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Text 4 Reading the papers and looking at television these days, one can easily be persuaded tha...
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AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleepingTheycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhilesleepinganimalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither.Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.TheanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsinsleeplaboratoriesusingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting.Howcanresearchersinsleeplaboratoriestellthattheanimalstheyareobservingareasleepornot
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 11
Directions:Fenghuaisoneofyourgoodfriendsandschoolmates.Hehasbeenaddictedtosmokingforalongtime2Duringalecturethisweekyoulearnedalotaboutgreatdangersinvolvedinheavysmokingandnowyoudecidetowritealettertohim.Yourlettershouldbebasedonthefollowingoutline.1yourconcernabouthishealth2andyouradviceandsuggestions.Writeyourletterinnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.DonotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 5
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 9
PresidentBushtakestothebullypulpittodeliverasternlecturetoAmerica’sbusinesselite.TheJusticeDept.stunstheaccountingprofessionbyfilingacriminalindictmentofArthurAndersenLLPfordestroyingdocumentsrelatedtoitsauditsofEnronCorp.OnCapitolHillsomecongressionalpanelspushonwithbiasedhearingsonEnron’scollapseandnowanotherbustedNewEconomystartelecom’sGlobalCrossing.Lawmakerssignontonewbillsaimedattighteningoversightofeverythingfrompensionsandaccountingtoexecutivepay.ToanyspectatorsitwouldbeeasytoconcludethatthewindsofchangearesweepingCorporateAmericaledbyGeorgeW.Bushwhoranasareformerwithresult.ButfarfromdeconstructingthecorporateworldbrickbybrickintosomethingcleanersparerandstrongerBushaidesandmanylegislatorsarepreparingmodestlegislativeandadministrativereforms.InsteadofanoverhaulBush’steamiscountingonitsenforcersJusticeandanewlyempoweredSecurities&ExchangeCommissiontomakeexamplesofthemostegregiousoffenders.Theideaisthatbusinesswillquicklygetthemessageandcleanupitsownact.Whywon’ttheoutragedrhetoricresultinmorechangesForstarterstheBushAdministrationwarnsthatanyrushtolegislatecorporatebehaviorcouldproducearaftofflawedbillsthatraisecostswithouthaltingabuses.Businesshasstriventodrivethepointhomewithanintenselobbyingblitzthathasconvincedmanylawmakersthatover-regulationcouldstartlethestockmarketandperhapsendangerthenascenteconomicrecovery.AllthissetsthestageforWashingtontogetbusywithpredictablymodestresults.Asurgeofcautionissweepingwould-bereformersontheHill.Theyknowtheydon’twanttomakeabigmistakesaysJerryJ.JasinowskipresidentoftheNationalAssociationofManufacturers.Thatgo-slowapproachsuitstheWhiteHouse.AidessaythePresidentwhilepersonallydisgustedbyEnron’sselloutofitspensionersisreluctanttoembracenewsanctionsthatfrustrateevenlaw-abidingcorporationsandcreatealitigationbonanzafortriallawyers.InsteadtheWhiteHousewillpushfornarrowlytargetedactionmostofitcarriedoutbytheSECtheTreasuryDept.andtheLaborDept.TherightoutcomeTreasurySecretaryPaulH.O’NeillsaidonMar.15dependsontheCongressnotlegislatingthingsthatareoverthetop.ToO’NeillandBushthatmeansenforcingcurrentlawsbeforepassingtoomanynewones.NowhereisthatstanceclearerthanintheAndersenindictment.SotheBushAdministrationleftthedecisiontoJusticeDept.prosecutorsratherthanWhiteHousepoliticaloperativesortheirreformistfellowsattheSEC.Whattheauthorwantstosuggestmaybebestinterpretedas
WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritaintheydidmorethanslaughterthepopulationransackthecitiesandscorchtheearth.TheyalsoleftsubstantialinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagewordslikeslaughterransackandscorch. 46NowasinglewordinanancientmanuscripthasledaU.S.linguisttoconcludethattheinfluenceoftheNorseontheEnglishlanguagemayhavecomeasmuchasacenturyearlierthanmostscholarshadthought.ThefindcamewhenEnglishprofessorJonathanEvansoftheUniversityofGeorgiawasreadingapassagetohisOldEnglishclassfromtheAnglo-SaxonChronicleandaNorsewordtheorajumpedoutathim. The1122textaccordingtogenerationsofscholarswassupposedtobetooearlytocontainevidenceofDanishinfluenceonOldEnglish.47ButthefactthatthetextusedtheNordicformof"their"ratherthantheOldEnglishhieraorheorasuggestedthatNorsemenandtheirEnglishhostswerenotonlylivingside-by-sideinEngland’sEastMidlandsbutalsowerein"frequentpeacefulcommunication"Evanscontends. "IthoughtIhadmadeamistake"whenhefirstsawthewordhesaid."Thereitwassittingthereinplainsight.NobodysawthisDanishwordsittingthere.IkeptitquietbecauseIthoughtImadeamistake.’ ButhewasurgedtoinvestigatebyavisitingDanishscholarHansNielsen.48SoEvansspentseveralyearspursuingahunchthataRomanCatholicmonkslippedintothelocaldialectwhilecopyingouttheancienthistoricalworkforhismonastery.IfsothatsuggeststoEvansthatNorseandWest-SaxondialectsofOldEnglishhadmingledsignificantlybythe12thcenturyifnotearlier. TheresultofEvans’researchisapaperrecentlypublishedinthejournalNorth-WesternEuropeanLanguageEvolution.49Hisparerputsforththetheorythatthemonk’suseoftheNorsewordisthefirstdatableexampleinEnglishofScandinavian-derivedpluralpronounsantecedentsofthemodernEnglishwords"theythem"and"their". 50"Thisisafootnoteinamuchmorewell-knownstory--thestoryofScandinavianborrowingsintheEnglishlanguage.’saidEvanswhocanreadtextsinDanishFrenchOldEnglishandOldIcelandic."It’sgoingtobeinterestingtoseehowotherscholarsviewthisdiscoverybutIthinkI’vemademycaseforit./ 49
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars.Whydoestheauthorsay:hiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleepingTheycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhilesleepinganimalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither.Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.TheanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsinsleeplaboratoriesusingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting.Animalsthataregoodsleepers______.
[A]Theimportantroleofimageisparticularlyevidentinthebusinessworld. [B]Inthelongrunimagekeepthesamewavelengthwiththesubstanceandfact. [C]Inthelongtermthesingnificanceofimagewanesconsiderably. [D]ThegrowingsingnificanceofimageisalsoevidentinthepoliticalrealmwhenitcomestopresidentialPolitics. [E]Badimagehowevercanmakethesituationfrombadtoworse.[ F]Imageisbecomingincreasinglythecentreofattention. 41.______ HascreatinganimagebecomemoreimportantinoursocietythantherealityortruthbehindtheimageIagreethatimagehasbecomeamorecentralconcernatleastwhereshort-termbusinessorpoliticalsuccessisatstake.NeverthelessIthinkthatinthelongertermimageultimatelyyieldstosubstanceandfact. 42.