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Enzo Ferrari is not well known outside Italy. (46)Evan as his cars were racing to victory all ove...
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EachyearweareexposedtotenthousandadsonaveragE.They
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EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
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EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
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这款和飞机赛跑的车曾经像向人们承诺拥有最强劲的马力最快的速度是有史以来最昂贵的汽车请问这是什么车
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布加迪威龙
法拉利Enzo
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EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
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法拉利ENZO只生产
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EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
IcomefromacityontheUnitedStates’eastcoast.It’saten
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
EnzoFerrariisnotwellknownoutsideItaly.46Evanash
EachyearweareexposedtotenthousandadsonaveragE.They
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Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsourcesradioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100millionayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalX-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithX-rayscontractedcancer.AnotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenX-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtoreexaminetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 48
Text1 TheEuropeanUnion’sBareelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalisation"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope-themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope"theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate. InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonaitmadeawellflaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountfor"atleast"60%ofthemarket. SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion$309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket. InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster". Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace". AccordingtothosewhosupporttheliberalizationofEurope'senergymarketsenergysupplymonopolyisunlikelyonthegroundsthat
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsourcesradioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100millionayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalX-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithX-rayscontractedcancer.AnotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenX-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtoreexaminetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 50
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 20
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoneyIIMaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethanllmacresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfor.theoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.Ms.NortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriter'soverallattitudetowardstheissueseemstobe
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 4
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 14
Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.tcomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion. Arethesepeoplementallyiii 46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins. 47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps. Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater. 48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders. Thequestionisnotjustphilosophicalwherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles. "Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirector0fresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased. Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid. Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad.-observationsbehaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. 50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad.-observationsbehaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis.
