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英国近代最早提出科学教育思想的教育家是( )。
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近代史上最早提出义务教育的教育家是
柏拉图
路德
夸美纽斯
赫尔巴特
英国近代最早提出科学教育思想的教育家是
中国近代史上最早提出普及教育的教育家是
康有为
梁启超
严复
蔡元培
英国著名的哲学家教育家以提倡自然科学和科学教育而著名开辟了近代科学教育发展的道路的是
斯宾塞
爱尔维修
洛克
培根
首次把教育学作为一门独立的科学提出来与其他学科并列的教育家是英国学者______
捷克教育家夸美纽斯的大教学论是近代最早的一部教育学著作因此夸美纽斯被称为科学教育学的奠基人
在中国近代史上最早提出近代教育的三大教学目标的教育家是
康有为
梁启超
严复
蔡元培
教育漫话是英国近代教育家的教育代表作.
17世纪英国哲学家教育家洛克提出了
自然教育
绅士教育
要素教育
科学教育
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Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.Modernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause______.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.WemaysaytakingthepassageasawholethatLincolnwas______.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Themainfocusofthispassageis______.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthispassage
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.Anappropriatetitleforthepassageismostlikelytobe
Directions:Youareafreshmanandplanningtoapplyforabankloan.Writealettertothebankto 1introduceyourselfbriefly 2explainthereasonsofapplyingforabankloan. Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.Donotsignyournameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Donotwritetheaddress.
InPlato’sUtopiaherearethreeclasses:thecommonpeople thesoldiersandtheguardianschosenbythelegislator.Themainproblemas Platoperceivesistoinsurethattheguardiansshallcarryouttheintention ofthelegislator.Forthispurposethefirstthingheproposesis education.Educationisdividedintotwopartsmusicand gymnastics.46Eachhasawidermeaningthanatpresent:musicmeans everythingthatisintheprovinceofthemusesandgymnasticsmeans everythingconcernedwithphysicaltrainingfitness.Musicisalmostas wideaswhatisnowcalledcultureandgymnasticsissomewhatwiderthan whatathleticsmeaninthemodernsense.Cultureistobe devotedtomakingmengentlemeninthesensewhichlargelyowingtoPlatois familiarinEngland.TheAthensofhisdaywasinonerespectanalogousto Englandinthenineteenthcentury:47therewasineachanaristocracy enjoyingwealthandsocialprestigebuthavingnomonopolyofpoliticalpower; andineachthearistocracyhadtosecureasmuchpowerasitcouldbymeansof impressivebehavior.InPlato’sUtopiahoweverthearistocracyrules unchecked.Gravitydecorumandcourageseemtobethequalities mainlytobecultivatedineducation.48Thereistobearigidcensorship fromveryearlyyearsovertheliteraturetowhichtheyounghaveaccessandthe musictheyareallowedtohear.Mothersandnursesaretotelltheir childrenonlyauthorizedstories.Alsothereisacensorshipofmusic.The LydianandIonianharmoniesaretobeforbiddenthefirstbecauseitexpresses sorrowthesecondbecauseitisrelaxed.49OnlytheDorianforcourage andthePhrygianfortemperancearetobeallowedandpermissiblerhythms mustbesimpleandsuchasareexpressiveofacourageousandharmonious life.Asforgymnasticsthetrainingofthebodyistobe veryaustere.Nooneistoeatfishormeatcookedotherwisethanroastedand theremustbenosaucesorcandies.Peoplebroughtuponhisregimenhesays willhavenoneedofdoctors.Gymnasticsappliestothetrainingofmindas well.Uptoacertainagetheyoungaretoseenouglinessorvice.50But atasuitablemomenttheymustbeexposedtoenchantmentsbothintheshape ofterrorsthatmustnotterrifyandofbadpleasuresthatmustnotseducethe will.Onlyaftertheyhavewithstoodthesetestswilltheybejudgedfitto beguardians.