______ Considerforexampletoday’sautomobileindustry.AmericancarsarebecomingessentiallyidenticaltocompetingJapanesecarsinnearlyeverymechanicalandstructuralrespectaswellasinprice.Thustocompeteeffectivelyautocompaniesmustnowdifferentiatetheirproductslargelythroughimageadvertisingbyconjuringupcertainillusorybenefitssuchasmachismostatussensibilityorfun.Theincreasingfocusonimageisalsoevidentinthebook-publishingbusiness.Publishersarerelyingmoreandmoreonthepoweroftheirbrandsratherthanthecontentoftheirbooks.Todaymassmarketbooksaresupplantedwithinayearwithproductsthatareessentiallythesame-exceptwithfreshfacestitlesandotherpromotionalangles.Ifindquitetellingthefactthattodaymoreandmorebookpublishersarebeingacquiredbylargemediacompanies.Andtheincreasingimportanceofimageisespeciallyevidentinthemusicindustrywhereoriginalityartisticinterpretationandtechnicalproficiencyhaveyieldedalmostentirelytosexappeal. 43.______ Admittedlybyitsverynaturepolitickinghasalwaysemphasizedrhetoricandappearancesabovesubstanceandfact.Yetsincetheinventionofthecamerapresidentialpoliticianshavebecomeincreasinglyconcernedabouttheirimage.ForexampleTeddyRooseveltwasverycarefulnevertobephotographedwearingatennisoutfitforfearthatsuchphotographswouldservetounderminehisrough-riderimagethatwonhimhisonlyterminoffice.Withtheadventoftelevisionimagebecameevenmorecentralinpresidentialpolitics.AfterallitwastelevisionthatelectedJ.EK.overNixon.Andouronlytwo-termpresidentsinthetelevisionagewereelectedbasedlargelyontheirimage.QuerywhetherPresidentsLincolnTaftorevenED.R.wouldbeelectedtodayifpittedagainstthehandsomeleadingmanReaganorthesuaveandpoliticallycorrectClinton.AfterallLincolnwashomelyTaftwasobeseandED.R.wascrippled. 44.______ TheimageoftheMarlboromanultimatelygavewaytothetruthaboutthehealthhazardsofcigarettesmoking.Popularmusicalactswithnothingtrulyinnovativetooffermusicallyeventuallydisappearfromthemusicscene.Andanyonewhofrequentsyardsalesknowsthattoday’sbest-sellingbooksoftenbecometomorrow’spulp.EveninpoliticsIthinkhistoryhasaknackforpeelingawayimagetofocusonrealaccomplishments.IthinkhistorywillrememberTeddyRooseveltforexampleprimarilyforbuildingthePanamaCanalandforestablishingourNationalParkSystem-andnotforhisrough-and-readywardrobe. 45.______ Inthefinalanalysisitseemsthatineveryendeavorwheresuccessdependstosomedegreeonpersuasionmarketingorsalesmanshipimagehasindeedbecomethecentralconcernofthosewhoseektopersuade.AndasourlivesbecomebusierourattentionspansbrieferandourchoicesamongproductsandservicesgreaterIexpectthistrendtocontinueunabated—forbetterorworse. 41
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm.BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying.Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup.Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectationsfortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing.Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent.StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle.FortheGoodoftheGameisFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.TheviewsofMichaelRiehlandBerndSchiphorstonsportsscandalsare
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 13
AstronautJimVosshasenjoyedmanymemorablemomentsinhiscareerincludingthreespaceflightsandonespacewalk.Butherecallswithspecialfondnessadecidedlyearthboundexperienceinthesummerof1980whenheparticipatedintheNASA-AS-EESummerFacultyFellowshipProgram.VossthenascienceteacheratWestPointwasassignedtotheMarshallSpaceFlightCenter’spropulsionlabinAlabamatoanalyzewhyahydraulicfuelpumpsealonthespaceshuttlewasworkingsowellwhenprevioussealshadfailed.Itwasaseeminglytinyproblemamongthevastcomplexitiesofrunningthespaceprogram.YetitwasimportanttoNASAbecauseanycrackinthesealscouldhaveledtodestructiveresultsfortheastronautswhoreliedonthem.IworkedabitwithNASAengineerssaysVossbutIdiditmostlybyanalysis.Iusedahandheldcalculatornotacomputertodoathermodynamicanalysis.AttheendofthesummerheliketheotherNASA-ASEEfellowsworkingatMarshallsummarizedhisfindingsinaformalpresentationanddetailedpaper.ItwasavaluablemomentforVossbecausetheASEEprogramgavehimaddedunderstandingofNASAdeepenedhisdesiretoflyinspaceandintensifiedhisapplicationforastronautstatus.Itwasnotaneasyprocess.Vosswasactuallypassedoverwhenhefirstappliedfortheastronautprogramin1978.Overthenextnineyearshereappliedrepeatedlyandwasfinallyacceptedin1987.Sincethenhehasparticipatedinthreespacemissions.The50-year-oldArmyofficerwholivesinHoustonisnowintrainingforafour-monthmissionasacrewmemberontheInternationalSpaceStationstartinginJuly2000.VosssaystheASEEprogramiswonderfulforallinvolved.ItbringsinpeoplefromtheacademicworldandgivesNASAaspecialpropertyforaparticularperiodoftime.ItbringssomefresheyesandfreshideastoNASAandestablisheslinkwithourcollegesanduniversitiesVossexplains.There’sanexchangeofinformationandanexchangeofperspectivesthatisveryimportant.FortheacademicsideVosssaystheASEEprogramalsobringsinstitutionsofhigherlearningmoreinsightintonewtechnology.Wegivethemanopportunitytoworkonreal-worldproblemsandtakeitbacktotheclassroom./ThegreatsignificanceofVoss’sfindingsliesin______.Ⅰ.strengtheninghisdeterminationtojoininspaceflightsⅡ.furtheringhisunderstandingofNASAⅢ.consolidatinghisastronautstatusinNASAprograms
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 1
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 17
AllanimalsmustrestbutdotheyreallysleepasweknowitTheanswertothisquestionseemsobvious.Ifananimalregularlystopsitsactivitiesandstaysquietandunmoving—ifitlooksasthoughitissleeping—thenwhynotsimplyassumethatitisinfactsleepingButhowcanobserversbesurethatananimalissleepingTheycanwatchtheanimalandnoticewhetheritseyesareopenorclosedwhetheritisactiveorlyingquietlyandwhetheritrespondstolightorsound.Thesefactorsareimportantcluesbuttheyoftenarenotenough.Horsesandcowsforexamplerarelyclosetheireyesandfishandsnakescannotclosethem.Yetthisdoesnotnecessarilymeanthattheydonotsleep.HaveyoueverseenacatdozingwithaneyepartlyopenEvenhumanshaveoccasionallybeenobservedtosleepwithoneorbotheyespartiallyopen.Animalsdonotnecessarilyliedowntosleepeither.Elephantsforexampleoftensleepstandingupwiththeirtusksrestingintheforkofatree.Finallywhilesleepinganimalsoftenseemunawareofchangesinthesoundsandlightandotherstimuliaroundthemthatdoesnotreallyprovetheyaresleepingeither.Observationsofanimalbehavioralonecannotfullyanswerthequestionofwhetherornotanimalssleep.TheanswerscomefromdoingexperimentsinsleeplaboratoriesusingamachinecalledtheelectroencephalographEEC.Themachineisconnectedtoanimalsandmeasurestheirbrainsignalsbreathingheartbeatandmuscleactivity.Themeasurementsaredifferentwhentheanimalsappeartobesleepingthanwhentheyappeartobeawake.UsingtheEECscientistshaveconfirmedthatallbirdsandmammalsstudiedinlaboratoriesdosleep.Thereissomeevidencethatreptilessuchassnakesandturtlesdonottrulysleepalthoughtheydohaveperiodsofresteachdayinwhichtheyarequietandunmoving.Theyalsohavediscoveredthatsomeanimalslikechimpanzeescatsandmoleswholiveundergroundaregoodsleeperswhileotherslikesheepgoatsanddonkeysarepoorsleepers.Interestinglythegoodsleepersarenearlyallhunterswithrestingplacesthataresafefromtheirenemies.Nearlyallthepoorsleepersareanimalshuntedbyotheranimals:theymustalwaysbewatchingforenemiesevenwhentheyareresting.Accordingtotheauthorallanimals______.
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 3
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 45
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars.Themainideaofthispassageis______.