Itishardlynecessarytopointoutthatweliveinaworldofincreasingindustrialization.Whilethisprocessenablesustoraiseourstandardoflivingatanever-acceleratingrateitalsoleadstoacorrespondinggrowthofinterdependencebetweenthedifferentregionsoftheworld. 41____________ WhatthenistobedoneAlthoughitisdifficulttoknowwheretobegintodealwithsuchalargesubjectthefirststepisperhapstoconsiderthemaineconomicdifficultiesanunderdevelopedoremergingregionhastoface. 42____________Anumberofquitecommonoccurrencesarethereforesufficienttocauseimmediateandseriousinterferencewiththisexportproduction:unfavorableweatherconditionsplantoranimalepidemicstheexhaustionofsoilfertilityormineraldepositsthedevelopmentofsubstituteproductsintheindustrializedregionsetc.Thesensitivityoftheeconomyisgreatlyintensifiedincaseswhereexportsareconfinedonlytooneortwo products—"monocultures"astheyaresometimescalled. 43____________Thisalsoappliestothemanufacturedgoodsrequiredtoprovidetheirpopulationswiththe"necessitiesoflife".Thiseconomicstructuremakesitdifficultforthemtoavoidbeingpoliticallydependentonthecountrieswhichabsorbtheirexportsandprovidetheiressentialimports. Sinceundermodernconditionsarapidriseinpopulationisaphenomenoncloselyassociatedwithunderdevelopment.Thiscausealonecansubjecttheeconomytosevereandcontinuousstress. 44____________Inthefirstplacetosetupmodernindustriesnecessitatescapitalonalargescalewhichonlyindustrializedregionsareabletoprovide;secondlytheylackthenecessarytrainedmanpower;thirdlytheirindustries—whenestablished—areusuallynotefficientenoughtocompetewithforeignimportsandanyrestrictionontheseimportsislikelytoleadtocounter-actionagainsttheirownexports. Fromanotherpointofviewitisnecessarytobearinmindthatthereareinvariablypoliticaleducationalsocialandpsychologicalobstacleswhichtendtointerfereseriouslywithanymeasurestakentodealwiththeeconomicdifficultiesoutlinedabove.45____________ Toconcludeitseemsclearthatifweare.tosucceedinsolvingthemanyinter-relatedproblemsofunderdevelopmentonlythefullestandmostintelligentuseoftheresourcesofallbranchesofsciencewillenableustodoso.555words Notes:beorientated..toward被引导到......monoculture单一作物耕作 [A]Forexampletheeconomiesofsuchcountriesareorientatedprimarilytowardtheproductionofrawmaterialsi.e.agriculturalandmineralproducts;thesearethenexportedtotheindustrializedcountries. [B]Giventheseconditionsitiseasytoseethatanypermanenteconomicorpoliticalinstabilityinoneareaisboundtohaveanincreasinglyseriouseffectupontherestoftheworld.Sincethemainsourceofsuchinstabilityisunderdevelopmentitisclearthatthisnowconstitutesaproblemofinternationaldimensions. [C]Asfaras"necessitiesoflife"areconcernedtheyrepresentaconceptwhich:iscontinuallybeingenlargedthroughthemassmediaofcommunicationsuchasnewspapersfilmstheradioandadvertising. [D]Althoughitisobviousthatindustrializationisthekeytodevelopmentitisusuallyverydifficultforemergingcountriestocarryoutplansofthisnature. [E]Beingunder-industrializedthesecountriesarelargelydependentonimportstosupplytheequipmentneededtoproducetherawmaterialstheyexport. [F]Toconsider.onlyonepoint:itisobviouslyuselesstodevotegreateffortsandexpensetoeducationtechnicaltrainingandplanningifforpsychologicalreasonsthepopulationasawholefailstoturntheoryintoeffectiveaction. [G]Thissuddenincreaseinthepopulationoftheunderdevelopedcountrieshascomeatadifficulttime.Eveniftheirpopulationhadnotgrownsofasttheywouldhavebeenfacingadesperatestruggletobringthestandardoflivingoftheirpeopleup. 44
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 12
Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.tcomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion. Arethesepeoplementallyiii 46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins. 47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps. Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater. 48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders. Thequestionisnotjustphilosophicalwherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles. "Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirector0fresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased. Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid. Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad.-observationsbehaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. 46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins.
Text1 TheEuropeanUnion’sBareelonasummitwhichendedonMarch16thwasplayedoutagainsttheusualbackdropofnoisy"anti-globalisation"demonstrationsandmassivesecurity.IfnothingelsethedemonstrationsillustratedthateconomicliberalizationinEurope-themeeting’smaintopic--presentsgenuinepoliticaldifficulties.Influentialsectionsofpublicopinioncontinuetoopposeanythingthattheyimaginethreatens"socialEurope"theidealofacradle-to-gravewelfarestate. InthisclimateofpublicopinionitisnotsurprisingthattheoutcomeinBarcelonawasmodest.ThetotemicissuewasopeningupEurope’senergymarkets.TheFrenchgovernmenthasfoughthardtopreserveaprotectedmarketathomeforitsstate-ownednationalchampionElectricitedeFranceEDF.AtBarcelonaitmadeawellflaggedtacticalretreat.Thesummiteersconcludedthatfrom2004industrialusersacrossEuropewouldbeabletochoosefromcompetingenergysupplierswhichshouldaccountfor"atleast"60%ofthemarket. SinceEurope’senergymarketisworth350billion$309billionayearandaffectsjustabouteverybusinessthisisabreakthrough.Buteventheenergydealhasdisappointingaspects.Confiningcompetitiontobusinessusersmakesithardertoshowthateconomicliberalizationisthefriendratherthanthefoeoftheordinaryperson.ItalsoallowsEDFtokeepitsmonopolyinthemostprofitablechunkoftheFrenchmarket. InotherareasespeciallytodowithEurope