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设A为三阶实对称矩阵，α1=(α，-α，1)T是AX=0的解，α2=(α，1，-α)T是(A+E)X=0的解，则常数α=______．
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设A为三阶实对称矩阵α1=a-a1T是Ax=0的解α2=a11-aT是A+Ex=0的解则常数a=__
设A为三阶实对称矩阵为方程组AX=0的解为方程组2E-Ax=0的一个解|E+A|=0则A=_____
设A为三阶实对称矩阵且其特征值为λ1=λ2=1λ3=0假设ξ1ξ2是矩阵A的不同特征向量且Aξ1+ξ
设三阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和均为3向量α1-12-1Tα2=0-11T是线性方程组Ax=0的两个
设3阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和都是3向量α1=-12-1Tα2=0-11T是齐次线性方程组AX=0
设A=[aij]是三阶正交矩阵其中a33=-1b=005T则线性方程组Ax=b的解是______．
设三阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和均为3向量α1=-12-1Tα2=0-11T是线性方程组Ax=
设A为三阶实对称矩阵α1=m-m1T是方程组AX=0的解α2=m11-mT是方程组A+EX=0的解则
设3阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和都是3向量α1=-12-1Tα2=0-11T是齐次线性方程组AX=0
设三阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和均为3向量α1=-12-1Tα2=0-11T是线性方程组Ax=
设三阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和均为3向量α1=-12-1Tα2=0-11T是线性方程组Ax=
设A为三阶实对称矩阵α1=m-m1T是方程组AN=0的解α2=m11-mT是方程组A+EX=0的解则
设A为三阶实对称矩阵且其特征值为λ1=λ2=1λ3=0假设ξ1ξ2是矩阵A的不同特征向量且Aξ1+ξ
设A为三阶实对称矩阵A的秩为2且向量a1=-12-1Ta2=0-11T是线性方程组A-Ex=0
设三阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和均为3向量α1=-12-1Tα2=0-11T是线性方程组Ax=0的两
设A是三阶实对称矩阵满足A2-A-2E=0已知Aα+α=0其中α=-111T且行列式|A|=-4．Ⅰ
设3阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和都是3向量α1=-12-1Tα2=0-11T是齐次线性方程组AX=0
设三阶实对称矩阵A的各行元素之和均为3向量α1-12-1Tα2=0-11T是线性方程组Ax=0的两个
设A为三阶实对称矩阵A的秩为2且向量a1=-12-1Ta2=0-11T是线性方程组A-Ex=0
设A是各行元素之和均为0的三阶矩阵αβ是线性无关的三维列向量并满足Aα=3βAβ=3α．Ⅰ证明矩阵A
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Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.8
Text2 Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned. Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics. Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology. Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange. Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Thebesttitleforthepassagemightbe
It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census. JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad. 41._______________ AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds. 42._______________ Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent. SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences. 43._______________ SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999. OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization: —Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999; —Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent; —Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent. 44.______________ ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid. Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999. 45.______________ "Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRichesaid. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 42
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresourcessaysRenner.