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 7
AstronautJimVosshasenjoyedmanymemorablemomentsinhiscareerincludingthreespaceflightsandonespacewalk.Butherecallswithspecialfondnessadecidedlyearthboundexperienceinthesummerof1980whenheparticipatedintheNASA-AS-EESummerFacultyFellowshipProgram.VossthenascienceteacheratWestPointwasassignedtotheMarshallSpaceFlightCenter’spropulsionlabinAlabamatoanalyzewhyahydraulicfuelpumpsealonthespaceshuttlewasworkingsowellwhenprevioussealshadfailed.Itwasaseeminglytinyproblemamongthevastcomplexitiesofrunningthespaceprogram.YetitwasimportanttoNASAbecauseanycrackinthesealscouldhaveledtodestructiveresultsfortheastronautswhoreliedonthem.IworkedabitwithNASAengineerssaysVossbutIdiditmostlybyanalysis.Iusedahandheldcalculatornotacomputertodoathermodynamicanalysis.AttheendofthesummerheliketheotherNASA-ASEEfellowsworkingatMarshallsummarizedhisfindingsinaformalpresentationanddetailedpaper.ItwasavaluablemomentforVossbecausetheASEEprogramgavehimaddedunderstandingofNASAdeepenedhisdesiretoflyinspaceandintensifiedhisapplicationforastronautstatus.Itwasnotaneasyprocess.Vosswasactuallypassedoverwhenhefirstappliedfortheastronautprogramin1978.Overthenextnineyearshereappliedrepeatedlyandwasfinallyacceptedin1987.Sincethenhehasparticipatedinthreespacemissions.The50-year-oldArmyofficerwholivesinHoustonisnowintrainingforafour-monthmissionasacrewmemberontheInternationalSpaceStationstartinginJuly2000.VosssaystheASEEprogramiswonderfulforallinvolved.ItbringsinpeoplefromtheacademicworldandgivesNASAaspecialpropertyforaparticularperiodoftime.ItbringssomefresheyesandfreshideastoNASAandestablisheslinkwithourcollegesanduniversitiesVossexplains.There’sanexchangeofinformationandanexchangeofperspectivesthatisveryimportant.FortheacademicsideVosssaystheASEEprogramalsobringsinstitutionsofhigherlearningmoreinsightintonewtechnology.Wegivethemanopportunitytoworkonreal-worldproblemsandtakeitbacktotheclassroom./WhichofthefollowingisNOTTRUEaccordingtowhatVosssaidontheASEEprogram
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 43
WhentheVikingsinvadedGreatBritaintheydidmorethanslaughterthepopulationransackthecitiesandscorchtheearth.TheyalsoleftsubstantialinfluenceontheEnglishlanguagewordslikeslaughterransackandscorch. 46NowasinglewordinanancientmanuscripthasledaU.S.linguisttoconcludethattheinfluenceoftheNorseontheEnglishlanguagemayhavecomeasmuchasacenturyearlierthanmostscholarshadthought.ThefindcamewhenEnglishprofessorJonathanEvansoftheUniversityofGeorgiawasreadingapassagetohisOldEnglishclassfromtheAnglo-SaxonChronicleandaNorsewordtheorajumpedoutathim. The1122textaccordingtogenerationsofscholarswassupposedtobetooearlytocontainevidenceofDanishinfluenceonOldEnglish.47ButthefactthatthetextusedtheNordicformof"their"ratherthantheOldEnglishhieraorheorasuggestedthatNorsemenandtheirEnglishhostswerenotonlylivingside-by-sideinEngland’sEastMidlandsbutalsowerein"frequentpeacefulcommunication"Evanscontends. "IthoughtIhadmadeamistake"whenhefirstsawthewordhesaid."Thereitwassittingthereinplainsight.NobodysawthisDanishwordsittingthere.IkeptitquietbecauseIthoughtImadeamistake.’ ButhewasurgedtoinvestigatebyavisitingDanishscholarHansNielsen.48SoEvansspentseveralyearspursuingahunchthataRomanCatholicmonkslippedintothelocaldialectwhilecopyingouttheancienthistoricalworkforhismonastery.IfsothatsuggeststoEvansthatNorseandWest-SaxondialectsofOldEnglishhadmingledsignificantlybythe12thcenturyifnotearlier. TheresultofEvans’researchisapaperrecentlypublishedinthejournalNorth-WesternEuropeanLanguageEvolution.49Hisparerputsforththetheorythatthemonk’suseoftheNorsewordisthefirstdatableexampleinEnglishofScandinavian-derivedpluralpronounsantecedentsofthemodernEnglishwords"theythem"and"their". 50"Thisisafootnoteinamuchmorewell-knownstory--thestoryofScandinavianborrowingsintheEnglishlanguage.’saidEvanswhocanreadtextsinDanishFrenchOldEnglishandOldIcelandic."It’sgoingtobeinterestingtoseehowotherscholarsviewthisdiscoverybutIthinkI’vemademycaseforit./ 47
Asthick-skinnedelectedofficialsgoFIFAPresidentJosephS.BlatterisrightuptherewithBillClinton.ThechiefoftheZurich-basedgroupthatoverseesWorldCupsoccerhasn’tbeenaccusedofgropinganyinternsbutthat’saboutallhehasn’tbeenaccusedof.Votebuyingmismanagementcronyism--andthat’sjustforstarters.Yetthe66-year-oldSwissshowsnosignofabandoninghiscampaignforasecondfour-yearterm.BlatterageekofdispensingFIFA’Shundredsofmillioninannualrevenuetoinspireloyaltyevenstandsagoodchanceofreelection.Atleasthedid.Sincemid-MarchhehasseenacrediblechallengeremergeinIssaHayatoupresidentoftheAfricanFootballConfederation.Hayatoua55-year-oldfromCameroonleadsagroupofFIFAreformersthatalsoincludesFIFAVice-PresidentLennartJohanssonaSwedewholostthepresidentialelectiontoBlatterin1998.Thesecontenders’mission:toendwhattheycallthecultureofsecrecyandlackofaccountabilitythatthreatensFIFAwithfinancialdisaster.Representativesoftheworld’s204nationalsoccerassociationsmeetinSeoulonMay29andtherebelsaregivenachanceofunseatingBlatter.ButeventheyconcedethattheFIFAhonchowon’tbeeasytodislodge.Blatter’sstayingpowerseemsincrediblegiventhearrayofmisdeedsattributedtohimandhiscircle.HowevertherearesignsthatFIFA’StroublesarebiggerthanBlatterissaying.Theinsurgentshavealreadywononevictory:TheypersuadedtherestoftheexecutiveboardtoorderanauditofFIFAfinances.ButBlatter--whoclaimsthroughaspokesmanthattheaccusationsareasmearcampaign-shouldnotbeunderestimated.Atleastpubliclysponsorsandmemberassociationsremainremarkablysiientwiththecontroversy.ForexamplethereisnooutwardsignofoutragefromGermansportsequipmentmakerAdidasSalomonwhichisspendingmuchofits$625millionmarketingbudgetontheWorldCup.Wedon’texpectcurrentdevelopmentswithinFIFAtohaveanegativeimpactonourexpectationsfortheWorldCupsaysMichaelRiehlAdidasheadofglobalsportsmarketing.Theconventionalwisdomisthatfansdon’tcareaboutFIFApolitics.SaysBerndSchiphorstpresidentofHerthaBSCBerlinatop-rankedGermanteam:I’venofearthatallthesediscussionsaregoingtotouchtheevent.StilltheOlympicbriberyscandalsandthedopingaffairintheTourdeFranceshowthatsleazydealingscanstainthemostvenerableathleticspectacle.FortheGoodoftheGameisFIFA’Sofficialmotto.Thenextfewmonthsshouldshowwhetheritringstrue.ThecontendersasmentionedinthetextcriticizedBlatterforhis
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchasWhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopicandWhatdoIwanttoknowInthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea.TheSQ3Rmethodconsistsof______steps.
