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甲状腺术后出现声音嘶哑是由于损伤了
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甲状腺术后出现声音嘶哑是由于损伤了
甲状旁腺
喉返神经
喉上神经内支
交感神经
喉上神经外支
有关甲状腺功能亢进术后并发症的表述恰当的是
呼吸困难和窒息多由于损伤甲状旁腺
喉返神经损伤可引起饮水呛咳
喉上神经损伤可引起声音嘶哑
甲状腺危象可出现高热、脉快
手足抽搐是由于损伤了喉上神经
甲状腺术后病人出现声音嘶哑可能损伤了喉上神经
以下关于甲亢术后并发症的描述正确的是
呼吸困难和窒息多由于排痰不畅
喉返神经损伤可引起饮水呛咳
喉上神经损伤可引起声音嘶哑
甲状腺危象可出现高热、脉快
手足抽搐是由于损伤了颈交感神经
甲状腺术后出现声音嘶哑是由于损伤了
甲状旁腺
喉返神经
喉上神经
交感神经
气管
甲状腺切除术后出现声音嘶哑是由于损伤了
迷走神经
喉返神经
喉上神经
交感神经
气管
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__的最高法律效力表现在
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachooseswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Universitiestheworldoverlovesymbolsfrommedieval scholasticgarbatdegreeceremoniestotheowlsandscrollsofscholastic badge.ButformanyuniversitiesespeciallyinBritainandelsewhereinEurope amoreaccurateemblemwouldincludeslummybuildingsdogearedbooksand demoralizeddons.That’swhyBritain’sgovernmentisnextweekrisking defeatintheHouseofCommonstobringmoreprivatemoneyintothecountry’s universities’--andwhyEuropeananddevelopingcountriesnowbusyexpanding highereducationneedtothinkhardabouthowmuchgovernmentinvolvement isgoodforuniversities.41__________.America’sflourishing universitiesexemplifytheformerEurope’sthelatter.Britain’sgovernment wantstomovetowardstheAmericanmodal.Thesubjectofnextweek’srebellion isabillthatwouldallowEnglishuniversitiesScotlandandWalesaredifferent tochargeupto3000pounds5460dollarsintuitionfeesinsteadofthe currentflatrate1125.Studentswillborrowthemoneythroughastaterunloan schemeandpayitbackoncetheyareearningenough. 42__________.Butitreflectsanimportantshiftinthinking. Firstthatthenewmoneyuniversitiesneedshouldcomefromgraduates ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Secondandmostcruciallyitabandonsthe egalitarianassumptionthatalluniversitiesareequallydeserving. Thatiscommendablejustbecauseacourseischeapdoesnotmeanitis worthlessandtheexistenceofcostlyonesisnotinitselfasignofiniquitous socialdivision.Yetoldthinkinghasdeeproots.Bandyingphrasessuchas excellenceforallandeducationforthemanynotthefew politiciansespeciallyleftwingoneswanttodaptheuniversityeducated labelonevermorepeopleregardlessofmeritcostorpracticality. 43__________.Ithumiliatesthetalentedbutdisadvantagedwhosesuccess isthendevaluedanditinfuriatesthetalentedwhoarenotdeemed underprivilegedenoughandwhofeeltheirmeritsignoredanditmakes universitiesdoajobtheyareboundtobebadat.Public fundingisaddictiveandthewithdrawalsymptomsarepainful.44__________. Inflatedtuitionfeesareabigworryandalumnipreferencelooksunfair.But overallAmerica’ssystemlookssustainableinawaythattheOldWorld’sdoes not.Inshortthemodeltostriveforisvariedinstitutions chargingvariedfees.Notallcoursesneedlastthreeyearsorbringafull honorsdegree.45__________.Itisbettertodosomethingswell ratherthaneverythingindifferently.Itisbecausepoliticianshaveforgotten thatsomeoftheworld’soldestuniversitiesriskafuturethatisalotless gloriousthantheirpast.A.Somewillbelongeranddeeper; othersshorterandshallower.Someuniversitiesmayspecializeasteachingonly institutionslikeAmerica’sliberalartscolleges.Othersmaywantto concentratemainlyonresearch.Allmusthavetherighttoselecttheir intake.B.Universitiescanindeedgivethedisadvantagedaleg up—buttheywilldoitmuchbetterifthestatestandshack.Micromanaging universityadmissionsastheBritishgovernmenthasbeentryingtodoongrounds ofclasswithtargetsquotasfinesandstricturesrisksthesameconsequencesas similarAmericanexperimentsbasedonracialpreference.C. AlisonWolfaBritisheconomisttermsthisthetwoaspiringoodfiveaspirin