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.10
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.14
Text2 Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned. Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics. Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology. Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange. Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Accordingtoparagraph4
It’snotjustanAmericanphenomenon:Acrosstheglobesingle-parenthomesareontherise.Numbersforone-parentfamiliesincreasedfromEnglandtoAustraliaduringthe1990smirroringdemographicshiftsreflectedintheU.S.census. JustasinAmericathoseshiftsraisednewquestionsabouthowinvolvedgovernmentshouldbeinhelpingsingle-parentfamilieswhichoftenarelesswell-offfinanciallythanthoseledbyamarriedmomanddad. 41._______________ AnnieOlivera32-year-oldsinglemotherfromBristolEnglandthinksso."Youwouldn’tbelievehowbecomingasingleparentsuddenlymademeasecond-classcitizen"saidOliverwhostrugglestokeepafull-timejobandgivetheextracareherdisabledsonneeds. 42._______________ Bycomparison9.8millionhouse-holdsor9percentofallU.S.householdswereheadedbyanadultraisingachildaloneorwithoutaspouse.The1990censusshowed26percentofhomeswereledbyamarriedmotherandfatherand8percentofhomeswereledbyasingleparent. SimilarincreasesoccurredinothercountriesthoughdatafromthosecountriesarenotdirectlycomparabletoU.S.censusfiguresbecauseofmethodologydifferences. 43._______________ SingleparenthouseholdsinAustraliarosefrom58percentin1990to7.6percentin1999. OthercountriesthatsawlargeincreasesaccordingtotheOrganization: —Belgium1.8percentofhouseholdsin1990to2.7percentin1999; —Ireland1.8percentto2.8percent; —Luxembourg1.3percentto2.2pereent. 44.______________ ThosecountriestendtohavegreateracceptanceofsingleparentingbecausetherearefewernearbyfamilymemberstodisapproveRichesaid. Lone-parentfamilyhouseholdsinJapanincreasedfrom5.1percentin1990tojust5.2percentin1999. 45.______________ "Thepositionofone-parentfamiliesinanygivencountryisverymuchagenderissue—women’sopportunitiesespeciallyworking-classwomenonlowincome"saidSueCohencoordinatoroftheSingleActionParentsNetworkinEngland. [A]IntheUnitedStatesthe2000censusshowed24.8millionornearly24percentofthenation’s105:5millionhouse-holdsweretraditionaltwo-parenthomes. [B]ShouldsingleparentsbeaffordedtaxbreakstohelppayforchildcareShouldemployersbemonitoredtomakesureflexiblework-hoursareoffered [C]Countrieswithincreasesinsingle-parenthomesareoftenthosewherethenuclearfamilystructure—justMomDadandthekids—ismorecommonthananextendedmultigenerationalfamilylivingunderoneroofsaiddemographerMarthaFarnsworthRicheaformerCensusBureaudirector. [D]IntheUnitedKingdomlone-parentfamilyhomesincreasedfrom3.3percentofallhouseholdsin1990to5.5percentin1999accordingtodatacompiledbytheParis-basedOrganizationforEconomicCooperationandDevelopment.Itdidnotspecifywhetherchildreninthosehomeswereyoungerthan18. [E]Someresearchsuggestschildrenraisedintwo-parentfamiliesarebetteroffthanthosewhorelyonone. [F]RateswererelativelyunchangedduringthesameperiodinGreeceItalyandPortugal.ThesecountriestendtothinkmoreconservativelyaboutfamilymakeupandthereismorepressuretoavoiddivorceorunmarriedparenthoodRichesaid. [G]"Mostoftheresearchlinkingsingle-parenthoodtochildren’sschoolperformancehasbeendonewithsinglenations"saysDr.Suet-lingPongassociateprofessorofeducationandsociologyanddemography."Wedonotknowmuchabouttheimpactofsingleparenthoodacrossculturesandcountries." 44
下列选项中属于辨证选穴的有
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury.