Text1 Sharkshavegainedanunfairreputation forbeingfiercepredatorsoflargeseaanimals.Humanity’sunfoundedfearand hatredoftheseancientcreaturesisleadingtoaworldwideslaughterthatmay resultintheextinctionofmanylargercoastalsharkspecies.Thesharkisthe victimofawarpedattitudeofwildlifeprotection:westriveonlytoprotect thebeautifulnonthreateningpartsofourenvironment.Andinoureffortsto restoreonlynonthreateningpartsofourearthweignoreotherimportant parts.Aperfectillustrationofthisattitudeisthe contrastingattitudetowardsanotherlargeseaanimalthedolphin.Duringthe 1980senvironmentalistsintheU.S.A.protestedtheuseofdriftnetsfortuna fishinginthePacificOceansincethesenetsalsocaughtdolphins.The environmentalistsgeneratedenoughpoliticalandeconomicpressuretoprevent tunacompaniesfrombuyingtunathathadbeencaughtindriftnets.Incontrast tothiseffortthepopulationsofsharksinthePacificOceanhavedecreasedto thepointofextinctionandtherehasbeenverylittleeffortbythesame environmentaliststosavethisimportantspeciesofmarinewildlife.Sharksare amongtheoldestcreaturesonearthhavingsurvivedintheseasformorethan 350millionyears.Theyareextremelyefficientanimalsfeedingonwoundedor dyinganimalsthusperforminganimportantroleinnatureofweedingoutthe weakeranimalsinaspecies.JustthefactthatspeciessuchastheGreatWhite Sharkhavemanagedtoliveintheoceansforsomanymillionsofyearsisenough proofoftheirefficiencyandadaptabilitytochangingenvironments.Itistime forhumanswhomaynotsurviveanother1000yearsattheratetheyaredamaging theplanettoeastawaytheirfearsandbeginconsideringtheprotectionof sharksascreaturesthatmayprovideusinsightintoourown survival.Whatistheauthor’sattitudeinthispassage
Text3 Fatehasnotbeenkindtothewestern greywhale.Itsnumbershavedwindledto130orsoleavingitcritically endangeredintheeyesoftheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof Nature.Fishing-netsspeedingshipspollutionandcoastaldevelopmentthreaten thefewthatremain.Mostrecentlydrillingforoilandgasintheirmain summerfeedinggroundsnearSakhalinislandoffRussia’sPacificcoasthas broughtfreshrisksforthelucklesscreatures.Yettherushtodevelop Sakhalin’soffshorefieldsmayyetbethesaviourofthespecies. Whendrillingwasfirstdiscussedinthe1990sthereweremuted complaints.WhenaconsortiumcalledSakhalin.EnergyledbyRoyalDutchShell announcedplanstobuildanoilplatformandlaypipelinesintheonlybaywhere thewhaleswereknowntocongregatetheseprotestsproliferated. Inresponsetheconsortiumestablishedanindependentpaneltoadviseit onhowbesttoprotectthewhalesandpromisedtofunditswork.Itsubsequently agreedtochangetherouteofthepipelineatthepanel’ssuggestionalthough itrefusedtomovetheplatformasothercriticshaddemanded.Italsoagreed eithertofollowthepanel’srecommendationsinfutureortoexplainpublicly whyitwasrejectingthem.Theplatformsandpipelinesarenow complete.SakhalinEnergyexporteditsfirstcargoofliquefiednaturalgaslast week.TheprojectsaysShellisanengineeringtriumphandacommercial successdespiteallthecontroversy.Buthasitbeenasuccess forthewhalesSakhalinEnergysaystheirnumberseemstobegrowingby2.5%a yearalthoughIanCraigthefirm’sbossadmitsthatthecausemightbe greaterscrutinyratherthanpopulationgrowth.Thescientistsonthepanel stillseemworried.Theycomplainthatthefirmhasnotalwaysprovidedthe informationtheyneedtoassessthethreattothewhales.Italsohasnotalways followedadvicethescientists’adviceabouthownoisyconstructionmightscare theanimalsawayforexampleorthespeedthatboatsshouldtraveltominimize theriskofhittingthewhales.Thescientistswarnthatthelossofjustafew fertilefemaleswouldbeenoughtotipthepopulationintoirrevocabledecline. Lastsummerthereseemedtobefarfewerwhalesaroundthannormal. OntheotherhandthepanelknowsthisonlybecauseSakhalinEnergyfunds lotsofresearchonthewhales.Asaresultithasdiscoveredthattheyhavea widerrangethanoriginallythoughtwhichmightexplainwhysofewofthem showedupoffSakhalinislandlastyear.Thereforeitishard toescapetheconclusionthatforcreatureswithalotassorryasthewestern greywhaleanearbyoilprojectissomethingofa blessing.SakhalinEnergysupportsthepanel’swork
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthesecondparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.AccordingtotheauthorhumantraveltoMars