betterapproachtouniversityfinance.Itisdeeplyflawed.Inrealitythere isnoprovenconnectionbetweenspendingonuniversitiesandprosperitynorcan therebe.D.ButasBritishdonsandpoliticiansstragglewith theseissuesandtheirEuropeancounterpartsponderwhetheronedaytheymight justhavetodosomethingsimilarthemessageforemergingeconomieslikeChina andIndiawhoareinvestingheavilyintheirownsystemsofhighereducationis clear—avoidanationalizedanduniformsystemandgoforonethatisdiverseand independentAmerica’suniversitieshavetheirproblems.E.Itis averylimitedstartfacedwithsweetenersforstudentsfrompoorbackgrounds. Thebestuniversitiesworrythatthemaximumfeeshouldbemanytimes higher.F.IndeedfacedwithagingpopulationsBritainandmost Europeancountriesarguablyshouldbeencouragingtheiryoungpeopletostart earningearlierintheirlivesratherthanlater.G.Thereare broadlytwomodelsforrunninguniversities.Theycanbeautonomousinstitutions mainlydependentonprivateincomesuchasfeesdonationsandinvestmentsor theycanbestatefinancedandasaresultstaterun.
Text4 Modemtechnologymaynothaveimproved theworldallthatmuchbut.itcertainlyhasmadelifenoisier.Un-muffled motorcyclesblaringcaralarmsandrovingboomboxescomefirstsecondand thirdonmylistofmostobnoxiousnoiseoffendersbuteveryonecouldcomeup withhisownversionofauralhell--ifhecouldjustfindaquietspottoponder thematter.Yetwhattechnologyhasdoneothertechnologyis nowstartingtoundousingcomputerpowertozapthoseear-splittingnoises intosilence.Previouslysilenceseekershadlittlerecourseexcepttostay insideclosethewindowsandplugtheirears.Remedieslikethesearequaintly termedpassivesystemsbecausetheyplacephysicalbarriersagainstthe unwantedsound.Nowcomputertechnologyisproducingafarmoreeffective activesystemwhichdoesn’tjustcontaindeflectormaskthenoisebut annihilatesitelectronically.Thesystemworksbycountering theoffendingnoisewithanti-noiseasomewhatsinistersoundingtermthat callstomindantimatterblackholesandotherPopularSciencemindbendersbut thatactuallyreferstosomethingquitesimple.Justasawaveonapondis flattenedwhenitmergeswithatroughthatisitsexactoppositeormirror imagesocanasoundwavebymeetingitsopposite.This generaltheoryofsoundcancellationhasbeenaroundsincethe1930s.Inthe fiftiesandsixtiesitmadeorakindofmagictrickamonglaboratory acousticiansplayingaroundwiththefirstclunkymainframecomputers.The adventoflow-costhigh-powermicroprocessorshasmadeactive noise-cancellationsystemsacommercialpossibilityandahandfulofsmall electronicsfirmsintheUnitedStatesandabroadarebringingthefirstones ontothesilencemarket.Silencebuffsmightbehopingthatthe noise-cancelingapparatuswilltaketheshapeofthe44MagnumwieldedbyDirty Harrybutinfactactivesoundcontrolisnotquitethatactive.Thesystem mightmoreproperlyhedescribedasreactiveinthatitrespondstosoundwaves alreadyheadedtowardhumanears.Intheconfigurationthatisusualforsuch systemsmicrophonesdetectthenoisesignalandsendittothesystem’s microprocessorwhichalmostinstantlymodelsitandcreatesitsinversefor loudspeakerstofireattheoriginal.Becausethetwosoundsoccupy’thesame rangeoffrequenciesandtonestheinversesoundsexactlytikethenoiseitis meanttoeliminate:theanti-noisecancelingBeethoven’sFifthSymphonyis heardasBeethoven’sFifth.Theonlydifferenceisthateverypositivepressure producedontheairbytheorchestraismatchedbyanegativepressureproduced bythecomputerandtherebysilencingthesound.Thesystemismosteffective asakindofmufflerinwhichmicrophonesmicroprocessorandloudspeakerare allinaunitencasingthedevicethatproducesthesoundstiflingitatits source.Butitcanworkasaheadsettoonegatingthesoundatthelastmoment beforeitdisturbsone’speaceofmind.Thewriterholdsthat_______.