Directions: A.Studythefollowinggraphcarefullyandwriteonessayin160—200words B.Youressayshouldcoverthesetwopoints: 1problemsariseoutoftheincreaseoftheprivatecars 2giveyourcounter-measure. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.6
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.16
Text3 QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield. Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale. OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay. ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.12
Text4 Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity. Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds. Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers. ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill. Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Thecriticsofthesocialsecuritysystembelievethatit
Text4 Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity. Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds. Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers. ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill. Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Accordingtotheauthorthesafetynetcan
Text1 MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced. TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister. Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour. Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised. ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. Thepassageismainlyabout
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.18
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.20
风池穴的主治病症有
Text3 QuiteapartfromanyawkwardnessinthewayhehandledthehostilebidbyrivalOracleforthefirmhewasrunningCraigConwayseemstohavebeenanunpopularCEOofPeopleSoftalargeenterprise-softwarecompany.Threemanagerswhoreporteddirectlytohimwereapparentlyclosetoresigninginfrustrationandtheboardwasunhappyabout"mis-statements"hemadetoanalysts.Soeventhoughtherewasno"smokinggun"astheboardputitMr.ConwaywasfiredonOctober1standreplacedbythefirm’sfounderDavidDuffield. Mr.Duffield’sbriefisnowtoaddressMr.Conway’sperceivedshortcomingsandhisobsessionwithfendingoffthe$7.7billiontakeoverbidfromOracle.AtthesametimesaysPaulHamermanofForresteraresearchfirmMr.ConwayofferednocompellingtechnologicalvisionforPeopleSoftandseemeddeafto"quiteanoiselevelofcustomercomplaints".Mr.Conway’sfiringpromptedmuchspeculationthatPeopleSoftmightnowbemorepreparedtonegotiatewithOracleratherthanfightit.ButPeopleSoftinsiststhatbothMr.Duffieldandtheboardfocusonalong-termstrategyforthecompanynotaquicksale. OnthesamedaythatMr.ConwaywasfiredhoweverOraclescoredanothervictorywhenAmerica’sJusticeDepartmentsaidthatitwouldnotappealagainstajudge’sdecisiontoallowthetakeoveronantitrustgrounds.SothisweekthebattlemovedtoanothercourtroominDelawarewherebothcompaniesareregistered.InthissuitOracleisclaimingthatPeople.Softisnotproperlylookingaftertheinterestsofitsshareholdersbyusinga"poisonpill"anda"customerassuranceprogramme"tokeepOracleatbay. ThepoisonpillisaverycommonprovisionandonethatPeopleSofthashadforalmostadecade.Itfloodsthemarketwithnewsharesifapredatorbuysmorethan20%ofPeopleSoft’sequitythusmakinganacquisitionverydifficult.Thecustomer-rebateprogrammebycontrastwasputinplacelastJune.ItguaranteesthatanyPeopleSoftclientcangetarefundforbetweentwoandfivetimesitssoftware-licencefeeifsupportforthatsoftwareisevercutoff.ToOraclethisrepresentsanotherdirtytacticsinceitamountstoapotentialliabilityofmorethan$2billion.ToPeopleSofthoweveritwasnotonlyfairbutnecessarytoretaincustomerssinceOraclesaidatthetimeofitsbidthatitplannedtokillPeopleSoft’sproductsandswitchclientstoitsown.ThetwocompanieslawyersarelikelytobeatitforanotherfewweekswhichcouldyetseeahigherbidfromOracle. PeopleSoftclaimsthattheoracle'stakeoverofPeopleSoft