’stoughlabormarketstheEUisactuallygoingbackwards.Thesummiteersdeclaredthat"disincentivesagainsttakingupjobs"shouldberemoved;20mjobsshouldbecreatedwithintheEUby2010.ButonlythreedaysafteraBarcelonajamboreetheEuropeanCommissionendorsedanewlawthatwouldgivealltemporary-agencyworkersthesamerightsasfull-timerswithinsixweeksofgettingtheirfeetunderthedesk.sixoutof20commissionersdidunusuallyvoteagainstthemeasure--ablatantpieceofre-regulation--butthesocialaffairscommissionerAnnaDiamantopoulouwasunrepentantindeedtriumphant.Adissatisfiedliberaliserinthecommissioncalledthedirective"anabsolutedisaster". Thesummit’sotherachievementsarestillmorefragile.Europe’sleaderspromisedtoincreasespendingon"researchanddevelopment"fromitscurrentfigureof1.9%ofGDPayearto3%.ButhowwillEuropeanpoliticianscompelbusinessestoinvestmoreinresearchNobodyseemstoknow.AndtheonebigresearchprojectagreedonatBarcelonatheGalileosatellite-positioningsystemwhichissupposedtocost3.2billionofpublicmoneyisofdubiouscommercialvaluesincetheEuropeansalreadyenjoyfreeaccesstotheAmericans’GPAsystem.EdwardBannermanheadofeconomicsattheCentreforEuropeanReformaBlairitethink-tankcallsGalileo"thecommonagriculturalpolicyinspace". ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatEurope'squestformoreliberaleconomiesmaybe
Radiationoccursfromthreenaturalsourcesradioactivematerialintheenvironmentsuchasinsoilrockorbuildingmaterials;cosmicrays;andsubstancesinthehumanbodysuchasradioactivepotassiuminboneandradioactivecarbonintissues.Thesenaturalsourcesaccountforanexposureofabout100millionayearfortheaverageAmerican. Thelargestsinglesourceofman-maderadiationinmedicalX-raysyetmostscientistsagreethathazardsfromthissourcearenotasgreatasthosefromweapons-testfalloutsincestrontium-90andcarbon-14becomeincorporatedintothebodyhencedeliveringradiationforanentirelifetime.46Theissueishoweverbynomeansuncontroversial;indeedthelasttwodecadeshavewitnessedintensifiedexaminationanddisputeabouttheeffectsoflow-levelradiation. AsurveyconductedinBritainconfirmedthatanabnormallyhighpercentageofpatientssufferingfromarthritisofthespinewhohadbeentreatedwithX-rayscontractedcancer.AnotherstudyrevealedahighincidenceofchildhoodcancerincaseswherethemotherhadbeengivenX-rays.47Thesestudieshavepointedtotheneedtoreexaminetheassumptionthatexposuretolowlinearenergytransferpresentedonlyaminorrisk. RecentlyexaminationofthedeathcertificatesofformeremployeesofaWestCoastplantwhichproducesplutoniumfornuclearweaponsrevealedmarkedlyhigherratesforcancersofthepancreaslungbonemarrowandlymphsystemsthanwouldhavebeenexpectedinanormalpopulation. 48WhiletheNationalAcademyofSciencescommitteeattributesthesedifferencestochemicalorotherenvironmentalcausesratherthanradiationotherscientistsmaintainthatanyradiationexposurenomatterhowsmallleadstoanincreaseincancerrisk.49Itisbelievedbysomethatadoseofoneremifsustainedovermanygenerationswouldleadtoanincreaseofonepercentinthenumberof1000disorderspermillionbirths. Inthemeantimeregulatoryeffortshavebeendisorganizedfragmentedandinconsistentcharacterizedbyinternecinestrifeandbureaucraticdelays.ASenatereportconcludedthatcoordinationofregulationamonginvolveddepartmentsandagencieswasnotpossiblebecauseofjurisdictionaldisputesandconfusion.50OneFederalagencyhasbeenunsuccessfulinitseffortstoobtainsufficientfundingandmanpowerfortheenforcementofexistingradiationlawsandthechairpersonofapanelespeciallycreatedtodevelopacoordinatedFederalprogramhasresigned. 46
Text3 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublictransportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmenttraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.Mr.Barneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMr.BarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. Theauthor'spresentationofAtlantans'car-dependenceismeant
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 18
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 8
Text4 "Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberllthattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. Mr.Bush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheeonsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.Mr.Ziglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. SuggestionshavebeenraisedontheissueofINSexcept
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoneyIIMaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethanllmacresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfor.theoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.Ms.NortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtothetext
Text3 AfterLosAngelesAtlantamaybeAmerica’smostcar-dependentcity.Atlantanssentimentallygivetheircarsnamescomparespeedingticketsandjealouslyguardanysidestreetwhereitispossibletopark.Thecity’sroadsaresowellwornthatthefirstactofthenewmayorShirleyFranklinwastostartrepairingpotholes.In199813metrocountieslostfederalhighwayfundsbecausetheirair-pollutionlevelsviolatedtheCleanAirAct.TheAmericanHighwayUsersAlliancerankedthreeAtlantainterchangesamongthe18worstbottlenecksinthecountry. Othercitiesinthesamefixhavereorganizedtheirhighwaysimposedcommuterandcartaxesorexpandedtheirpublictransportsystems.Atlantadoesnotlikeanyofthesethings.Publictransportisavexedsubjecttoo.Atlanta’smetropolitanregionisdividedintonumerouscountyandsmallercitygovernmentswhichfindithardtoworktogether.Railwaysnowservethecitycenterandtheairportbutnotmuchelse;busstopsareoftennear-invisiblepolesofferingnoindicationofwhichbusmightstopthereorwhen. Georgia’sDemocraticgovernorRoyBarneswhohopesforreelectioninNovemberhasotherplans.TowinbackthefederalhighwaymoneylostundertheCleanAirActhecreatedtheGeorgiaRegionalTransportationAuthorityGRTAa15-memberboardwiththepowertomakethecountygovernmentsthecityandtheten-countyAtlantaRegionalCommissioncooperateontransportplanswhethertheylikeitornot. NowGRTAhasissueditsownpreliminaryplanallocating$4.5billionoverthenextthreeyearsforavarietyofschemes.Theplanearmarksmoneytowidenroads;tohaveanelectricshuttlebusshuttletouristsamongtheelegantvillasofBuckhead;andtocreateacommuterraillinkbetweenAtlantaandMacontwohourstothesouth.Countieswillbeencouragedwithgenerousten-to-onematchingfundstostartexpressbusservices. PublicgoodwillhowevermaynotstretchasfarasthenextplanwhichistobuildtheNorthernArchighwayfor65milesacrossthreecountiesnorthofthecitylimits.GRTAhasallotted$270mforthis.Supporterssayitwouldeasethecongestiononlocalroadsopponentsthinkitwouldworsenover-developmenttraffic.ThecountiesaffectedandevenGRTA’sownboardaredivided. Thegovernorisinfavorhowever;andsincehecanappointandfireGRTA’smembersthatisprobablytheendofthestory.Mr.Barneshasatendencytodoashewantsregardless.Hisarroganceontrafficmatterscouldalsolosehimvotes.ButMr.BarnesthinkthatAtlanta’sslowingeconomycoulddohimmoreharmthantheanti-sprawlmovement. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedinthetext
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 16
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthendtion’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed--butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."ltdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 44
[A]ABBCtelevisionserieshasraisedthequestionofwhethercatsshouldbekeptindoorsatnight.Wildlifeexpertssaykeepingcatslockedupfromdusktodawnwillpreventmuchofthecarnagetheycreateandwillalsomeantheyarelesslikelytoberunover.MammalexpertProfessorSteveHarrisfromBristolUniversitysaid"Themessageisclearmostpeopleareheartilysickofhavingtheirneighbors’catsintheirgardens". [B]Eventodaysomeviewtheblackcatasanomenofmisfortune.EventheEnglishlanguageisstackedagainstthemoggy.Spitefulpeoplearedubbedasbeing"catty".Araucouscryisa"caterwaul".Atworkagreedylazybossisa"fatcat". [C]AnewsurveyintheUKindicatesthatcatscomesecondonlytoratsasthelatestfavoritemammaltovisitourgardens.TheUK’s10millioncatshavehaditroughoflatedrawingharshcriticismbecauseoftheirbloodlustandhabitofviewingthendtion’sgardensastheirownpersonaltoilets. [D]ThoughtheanimalsaretheUK’sfavoritepetsBritishgardenershavestruckbackbycrowningthecatasoneofthemostunwelcomevisitorstotheirplots--votingthemonlyslightlymorepopularthanratsinthenewpoll. [E]TheMammalSocietywhichconductedthesurveysayscatscutaswathethroughthenation’swildlifekillingaround300millionanimalseveryyear."Catsaresolitarypredatoryhunter.Peopleaskwhytheykillwhentheyareclearlywell-fed--butacat’smotivationtohuntisquiteseparatefromitsdesiretosatisfyhunger."EvenwithafullstomachacatcannotresistthestimuliofpreypassingnearbysaysMs.HeathauthorofWhyDoesMyCat."ltdoesn’tmakesenseforacattowaituntilit’shungrytocatchfood--theremaybenonearoundthen.Bettertohuntwhenthere’stheopportunityandhidethefoodaway." [F]ButtobefairtheBritishcan’thatecatsthatmuch.ArecentreportfoundthatthegenerosityoftheBritishtowardsthecathascausedoneinfourofthecreaturestobecomeclinicallyobese. [G]Britain’sgardenershaverevealedoneoftheirgreatestpethates--otherpeople’scats.Okaythey’resadisticmurderersbutisitfairthatcatshavebeenratedasbeingasdetestableasratsinapollofBritishgardeners Order: 42
Directions: Lookatthefollowingpictureandwriteanarticleonamarketingstrategy:discountpromotion.Yourarticleshouldmeetthefollowingtworequirements: 1interpretthemessageconveyedbythepicture 2makeyourcommentsonthephenomenon Youshouldwrite160～200wordsneatlyonAnswerSheet2.20points
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 2
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 10