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.Geomantsbelievethat______.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text4 TwocenturiesagoMeriwetherLewis andWilliamClarkleftSt.Loistoexplorethenewlandsacquiredinthe LouisianaPurchaseGeorgeW.Bushsaidannouncinghisdesireforaprogramto sendmenandwomentoMars.Theymadethatjourneyinthespiritof discovery...Americahasventuredforthintospaceforthesame reasons.YettherearevitaldifferencesbetweenLewisand Clark’sexpeditionandaMarsmission.FirstLewisandClarkwereheadedtoa placeamenabletolife;hundredsofthousandsofpeoplewerealreadyliving there.SecondLewisandClarkwerecertaintodiscoverplacesandthingsof immediatevaluetothenewnation.ThirdtheLewisandClarkventurecostnext tonothingbytoday’sstandards.In1989NASAestimatedthatapeople-to-Mars programwouldcost$400billionwhichinflatesto$600billiontoday.Butthe factthatadestinationistantalizingdoesnotmeanthejourneymakessense evenconsideringthehumancallingtoexplore.AndMarsasadestinationfor peoplemakesabsolutelynosensewithcurrenttechnology. PresentsystemsforgettingfromEarth’ssurfacetolow-Earthorbitareso fantasticallyexpensivethatmerelylaunchingthe1000tonsorsoofspacecraft andequipmentaMarsmissionwouldrequirecouldbeaccomplishedonlybycutting health-carebenefitseducationspendingorotherimportantprogramsorby raisingtaxes.Absentsomeremarkablediscoveryastronautsgeologistsand biologistsonceonMarscoulddolittlemorethananalyzerocksandfeel awestruckbeholdingtheskyofanotherworld.Itisinteresting tonotethatwhenPresidentBushunveiledhisproposalhelistedtheserecent majorachievementsofspaceexploration:picturesoftheringsofSaturnandthe outerplanetsevidenceofwateronMarsandthemoonofJupiterdiscoveryof morethan100planetsoutsideoursolarsystemandstudyofthesoilofMars. Alltheseaccomplishmentscamefromautomatedprobesorautomatedspace telescopes.Bush’sproposalwhichcallsforreprogrammingsomeofNASA’s presentbudgetintotheMarseffortmightactuallyleadtoareductioninsuch unmannedsciencetheoneaspectofspaceexplorationthat’sworkingreally well.Ratherthanspendhundredsofbillionsofdollarstohurl tonstowardMarsusingcurrenttechnologywhynottakeadecadeortwodecades orhowevermuchtimeisrequiredresearchingnewlaunchsystemsandadvanced propulsionIfnewlaunchsystemscouldputweightintoorbitaffordablyandif advancedpropulsioncouldspeedupthatlongslowtransittoMarsthenthe dreamsofsteppingontotheRedPlanetmightbecomereality.Marswillstillbe therewhenthetechnologyisready.Thedrivetoexploreispart ofwhatmakesushumanandexplorationofthepasthasledtounexpected glories.Dreamsmustbetemperedbyrealismhowever.Forthemomentgoingto Marsishopelesslyunrealistic.Bush’scitingoftheachievementsofspaceexplorationismentioned
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
Text3 Letusaskwhatwerethepreparation andtrainingAbrahamLincolnhadfororatorywhetherpoliticalor forensic.Borninrudeandabjectpovertyheneverhadany educationexceptwhathegavehimselftillhewasapproachingmanhood.Not evenbookswherewithtoinformandtrainhismindwerewithinhisreach.No schoolnouniversitynolegalfacultyhadanypartintraininghispowers. Whenhebecamealawyerandapoliticiantheyearsmostfavourableto continuousstudyhadalreadypassedandtheopportunitieshefoundforreading wereveryscanty.Heknewbutfewauthorsingeneralliteraturethoughheknew thosefewthoroughly.Hetaughthimselfalittlemathematicsbuthecouldread nolanguagesavehisownandcanhavehadonlythefaintestacquaintancewith Europeanhistoryorwithanybranchofphilosophy.Thewantof regulareducationwasnotmadeupforbythepersonsamongwhomhislotwas cast.Tillhewasagrownmanhenevermovedinanysocietyfromwhichhecould learnthosethingswithwhichthemindofanoratortobestored.Evenafterhe hadgainedsomelegalpracticetherewasformanyyearsnooneforhimtomix withexceptthepettypractitionersofapettytownmennearlyallofwhomknew littlemorethanhedidhimself.Schoolsgavehimnothingand societygavehimnothing.Buthehadapowerfulintellectandaresolutewill. Isolationfosterednotonlyself-reliancebutthehabitofreflectionand indeedofprolongedandintensereflection.Hemadeallthatheknewapartof himself.Hisconvictionswerehisown—clearandcoherent.Hewasnotpositiveor opinionatedandhedidnotdenythatatcertainmomentsheponderedand hesitatedlongbeforehedecidedonhiscourse.Butthoughhecouldkeepa policyinsuspensewaitingforeventstoguidehimhedidnotwaver.Hepaused andreconsideredbutitwasneverhiswaytogobackonadecisiononcemoreor towastetimeinvainregretsthatallhehadexpectedhadnotbeenattained.He tookadvicereadilyandleftmanythingstohisministers;buthedidnotlean onhisadvisers.Withoutvanityorostentationhewasalwaysindependent self-containedpreparedtotakefullresponsibilityforhis acts.ItissaidinthethirdparagraphthatAbrahamLincoln______.