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.4
Text1 MarkTwainonceobservedthatgivingupsmokingiseasy.Heknewbecausehe’ddoneithundredsoftimeshimselfGivingupforeverisatriflemoredifficultapparentlyanditiswellknownthatitismuchmoredifficultforsomepeoplethanforothers.Whyisthisso Fewdoctorsbelieveanylongerthatitissimplyaquestionofwillpower.Andforthosepeoplethatcontinuetoviewaddictsasmerely"weak"recentgeneticresearchmayforcearethink.AstudyconductedbyJacquelineVinkoftheFreeUniversityofAmsterdamusedadatabasecalledtheNetherlandsTwinRegistertoanalysethesmokinghabitsoftwins.Herresultssuggestthatanindividual’sdegreeofnicotinedependenceandeventhenumberofcigaretteshesmokesperdayarestronglygeneticallyinfluenced. TheNetherlandsTwinRegisterisavoluntarydatabasethatisprizedbygeneticistsbecausetheyallowthecomparisonofidenticaltwinswhosharealltheirgeneswithfraternaltwinswhosharehalf.InthiscasehoweverDr.Vinkdidnotmakeuseofthatfact.Forherthedatabasewasmerelyaconvenientrepositoryofinformation.Insteadofcomparingidenticalandfraternaltwinssheconcentratedontheadultfraternaltwinsmostofwhomhadcompletedquestionnairesabouttheirhabitsincludingsmokingand536ofwhomhadgivenDNAsamplestotheregister. Thehumangenomeishuge.ItconsistsofbillionsofDNA"letters"someofwhichcanbestrungtogethertomakesensethegenesbutmanyofwhichhaveeithernofunctionoranunknownfunction.Tofollowwhatisgoingongeneticistsrelyonmarkerstheyhaveidentifiedwithinthegenome.Theseareplaceswherethegeneticlettersmayvarybetweenindividuals.Ifaparticularvariantisroutinelyassociatedwithaparticularphysicalfeatureorabehaviourpatternitsuggeststhataparticularversionofanearbygeneisinfluencingthatfeatureorbehaviour. Dr.Vinkhopesthatfindinggenesresponsiblefornicotinedependencewillmakeitpossibletoidentifythecausesofsuchdependence.Thatwillhelptoclassifysmokersbettersomearesocialsmokerswhileothersarephysicallyaddictedandthusenable"quitting"programmestobecustomised. ResultssuchasDr.Vink’smustbeinterpretedwithcare.Associationstudiesassuchprojectsareknownhaveadisturbinghabitofdisappearingasitwereinapuffofsmokewhensomeonetriestoreplicatethem.ButifDr.VinkreallyhasexposedageneticlinkwithaddictionthenMarkTwain’sproblemmayeventuallybecomeathingofthepast. Whatcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraph
Mostofuswouldliketobeboth1andcreative.WhywasThomasEdisonabletoinventsomanythingsWashesimplymoreintelligentthanmostpeopleDidhespendlonghourstoilingawayinprivateSurprisinglywhenEdisonwasayoungboyhisteachertoldhimhewastoo2tolearnanything.Otherfamouspeoplewhosecreativegeniuswent3whentheywereyoungincludeWaltDisneywhowasfiredfromanewspaperjobbecausehedidnothaveanygoodideasandEnricoCarusowhosemusicteachertoldhimthathis4wasterrible. DisneyEdisonandCarusowereintelligentandcreativemen;5expertsoncreativitybelievethatintelligenceisnotthesameascreativity.Creativityistheabilitytothinkaboutsomethinginnewandunusualwaysandto6outuniquesolutionstoproblems.Whencreativepeopleareaskedwhatenablesthemtosolveproblemsinnewwaystheysaythattheabilitytofindaffinitiesbetween7unrelatedelementsplaysakeyrole.Theyalsosaythattheyhavethetimeandindependenceinaan8settingto9awiderangeofpossiblesolutionstoaproblem. Howstronglyiscreativity10tointelligence11mostcreativepeoplearequiteintelligentthe12isnotnecessarilytrue.Manyhighlyintelligentpeople13measuredbyIQtestsarenotverycreative. Someexpertsremainskepticalthatwewilleverfullyunderstandthecreativeprocess.Othersbelievethatapsychologyofcreativityiswithinreach.Mostexpertsagree14thattheconceptofcreativityas15bubblingupfromamagical16isamyth.Momentary17ofinsight18byimagesmakeupa19partofthecreative’process.Attheheartofthecreativeprocessareabilityandexperiencethat20anindividual’seffortoftenoverthecourseofalifetime. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEETⅠ.2