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 15
Thestateofcollegestudents’mentalhealthcontinuestodecline.What’sthesolution InthemonthsbeforeMassachusettsInstituteoftechnologysophomoreElizabethShindiedshespokewithsevenpsychiatristsandonesocialworker.Thepsychiatristsdiagnosedmajordepression;thetherapistrecommendedhospitalization.Shintoldadeanthatshewascuttingherselfandletaprofessorknowthatshewantedtocommitsuicide.Thehousemasterofherdormandtwoofherfriendsstayedupnightstowatchher.Butitwasn’tenough.OnApril102000ElizabethShinlockedherdormroomdoorandsetherclothesonfire.Fourdayslatershewasdead. 41.Manycollegesarerunningintothornysituation. HerparentsKisukandChoHyunShinfiledsuitagainstMITchargingitsemployeeswithgrossnegligenceandwrongfuldeath.It’sanextremecasebutitillustratesaproblemfacingmanyotherschoolsasmoreandmorestudentslineupatcounselingcentersrequiringincreasinglyintensivetherapyormedicationorboth. 42.Studentswithsubstantialpersonalityproblems. Thenumberoffreshmenreportinglessthanaverageemotionalhealthhasbeensteadilyrisingsince1985accordingtothenewestdatafromanannualnationwidesurveybytheUniversityofCalifornia-LosAngeles. Reasonsforthedeclineofcollegestudents’mentalhealth Collegetherapistsciteseveralreasonsfortheapparentdeteriorationinstudentmentalhealth.Notonlyhasthisgenerationgrownupinthemuch-malignederaofthedisintegratingAmericanfamilyitisalsomoreusedtotherapyandsomorelikelytoseekhelp.Ascompetitiontogetintocollegegetstougherstudentsburnoutbeforetheyevengetthere.Andkidswithseverepsychologicalproblemswhointhepastwouldn’tevenhavemadeit.tocollegenowtakepsychotropicdrugsthathelpthemsucceed. 43.Thesoaringnumberofvisitorstocollegepsychiatrists. CollegesfirstcreatedcounselingcentersforstudentswhoneededcareerandacademicadvicesaysRobertGallagherauthorofthecounselingcentersurveyandformerdirectoroftheUniversityofPittsburghs’services.Aspsychologicalcounselingtookoverthecenters’otheradvisingfunctionswerepackedofftootherpartsofthecampus. 44.Inadequaciesofcollegetherapyservices. Theballooningcaseloadsmeanthereisn’tthetimeorthestafftoofferlong-termtherapytoanybutthemosttroubled."Youcan’tjustloadupwiththefirst100studentsandseethemregularlywithouthavingopeningsfornewpeople"saysGallagher.Insteadcollegesfocusongettingstudentsoverimmediatecrises. 45.What’sthesolution Someschoolshavetriedfillingthegapbygettingmoreinvolvedinstudents’lives.TheUniversityofSouthCarolinatheUniversityofNevada-RenoandTexasA&MofferindepthseminarsonthetransitiontoCollegethathelpstudentsgettoknowoneprofessorreallywell. SowheredoparentsfitinallthisInmanycasestheydon’t.Federalprivacylawsreinforcetheseparationbyforbiddingthereleaseofeducationalrecordstoanyonebutthestudent.SodespitethoseheftytuitionchecksparentsliketheShinoftendon’tgetafullypictureofwhattheirchildren’slivesarereallylike. Shindidnotwantherparentstoknowabouthermiseryandnoonetoldthemabouthercriesforhelpuntilaftershehadburnedherself.Herfatherbelievesheandhiswifecouldhavesavedher.Withhislawsuithesayshehopestoremindschoolsthatforeachstudent"Thereisafamily." [A]Buttodaytheoriginalcentersareswamped:Davidsonforonehasseena52percentincreaseinstudentvisitstoschooltherapistssincethe1992--93schoolyear. [B]TheAmericanCollegeHealthAssociationreportsthat76percentofstudentsfelt"overwhelmed"lastyearwhile22percentweresometimessodepressedtheycouldn’tfunction.MeanwhileinthelatestNationalSurveyofCounselingCenterDirectors85percentofdirectorssurveyednotedanincreaseinseverepsychologicalflawsoverthepastfiveyears;30percentreportedatleastonestudentsuicideontheircampuslastyear. [C]"Ifastudenttellsyoushetookfiveextrapillsovertheweekend"saysGertrudeCarterdirectorofpsychologicalservicesatBenningtonCollegeinVermont"it’shardtotellifthat’sagrabforattentionoranactualthreat." [D]Newstatisticsshowthatmanyfreshmenarriveoncampusdepressedandanxiousandfeelworseastheyearprogresses.Atthesametimecollegesmustalsonegotiatethelegalandemotionalpitfallsofcaringfortheirchargesnotchildrenbutnotyetfullyadults. [E]InresponsetothetaskforcereportMITisputtingtogethersupportteamsofphysiciansotherhealth-careprofessionalsandexperiencedcounselorstospendtimeinthedorms;socializingwiththestudentsandkeepinganeyeonthem. [F]OneYalestudentsufferingfromanxietyduringhissophomoreyearrarelysawthesamecounselortwice."ItfeltlikethepersonIwastalkingtowasn’treallythere"hesays.Afterfivesessionshestoppedgoing."Iwouldn’twanttogothereagain"hesays"butwhatelseisthere" 41