Text2 InancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantand hadstrongreligiousassociation.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfour yearsinhonourofZeuskingoftheOlympianGodseventuallylostitslocal characterbecamefirstanationaleventandthenaftertherulesagainst foreigncompetitorshadbeenabolishedinternational.Nooneknowsexactlyhow farbacktheOlympicGamesgobutsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776 B.C.ThegamestookplaceinAugustontheplainbyMount Olympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreecebutno marriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaveswomenanddishonoured personswerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsisuncertain buteventsincludedboy’sgymnasticsboxingwrestlinghorseracingandfield eventsthoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympic Games.OnthelastdayoftheGamesallthewinnerswere honouredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavesplacedontheirheads.Sogreat wasthehonourthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhis victory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoneytheywereinfact richlyrewardedbytheirstateauthorities.Howtheirresultscomparedwith modernstandardsweunfortunatelyhavenomeansoftelling. Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1200yearstheGameswere suspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.Theycontinuedforsuchalongtimebecause peoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthy bodyproducedahealthymindandthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsand gameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1500years beforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookplaceinAthensin 1896.NowadaystheGamesareheldindifferentcountriesin turn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilitiesincludingastadiumswimming poolsandlivingaccommodationbutcompetingcountriespaytheirownathletes’ expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumof atorchlightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbya successionofrunnerstothestadium.Thetorchsymbolizedthecontinuationof theancientGreekathleticidealsanditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntilthe closingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflaghoweverisamodernconception: thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinents participatingintheGames.IntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames______.
Text4 Theideathatifyourhouseisbuilt intherightpositionthismayaffectyoursuccessinlifeseemsstrangeto manypeople.HowevertobelieversinFeng-Shuiortheartofgeomancynot onlythepositionbutalsothechoiceofdecorationsandeventhecolorofyour homecanmeanthedifferencebetweengoodfortuneanddisaster.Thisarthas beenpracticedforcenturiesinChinaandisstillusedalloverSouthEast Asia.EventhehugeHongKongbankscallinageomantiftheyareplanningto buildnewoffices.Theyhavesuchfaithinhisknowledgethatifheadvisesthem tomovetheywillaltertheirplansforeventheirbiggestbuildings. LikemanyOrientalbeliefsthegeomant’sskilldependsontheideaof harmonyinnature.IfthereisnoimbalancebetweentheopposingforcesofYin andYangthebuildingwillbringlucktoitsinhabitants.Thismeansthatthe housemustbebuiltontherightspotaswellasfacingtherightdirectionand alsobepaintedanauspiciouscolor.Forinstanceiftherearemountainstothe norththiswillprotestthemfromevilinfluences.Ifthehouseispaintedred thiswillbringhappinesstotheoccupantswhilegreensymbolizesyouthandwill bringlonglife.Otherfactorssuchastheowner’stimeanddateofbirthare takenintoaccounttoo.Thegeomantbelievesthatunlessalltheseare consideredwhenchoosingasiteforconstructionthefortuneofthepeople usingitwillbeatrisk.Indeedtoignorethegeomant’sadvice canhavefatalresults.ThedeathoftheinternationallyfamousKung-Fustar BruceLeehasbeenusedasanexample.ItissaidthatwhenLeefoundoutthat thehousehewaslivinginwasanunluckyonehefollowedageomant’sadvice andinstalledaneight-sidedmirroroutsidehisfrontdoortobringhimluck. Unfortunatelyastormdamagedthemirrorandthehousewasleftunprotected fromharmfulinfluences.SoonafterwardsLeediedinmysterious circumstances.NotonlyisFeng-ShuistillusedinSouthEast Asiabutithasalsospreadrightacrosstheworld.EveninmodernNewYorka successfulcommercialartistcalledMiltonGlaserhasfoundituseful.Hewasso desperateafterhisofficewasbrokenintosixtimesthatheconsulteda geomant.Hewastoldtoinstallafishtankwithsixblackfishandfixared clocktotheceiling.Sincethenhehasnotbeenburglarizedonce.Itmayseem anincrediblestorybutnoothersuitableexplanationhasbeen offered.ThestoryofMiltonGlasershowsthat______.