以下各项中属2004年3月14通过的第四次__修正案的内容有
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten clearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Toimprovetheteachingskillswhatyouneedwilldependon whatyouwanttodo.Mostteachershavecomputersandmosthaveatleastsome accesstoemailandtheInternet.Inmanyschoolsanduniversitiesmost studentsdotoo.Manyteachingopportunitiesarelikelytobeavailabletoyou; thereforeuseequipmentyouandyourstudentsalreadyhave.46Other techniquesrequiremoreadvancedtechnologiesthatyoumayormaynotwishto purchaseonyourownandthatyourinstitutionmayormaynotmakeavailableto you.Itshouldbeobviousthereforethatyoushouldmakenoplansfor usingelectronictoolsbeforemakingsurethatbothyouandyourstudentswill haveaccesstothenecessarytechnology.Butowningorhaving accesstotechnologyisusuallyonlyafirststep.Evenmoreimportantis learninghowtouseit.Thisisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacinganyonewho wishestouseelectronictoolsbecausetheknowledgeisnotalwayseasyto acquire.Manypeopleofcoursearehighlyskilledincomputertechnologyand knowhowtoteachthemselvestodoalmostanything.47Butmanyother peoplewhohavelimitedcomputerskillsareeasilyintimidatedbynewand unfamiliartasksandtendtoavoiddoinganythingthat.requiresthemtolearn somethingverydifferentfromthethingstowhichtheyareaccustomed.If youfallinthelattergroupbutwishtoexpandyourabilitytouseelectronic toolsyouneedtofindhelp.Someinstitutionsofferextensive assistancethroughtheircomputercentersortheirinformationtechnology services.Somedepartmentshavestaffmembersorgraduatestudent assistantswhoarehiredtohandlecomputer-relatedproblems.Therearealso manyexcellentreferenceworkstohelpyoulearnaboutvariouselectronictools. 48Justasyoumustbesurethatyouhavethenecessarytechnologyatyour disposalbeforeyoudecidetouseelectronictoolsinyourteachingsoyoumust alsomakesurethatyouhaveaccesstothenecessaryhell}inlearningtouse it.Keepinmind.finallythatthetechnologyassociated withcomputersandtheInternetchangeswithbreathtakingspeed.49Although certainskillswillremainusefultoyouoverlongperiodsoftimethere willbemanythingsthatwillhavetoberelearnedtimeandtime again.Therapidityofchangeinthisfieldcanbebewilderingand intimidating.Butitisalsothesourceofsomevaluableinnovationsthatcanbe ofgreatusetoyou.Beforeintroducingnewteachingtechniques thereforeitiswisetomakeaquickinventoryofyourownendyourschool’s electronicteachingresources.50Youwillnotwanttodiscoverhalfway throughaprojectthattherearemajorobstaclessuchasinsufficientequipment inadequatesupportorinappropriateprofessionalincentives. Answeringafewsimplequestionscanhelpyoudeterminehowpracticaland promisingyourplannedinnovationsinelectronicteachingarelikelytobe. Whilesomeanswersmaylieascloseasyourdepartmentalcolleaguesothers mightrequireconferringwithdepartmentaladministratorslibrariansor computersupportorganizations.