It’sallannualback-to-schoolroutine.Onemorningyouwavegoodbyeandthat1eveningyou’reburningthelate-nightoilinsympathy.Intheracetoimproveeducationalstandards2arethrowingthebooksatkids.3elementaryschoolstudentsarecomplainingofhomework4What’sawell-meaningparenttodo Ashardas5mayhesitbackandchillexpertsadvise.Thoughyou’vegottogetthemtodoit6helpingtoomuchorevenexamining7toocarefullyyoumaykeepthem8doingitbythemselves."Iwouldn’tadviseaparenttocheckevery9assignment"sayspsychologistJohnRosemondauthorofEndingtheToughHomework."There’sa10ofappreciationfortrialanderror.Letyourchildren11thegradetheydeserve."Manyexpertsbelieveparentsshouldgentlylookovertheworkofyoungerchildrenandaskthemtorethinktheir12.But"youdon’twantthemtofeelithastobe13"shesays. That’snottosayparentsshould14homework-firsttheyshouldmonitorhowmuchhomeworktheirkids15.Thirtyminutesadayintheearlyelementaryyearsandanhourin16fourfiveandsixisstandardsaysRosemond.Forjunior-highstudentsitshouldbe"17morethananhourandahalf"andtwoforhighschoolstudents.Ifyourchild18hasmorehomeworkthanthisyoumaywanttocheck19otherparentsandthentalktotheteacherabout20assignments. 19
Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdisease.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnesscannowbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdisease.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.ButthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnesstheincredibleslaughterofthemwomenandchildrenontheroadsManversusthemotor-car!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosingThousandofpeopletheworldoverarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen.Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhisearbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotor-caroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebehindsteeringwheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving.Thesurprisingthingisthatthesocietysmilessogentlyonthemotoristandseemstoforgivehisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgottenItishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadeformoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstrictannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldhebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbeconsideredastoosevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotformotor-cars.Theattitudeoftheauthoris______.
AprovenmethodforeffectivetextbookreadingistheSQ3RmethoddevelopedbyFrancisRobinson.ThefirststepistosurveytheSstepthechapterbyreadingthetitleintroductionsectionheadingssummaryandbystudyinganygraphstablesillustrationsorcharts.Thepurposeofthisstepistogetanoverviewofthechaptersothatyouwillknowbeforeyoureadwhatitwillbeabout.InthesecondsteptheQstepforeachsectionyouaskyourselfquestionssuchasWhatdoIalreadyknowaboutthistopicandWhatdoIwanttoknowInthisstepyoualsotakethesectionheadingandturnitintoaquestion.Thisstepgivesyouapurposeforreadingthesection.Thethirdstepthefirstofthe3R’sistoreadtofindtheanswertoyourquestions.Thenattheendofeachsectionbeforegoingontothenextsectionyourecitethesecondofthe3R’stheanswerstothequestionsthatyouformedinthequestionstep.Whenyoureciteyoushouldsaytheinformationyouwanttolearnoutloudinyourownwords.Thefifthstepisdoneafteryouhavecompletedsteps23and4foreachsection.Youreviewthelastofthe3R’stheentirechapter.Thereviewisdonemuchasthesurveywasinthefirststep.Asyoureviewholdamentalconversationwithyourselfasyourecitetheinformationyouselectedasimportanttolearn.Thementalconversationcouldtaketheformofaskingandansweringthequestionsfromedfromtheheadingsorreadingthesummarywhichliststhemainideasinthechapterandtryingtofillinthedetailsforeachmainidea.Whichofthefollowingisthefourthstep
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