Productivityistheyardstickbywhichsocioeconomicrevolutionsaremeasured.Plowsinitiatedtheagrarianrevolutionbygreatlyimprovingtheproductivityoffarmers.Enginesand1electricity2theindustrialrevolutionsby3improvingtheproductivityofworkersinmanufacturingandtransportation.Ifthereistobeatrueinformationrevolutionthencomputerswillhaveto4thepatternwithinformationandinformationwork. Informationtechnologyhas5beguntoimproveproductivityandithasevenhurtitinsomecases;ittakeslongertowade6thoseendlessautomatedphoneansweringmenus7itdoestotalktoahumanoperator.8productivitywillrise9computersandcommunicationsareusedintheInforma-tionMarketplacetorelievepeopleofbrainwork10industrialmachineryrelievedusofphysicalwork. TheInformationMarketplacewillgive11totwogreatnewforcesthatwilldrive12inthetwenty-firstcentury.13mostpeopleandcompaniesbuynewcomputersbecausethehardwarehasfasterprocessorsormorestoragecapacityorbecauseitisfashionabletoownanewmodel14becausecompetitorshaveboughtthemand"wecan’taffordtofallbehind."Imaginethe15ofacompanybuyinganewdevicebecausethemotorturnsatahigher16orbecauseit’sinvoguetodosoorbecausethecompetitionjustboughtthatmodel17ofwhetherthemachinecanmoveanymoreearthinanhour! Let’sexplorehowtheInformationmarketplacemighthelpusinthe18questtogetmoreresultsforless19.Todothiswewillfirstexamineaseriesof"faults"--waysinwhichcomputertechnologyis20todaybecauseofeithertechnologicalorhumanweaknesses.Correctingthesefaultswillbethefirststeptowardincreasingourproductivity.MakingtheInformationMarketplaceeasiertousewillbethesecondstep. 6
Text2 IftheopinionpollsaretobebelievedmostAmericansarecomingtotrusttheirgovernmentmorethantheyusedto.ThehabithasnotyetspreadwidelyamongAmericanIndianswhosuspectanorganizationwhichhassooftenpatronizedthemliedtothemanddefraudedthem.ButtheIndiansmaysoonwinavictoryinalegalbattlethatepitomizesthoseabuses. ElouiseCobellabankerwhoalsohappenstobeamemberoftheBlackfeettribeinMontanaistheleadingplaintiffinamassiveclass-actionsuitagainstthegovernment.Atissueisupto$10billionintrustpaymentsowedtosome500000Indians.ThesuitrevolvesaroundIndividualIndianMoneyIIMaccountsthatareadministeredbytheInteriorDepartment’sBureauofIndianAffairsBIA.Backinthe1880sthegovernmentdividedmorethanllmacresoftriballandintoparcelsof80to160acresthatwereassignedtoindividualIndians.Becausetheseparcelswererarelyoccupiedbytheirnewownersthegovernmentassumedresponsibilityformanagingthem.AstheIndians’trusteeitleasedthelandoutforgrazingloggingminingandoildrilling--butitwassupposedtodistributetheroyaltiestotheIndianowners. Infactofficialsadmitthatroyaltieshavebeenlostorstolen.RecordsweredestroyedandthegovernmentlosttrackofwhichIndiansownedwhatland.Theplaintiffssaythatmoneyisowingto500000Indiansbuteventhegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000.ForyearsCobellheardIndianscomplainofnotgettingpaymentfromthegovernmentfor.theoil-drillingandranchingleasesontheirland.Butnothingmuchgotdone.ShereturnedtoWashingtonandafterabrush-offfromgovernmentlawyersfiledthesuit. GaleNortonGeorgeBushesinteriorsecretarywaschargedwithcontemptinNovemberbecauseherdepartmenthadfailedtofixtheproblem.InDecemberJudgeLamberthorderedtheinteriorDepartmenttoshutdownallitscomputersfortenweeksbecausetrustfundrecordswerevulnerabletohackers.ThesystemwaspartlyrestoredlastmonthandpaymentstosomeIndianswhichhadbeeninterruptedresumed. Andthatisnottheendofit.Ms.NortonhasproposedthecreationofanewBureauofIndianTrustManagementseparatefromtheBIA.Indiansarecrossthatshesuggestedthiswithoutconsultingthem.Somewantthetrustfundstobeplacedinreceivershipunderaneutralsupervisor.OthershavecalledforCongresstoestablishanindependentcommissionincludingIndianstodrawupaplanforreformingthewholesystem.Amessyinjusticemayatlastbegettingsortedout. Whenmentioningthegovernmentacceptsafigureofabout300000thewriteristryingtoillustrate
Text4 "Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberllthattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. Mr.Bush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheeonsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.Mr.Ziglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. WecanlearnfromthefirstparagraphthatINS
Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.tcomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion. Arethesepeoplementallyiii 46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins. 47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps. Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater. 48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders. Thequestionisnotjustphilosophicalwherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles. "Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirector0fresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased. Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid. Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad.-observationsbehaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. 48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders.
Text4 "Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberllthattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. Mr.Bush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheeonsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.Mr.Ziglarpoorchapmayfeeltherehasbeenmorethanenough. ThechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewillleavetheissueofINSunsettledbecause
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