Musiccomesinmanyforms;most countrieshaveastyleoftheirown.1theturnofthe centurywhenjazzwasbornAmericahadnoprominent2of itsown.Nooneknowsexactlywhenjazzwas3orbywhom. Butitbegantobe4intheearly1900s.JazzisAmerica’s contributionto5music.Incontrasttoclassicalmusic which6formalEuropeantraditionsjazzisspontaneous andfree-form.Itbubbleswithenergy7themoods interestsandemotionsofthepeople.Inthe1920jazz8 likeAmerica.And9itdoestoday.The10 ofthismusicareasinterestingasthemusic11 .AmericanNegroesorblacksastheyarecalledtodaywerethejazz 12.TheywerebroughttotheSouthernstates13 slaves.Theyweresoldtoplantationownersandforcedtoworklong 14.WhenaNegrodiedhisfriendsandrelatives 15aprocessiontocarrythebodytothecemetery.InNew Orleansabandoftenaccompaniesthe16.Onthewayto thecemeterythebandplayedslowsolemnmusicsuitedtotheoccasion. 17onthewayhomethemoodchanged.Spiritslifted.Death hadremovedoneoftheir18butthelivingweregladto bealive.Thebandplayed19musicimprovisingonboth theharmonyandthemelodyofthetunes20atthefuneral. Thismusicmadeeveryonewanttodance.Itwasanearlyformof jazz.
[A]Mobilityofthiskindmeantalsomobilityofideastheir transferenceacrossfrontiersandtheirsimultaneousimpactuponmanygroupsof people.Thepointoflearningistoshareitwhetherwithstudentsorwith colleagues;onepresumesthatonlyeccentricshavenointerestinbeingcredited withastartlingdiscoveryoranewtechnique.Itmustalsohavebeen reassuringtoknowthatotherpeopleinotherpartsoftheworldwereaboutto makethesamediscoveryorwerethinkingalongthesamelinesandthatonewas notquitealoneconfrontedbyinquisitionridiculeorneglect. [B]Scholarsandstudentshavealwaysbeengreattravelers.Thecasefor academicmobilityisnowoftenstatedinimpressivetermsasafundamental necessityforeconomicandsocialprogressintheworldbutitiscertainly nothingnew.Seriousstudentswerealwaysreadytogoabroadinsearchofthe moststimulatingteachersandthemostfamousacademies;insearchofthepurest philosophythemosteffectivemedicinethelikeliestroadtogold. [C]Apartfromthevehicleitselfitisfairlyeasytoidentifythemain factorswhichhavebroughtabouttherecentexplosioninacademicmovement.Some ofthesearepurelyquantitativeandrequirenofurthermention:therearefar morecentersoflearningandafargreaternumberofscholarsand students.[D]Butasthespecializationshaveincreasedin numberandnarrowedinrangetherehadbeenanoppositemovementtowards interdisciplinaryStudies.Theseowemuchtothebeliefthatonecannotproperly investigatetheincrediblycomplexproblemsthrownupbythemodernworldand byrecentadvancesinourknowledgealongthenarrowfrontofasingle discipline.ThistrendhasledtoagreatdealOfacademiccontactbetween disciplinesandafargreateremphasisonthepoolingofspecialistknowledge reflectedinthebroadsubjectschoseninmanyinternational conferences.[E]Frequentlythesespecializationslieinareas whereveryrapiddevelopmentsaretakingplaceandalsowheretheresearch neededfordevelopmentsisextremelycostlyandtakesalongtime.Itis preciselyintheseareasthattheadvantagesofcollaborationandsharingof expertiseappearmostevident.Associatedwiththisisthegrowthofspecialist periodicalswhichenablescholarstobecomeawareofwhatishappeningin differentcentersofresearchandtomeeteachotherinconferencesand symposia.Fromthesemeetingscomethepersonalrelationshipswhichareatthe bottomofalmostallformalizedschemesofcooperationandprovidethemwith theirmostsatisfactorystimulus.[F]Inthetwentiethcentury andparticularlyinthelast20yearstheoldfootpathsofthewandering scholarshavebecomevasthighways.Thevehiclewhichhasmadethispossiblehas ofcoursebeentheaeroplanemakingcontactbetweenscholarseveninthemost distantplacesimmediatelyfeasibleandprovidingfortheveryrapid transmissionofknowledge.[G]Inadditiononemustrecognize theveryconsiderablemultiplicationofdisciplinesparticularlyinthe scienceswhichbywideningthetotalareaofadvancedstudieshasproducedan enormousnumberofspecialistswhoseparticularinterestsarepreciselydefined. Thesepeoplewouldworkinsomeisolationiftheywerenotabletokeepintouch withsimilarisolatedgroupsinothercountries.作图
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