Text2 AfterdecadesofexilefromU.S. courtsthescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.Butthefederal governmentwantstoputastoptoitandtheU.S.SupremeCourthasnowagreed toconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrom militarycourts.Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceoflie detectionwhichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991PresidentGeorgeBush bannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.Butthatbanhassincebeen overturnedbytheU.S.CourtofMilitaryAppealswhichruledthatitrestricts defendants’rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence.In thepasttwoyearssomefederalcourtshavealsoruledthatpolygraphevidence canbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgave federaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityof evidence.Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulserate sweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecording increasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions. Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheir physiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthe techniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.Apsychologist namedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdahopointstolaboratory studiessomeofthembeinghisowninwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcash toswaythetestresults.ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonard SaxeapsychologistataBostonuniversity.Thereisahugedifference betweenstudentsinalabandadefendanthesays.Guiltydefendantshavetime inwhichtorehearsetheirliesandcanevencometobelievethemtobe true.Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisoflie detectionisinvalid.Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantelling thetruth.Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivialwhilecertain truthcanbehardtoswallow.DavidFaigrnanoftheUniversity ofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourt’s decisiontoallowpolygraphevidencepolygraphbans.wouldbeoverturnedin federalcourtsacrossU.S.Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstand thescienceandleadtoalotmore’experttestimonyinthecourtshe predicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecost oftrials.Accordingtothepassagewhichorganizationraisedtheproposaltostopthepracticeofliedetectionevidenceinmilitarycourt
Text3 Imaginethatyouareinhospital waitingtohaveanoperation.Itistimetogotothetheatre;theanesthetist approachesyouandspeaks.ButinsteadofthereassuringwordsI’mjustgoing togiveyousomethingtosendyouofftosleepyouhear:Letmetakeyouona triptowardsdeath.TerrifyingMaybebutthatiswhathavingageneral anestheticisallabout.Ifyougiveasmallamountofananestheticdrugit won’thaveanyeffect.Ifyougivemoreitwillputthepatientofftosleep butifyougivemorestillitcankillthepatient.Inamodem hospitalbeforeyouaregivenananestheticananesthetistasksyouanumber ofquestionstodecidewhichdrugstouse.Mostimportantlytheycheckthe stateofyourheartandlungsandaskifyouhaveasthmaanginaorhaveever hadaheartattack.Theywanttoknowaboutanydrugsyouaretakingsothat theydonotgiveyouananestheticthatreactsbadlywiththemandtheywill alsofindoutifyouhaveanyallergies.Aswellasputtingyou tosleeptheanesthetistisalsoresponsibleforcontrollingyourpain.Then howcantheanesthetisttellthattheyhaveputtheirpatientsfarenoughunder Mostlybyexperience.Thereisnosuchthingasanawarenessmonitorthough allthepatient’sbodyfunctionssuchasheartrategasesgoinginandoutand oxygenlevelsinthebloodaremonitored.Iftheanestheticisnotdeepenough andthepatientbecomeslight’themonitorsshouldtelltheanesthetistthat somethingiswronglongbeforethepatientbecomesaware.Thisiswhythe anesthetistwatchesthepatientcarefullythroughouttheoperation.Attheend ofyouroperationtheanestheticisminedoff.Itmightseem surprisingthattheanesthetistisoftentheunsungherooftheoperating thestre.Manypeopleincludingsomenursingstaffdonotrealizethatthe anesthetistfirsthastoqualifyasadoctor.Theythentakethreefurther examinationstoqualifyasanesthetistsbecauseofthenumberofthingsthey havetotakeintoaccountwhencarryingouttheirworkTheydo notsimplyneedtoknowaboutthedrugstheyuse;theymustalsoknowaboutall theotherdrugsonthemarketsothattheycanavoiddangerousinteractions. Theyhavetokeepabreastofanynewsurgicaltechniquetomakesuretheygive anappropriateanestheticforanyoperation.Thejourney towardsdeathhascomealongway.Butonefascinatingfactremains: whetheritisetheroracomplexcocktailbeingusedtoputsomeoneto sleep:nooneyetknowsexactlyhowanesthetics work.Letmetakeyouonatriptowardsdeath.Sentence3Paragraph1indicates______.