46Afavouritepredictionofenvironmentalismhasbittenthedust—toomanynaturalresourcesratherthantoofewarethecauseofanincreasingnumberofwarsinthe21stcentury. 47Manygreenshadpredictedthatthenewcenturywouldseearashofwarsincountrieswherenaturalresourcessuchastimberwatermineralsandfertilesoilsarerunningout.Butfarfromitsaysthe2002StateoftheWorldreportfromtheprestigiousWashington-basedthink-tanktheWorldwatchInstitute. Infactsaysthereport’sco-authorMichaelRennerthereare"numerousplacesinthedevelopingworldwhereabundantnaturalresourceshelpfuelconflicts."Morethanaquarterofcurrentconflictsareeitherbeingfoughtoverorarefundedbysomelucrativenaturalresource.ExamplescitedbytheWorldwatchInstituteinclude: ·DiamondminesinSierraLeoneandAngolamakingthetwoAfricannationsripeforplunderbywarlords ·Profitsfromsapphiresrubiesandtimberarmingthe’KhmerRougeintheirinterminablejunglewarinCambodia ·GuerillasusingthethreatofsabotagetoextorthundredsofmillionsofdollarsfromoilcompaniesprospectinginColombia ·Opiumfunding20yearsofwarinAfghanistan ·TheCongo’scontinuingcivilwarsubsistingontheproceedsofelephanttusksandcoltanavitalmineralinthemanufactureofmobilephones WiththeendofthecoldwarsuperpowersnolongerfundcivilwarsfortheirowngeopoliticalendssaysRenner.Theirplacehasbeentakenbythemarket—intheformoftheplunderandsaleofnaturalresources. 48"Nature’sbountyattractsgroupsthatmayclaimtheyaredrivenbygrievancebutwhichinitiateviolencenottooverthrowagovernmentbuttogainandmaintaincontroloflucrativeresources"saysRenner.Suchresourcewarsarebeingfoughtbecauseof"greedratherthanneed." 49AccordingtoDavidKeenattheLondonSchoolofEconomics:"Wetendtoregardconflictassimplyabreakdowninaparticularsystemratherthanastheemergenceofanotheralternativesystemofprofitandpowersi.e.a’conflicteconomy’withthelootingofnaturalresourcesatitsheart." Rennerwarnsthatwarlordsinsuchconflictshavenointerestinwinningthewarbecauseitscontinuanceismoreprofitable.50AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials. RennerarguestheissueofresourceconflictsshouldbeaddedtotheagendaoftheforthcomingWorldSummitonSustainableDevelopmenttobeheldinJohannesburginAugust2002. AndhesaystoomanyWesterngovernmentsarehappytoturnablindeyeastheirowncorporationsreapthebenefitsincheapno-questions-askedrawmaterials.
下列特定穴中常用于治疗腑实证的有
Text4 Afriendofminehadagrandfatherwhosupervisedthepayrollatalargecompanylongago.Peoplewhoknewhimsaythismanwasaparagonofvirtuewhenitcametomakingsuretheemployeesweretreatedfairandsquareoneverypayday.Buthealsobelievedthatoncewagesweredisbursedworkersshouldtakefullresponsibilityfortheirfinancialsecurity.Inhisviewhonestlaborandthriftyhabitswerebasicelementsofthefree-enterprisesystem.Nobodyshouldexpectanymoneyunlesstheyearnedit.HeopposedcompanypensionplansandwasthoroughlydismayedbythefiscalstructureandbenefitsofSocialSecurity. Iwonderhowmanypeopleholdthesameviewsnow.ThedebateaboutchangingSocialSecurityispartofalargerquestion:WhatobligationifanydoAmericansfeeltowardfellowcitizenswhoneedhelpNoteIdidn’tsay"lessfortunate""disadvantaged"orsomeothertermthatmightbeconstruedasevidenceI’mpromotingmyownbrandofsocialengineering.Ijustwanttoknowhowmuchconcernpeoplehaveforwhathappensoutsidetheirownhouseholds. Criticsofgovernmentassistanceprogramsoftensaytheydomoreharmthangoodbycreatingacycleofdependencyforrecipientsandagiganticbureaucracythatdemoralizestherestofsocietybytakingmoneyawayfromusandcreatingawelfarestateofslackers. ThetermIprefertodescribeourcurrentsituationissafety-netculture."IthaslotsofproblemsbutIalsoknowwhatlifewaslikebeforesafetynetsbecausemydadgavemeabundanttestimonyfromhis1920sboyhoodnearSanFrancisco—itwasnoNormanRockwellpaintingHisfatherworkedfortheSouthernPacificRailroadCompanysotheydidhaveahouse.ButoneneighborlivedinatentonavacantlotandanotherwasknownforowningonlyonepairofoverallswhichhiswifelaunderedinatubonthestoveonSaturdayswhilehesatbywrappedinablanket.Mydad’sfamilyoftenateboiledriceforbreakfast.Thebeverageofchoicewasteabutifthatranouttheymade"silvertea"—hotwaterwithmilkandsugar.Moneyforcollegewasn’tinthefamilybudget.MydadgothisdegreethankstotheGIBill. Decadesofsafety-netculturehaveremovedalotofanxietyfromourlivesbutwe’restillnotclosetoUtopia.AmidalltheSocialSecuritydebateaboutagingbabyboomersandshrinkingworkercontributionsI’mmostcompelledbythisstatistic:Closeto20percentofretireesgetalloftheirincomefromSocialSecurity.ShouldthatnumberbeasourceofnationalprideorembarrassmentOrperhapsabetterquestion:Howdoyouhonestlyfeelaboutdrinkingsilverteaduringyourgoldenyears Accordingtothefirstparagraphthegrandfatherresented
Text2 Whenenthusiaststalkofsustainabledevelopmenttheeyesofmostpeopleglazeover.Thereisawhiffofsack-clothandashesabouttheirargumentswhichusuallydependonpeoplegivingupthecomfortsofamoderneconomytoachievesomedebatablegreatergood.Yetthereisaseriouspointatissue.Modernindustrypollutesanditalsoseemstocausesignificantchangestotheclimate.Whatisneededisanindustrythatdeliversthebenefitswithoutthecosts.Andtheglimmeringsofjustsuchanindustrycannowbediscerned. Thatindustryisbasedonbiotechnology.Atthemomentbiotech’smainusesareinmedicineandagriculture.Butitsbiggestlong-termimpactmaybeindustrial.Hereitwilldiminishdemandforoilbytakingthecheapestrawmaterialsimaginablecarbondioxideandwaterandusingthemtomakefuelandplastics. Plasticsandfuelsmadeinthiswaywouldhaveseveraladvantages.Theycouldaccuratelybecalled"renewables"sincenothingisdepletedtomakethem.Theywouldbepartofthenaturalcarboncycleborrowingthatelementfromtheatmosphereforafewmonthsandreturningitwhentheywereburnedordumped.Thatmeanstheycouldnotpossiblycontributetoglobalwarming.Andtheywouldbeenvironmentallyfriendlyinotherways.Bioplasticsarebiodegradablesincebacteriaunderstandtheirchemistryandcanthereforedigestthem.Biofuelswhilenotquite"zeroemission"fromtheexhaustpipethoughalotcleanerthanpetrolanddieselwouldbecleaneroveralleventhanthefuel-celltechnologynowbeingtoutedasanalternativetotheinternal-combustionengine.Thatisbecausemakingthehydrogenthatfuelcellsuseisnotanenvironmentallyfriendlyprocessandneverwillbe—unlessittoousesbiotechnology. Allthiswillintheenddependoncosts.Butthesedonotlookunfavourable.Alreadythepriceofbioplasticsoverlapsthetopendofthepetroleum-basedplasticsmarket.Bulkproductionshouldbringprices’downparticularlywhentherawmaterialsarefree.Meanwhileethanolwouldbealoteasiertointroducethanfuelcells.Existingengineswillrunonitwithminortweakingsothereisnoneedtochangethewayearsammade.Andsinceunlikehydrogenitisaliquidthefuel-distributioninfrastructurewouldnotneedradicalchange. Thefuturecouldbegreeninwaysthattraditionalenvironmentalistshadnotexpected.Whethertheywillembracethatpossibilityorsticktosack-clothremainstobeseen. Accordingtotheauthorapplyingbiotechnologytoindustry
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