithinayearsimplybyexaminingthescans. Anotherareaoffocusforresearchersinvolvesthebrain’srewardsystempoweredlargelybytheneurotransmitterdopamine.Investigatorsarelookingspecificallyatthefamilyofdopaminereceptorsthatpopulatenervecellsandbindtothecompound.Thehopeisthatifyoucanreducetheeffectofthebrainchemicalthatcarriesthepleasurablesignalyoucanloosenthedrug’shold. Wecaninferfromthepassagethatwemaycureaddictionby
ItisincongruousthatthenumberofBritishinstitutionsofferingMBAcoursesshouldhavegrownby254percentduringaperiodwhentheeconomyhasbeenslidingintodeeperrecession.Optimistsorthosegiventospeedassumptionsmightthinkitmarveloustohavesucharesourceofbusinessschoolgraduatesreadyfortherecovery.UnfortunatelythereisnowmuchdoubtaboutthevalueofthedegreenotleastamongMBAgraduatesthemselvessufferingastheyarefromtheeffectsofrecessionandfacingtheprospectofshrinkingmanagementstructures. Whatwastakensomeyearsagoasaticketofcertainadmissiontosuccessisnowbeingexposedtothescrutinyofcost-consciousemployerswhoseek"can-dos"ratherthan"might-dos"andwhofeelthatacademiabasnotbeensufficientlyappreciativeoftheneedsofindustryoroftheemployers’possiblecontribution. ItiscuriousgiventhenameofthedegreethatthereshouldbenoleaguetableforUKbusinessschools;nounanimityaboutwhatthedegreeshouldencompass;andnoagreedsystemofaccreditation.Surelythereissomethingwrong.Onewonderswhereallthetutorsforthismassiveinfusionofbusinessexpertisecamefromandwhyallthismushroomingtookplace. PerhapscompaniesthatmadelargeinvestmentswouldhavebeenwisertoinvestinalreadyexistingmanagersperchedanxiouslyontheirowninternalladdersTheInstituteofManagement’s1992surveywhichrevealedthateighty-onepercentofmanagersthoughttheypersonallywouldbemoreeffectiveiftheyreceivedmoretrainingsuggeststhatthismightbethecase.Thereistoothefactthattrainingalonedoesnotmakesuccessfulmanagers.Theyneedtheinherentqualifications.Ofcharacter;adegreeofself-subjugation;andabovealltheabilitytocommunicateandlead;moresonowwhenempowermentisabuzzwordthatisatleastgeneratinggenuflexionsifnottotalconviction. Onecaneasilythinkofpeoplesomecomparativelyunletteredwhoarenotlaudedcaptainsofindustry.WemaythereforenotneedtobetooconcernedaboutthefallinapplicationsforbusinessschoolplacesoreventhedoubtaboutMBAs.Theproliferationandsubsequentquestioningmayhavebeenaninevitableevolution.IftheManagementCharterInitiativenowexploringtheintroductionofaseniormanagementqualificationissuccessfultherewillbeapowerfulcorrective. Webelievenowthatmanagementisallaboutchange.Onehopestherewillbesomeofthatinrelationshipbetweenmanagementandsciencewithinindustrycurrentlycausingconcernandwhichisoverdueforattention.No-onedoubtsthatweneedmorescientistsandinnovationtogiveusanedgeinanincreasinglycompetitiveworld.Ifscientistsfeelthemselvesundervaluedandunder-usedworkinginindustrialghettosthatisnotapromisingauguryforthefuture.Itseemswehavetoresolvethesemisapprehensionsbetweenscienceand.industry.Aboveallwehavetomakesurethatmanagementisnotitselfsmugaboutitsstatusandthatitdoesnotissuemissionstatementsaboutcommunicationwithoutrealizingthattheessenceofitisadialogue.Moreempowermentisrequiredandweshouldstrivetoachieveit. Whatisthewriter’sviewinthereadingpassage
热门题库
更多
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
国际经济法
农村政策法规
行政法与行政诉讼法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号