我国1982年__是在基础上修改而成的
如何理解我国__的最高法律地位
Directions: Studythefollowingtwopicturescarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould: 1describethecartoonpointoutthemessageconveyed; 2giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten clearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Toimprovetheteachingskillswhatyouneedwilldependon whatyouwanttodo.Mostteachershavecomputersandmosthaveatleastsome accesstoemailandtheInternet.Inmanyschoolsanduniversitiesmost studentsdotoo.Manyteachingopportunitiesarelikelytobeavailabletoyou; thereforeuseequipmentyouandyourstudentsalreadyhave.46Other techniquesrequiremoreadvancedtechnologiesthatyoumayormaynotwishto purchaseonyourownandthatyourinstitutionmayormaynotmakeavailableto you.Itshouldbeobviousthereforethatyoushouldmakenoplansfor usingelectronictoolsbeforemakingsurethatbothyouandyourstudentswill haveaccesstothenecessarytechnology.Butowningorhaving accesstotechnologyisusuallyonlyafirststep.Evenmoreimportantis learninghowtouseit.Thisisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacinganyonewho wishestouseelectronictoolsbecausetheknowledgeisnotalwayseasyto acquire.Manypeopleofcoursearehighlyskilledincomputertechnologyand knowhowtoteachthemselvestodoalmostanything.47Butmanyother peoplewhohavelimitedcomputerskillsareeasilyintimidatedbynewand unfamiliartasksandtendtoavoiddoinganythingthat.requiresthemtolearn somethingverydifferentfromthethingstowhichtheyareaccustomed.If youfallinthelattergroupbutwishtoexpandyourabilitytouseelectronic toolsyouneedtofindhelp.Someinstitutionsofferextensive assistancethroughtheircomputercentersortheirinformationtechnology services.Somedepartmentshavestaffmembersorgraduatestudent assistantswhoarehiredtohandlecomputer-relatedproblems.Therearealso manyexcellentreferenceworkstohelpyoulearnaboutvariouselectronictools. 48Justasyoumustbesurethatyouhavethenecessarytechnologyatyour disposalbeforeyoudecidetouseelectronictoolsinyourteachingsoyoumust alsomakesurethatyouhaveaccesstothenecessaryhell}inlearningtouse it.Keepinmind.finallythatthetechnologyassociated withcomputersandtheInternetchangeswithbreathtakingspeed.49Although certainskillswillremainusefultoyouoverlongperiodsoftimethere willbemanythingsthatwillhavetoberelearnedtimeandtime again.Therapidityofchangeinthisfieldcanbebewilderingand intimidating.Butitisalsothesourceofsomevaluableinnovationsthatcanbe ofgreatusetoyou.Beforeintroducingnewteachingtechniques thereforeitiswisetomakeaquickinventoryofyourownendyourschool’s electronicteachingresources.50Youwillnotwanttodiscoverhalfway throughaprojectthattherearemajorobstaclessuchasinsufficientequipment inadequatesupportorinappropriateprofessionalincentives. Answeringafewsimplequestionscanhelpyoudeterminehowpracticaland promisingyourplannedinnovationsinelectronicteachingarelikelytobe. Whilesomeanswersmaylieascloseasyourdepartmentalcolleaguesothers mightrequireconferringwithdepartmentaladministratorslibrariansor computersupportorganizations.
Directions:Readthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslate theunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Yourtranslationshouldbewritten clearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Toimprovetheteachingskillswhatyouneedwilldependon whatyouwanttodo.Mostteachershavecomputersandmosthaveatleastsome accesstoemailandtheInternet.Inmanyschoolsanduniversitiesmost studentsdotoo.Manyteachingopportunitiesarelikelytobeavailabletoyou; thereforeuseequipmentyouandyourstudentsalreadyhave.46Other techniquesrequiremoreadvancedtechnologiesthatyoumayormaynotwishto purchaseonyourownandthatyourinstitutionmayormaynotmakeavailableto you.Itshouldbeobviousthereforethatyoushouldmakenoplansfor usingelectronictoolsbeforemakingsurethatbothyouandyourstudentswill haveaccesstothenecessarytechnology.Butowningorhaving accesstotechnologyisusuallyonlyafirststep.Evenmoreimportantis learninghowtouseit.Thisisoneofthebiggestchallengesfacinganyonewho wishestouseelectronictoolsbecausetheknowledgeisnotalwayseasyto acquire.Manypeopleofcoursearehighlyskilledincomputertechnologyand knowhowtoteachthemselvestodoalmostanything.47Butmanyother peoplewhohavelimitedcomputerskillsareeasilyintimidatedbynewand unfamiliartasksandtendtoavoiddoinganythingthat.requiresthemtolearn somethingverydifferentfromthethingstowhichtheyareaccustomed.If youfallinthelattergroupbutwishtoexpandyourabilitytouseelectronic toolsyouneedtofindhelp.Someinstitutionsofferextensive assistancethroughtheircomputercentersortheirinformationtechnology services.Somedepartmentshavestaffmembersorgraduatestudent assistantswhoarehiredtohandlecomputer-relatedproblems.Therearealso manyexcellentreferenceworkstohelpyoulearnaboutvariouselectronictools. 48Justasyoumustbesurethatyouhavethenecessarytechnologyatyour disposalbeforeyoudecidetouseelectronictoolsinyourteachingsoyoumust alsomakesurethatyouhaveaccesstothenecessaryhell}inlearningtouse it.Keepinmind.finallythatthetechnologyassociated withcomputersandtheInternetchangeswithbreathtakingspeed.49Although certainskillswillremainusefultoyouoverlongperiodsoftimethere willbemanythingsthatwillhavetoberelearnedtimeandtime again.Therapidityofchangeinthisfieldcanbebewilderingand intimidating.Butitisalsothesourceofsomevaluableinnovationsthatcanbe ofgreatusetoyou.Beforeintroducingnewteachingtechniques thereforeitiswisetomakeaquickinventoryofyourownendyourschool’s electronicteachingresources.50Youwillnotwanttodiscoverhalfway throughaprojectthattherearemajorobstaclessuchasinsufficientequipment inadequatesupportorinappropriateprofessionalincentives. Answeringafewsimplequestionscanhelpyoudeterminehowpracticaland promisingyourplannedinnovationsinelectronicteachingarelikelytobe. Whilesomeanswersmaylieascloseasyourdepartmentalcolleaguesothers mightrequireconferringwithdepartmentaladministratorslibrariansor computersupportorganizations.
简述我国2004年__修正案的特点
我国__规定全国各族人民一切国家机关和武装力量各政党和各社会团体各企业事业组织都必须以__为根本的活动准则并且负有维护__尊严保证__实施的职责请以这一规定来分析__规范所具有的最主要的特点
提出了主权在民权力分立的主张确立了法律面前人人平等罪刑法定无罪推定等资产阶级法制原则对该国乃至整个世界民主__的发展都产生深远影响
Text4 Modemtechnologymaynothaveimproved theworldallthatmuchbut.itcertainlyhasmadelifenoisier.Un-muffled motorcyclesblaringcaralarmsandrovingboomboxescomefirstsecondand thirdonmylistofmostobnoxiousnoiseoffendersbuteveryonecouldcomeup withhisownversionofauralhell--ifhecouldjustfindaquietspottoponder thematter.Yetwhattechnologyhasdoneothertechnologyis nowstartingtoundousingcomputerpowertozapthoseear-splittingnoises intosilence.Previouslysilenceseekershadlittlerecourseexcepttostay insideclosethewindowsandplugtheirears.Remedieslikethesearequaintly termedpassivesystemsbecausetheyplacephysicalbarriersagainstthe unwantedsound.Nowcomputertechnologyisproducingafarmoreeffective activesystemwhichdoesn’tjustcontaindeflectormaskthenoisebut annihilatesitelectronically.Thesystemworksbycountering theoffendingnoisewithanti-noiseasomewhatsinistersoundingtermthat callstomindantimatterblackholesandotherPopularSciencemindbendersbut thatactuallyreferstosomethingquitesimple.Justasawaveonapondis flattenedwhenitmergeswithatroughthatisitsexactoppositeormirror imagesocanasoundwavebymeetingitsopposite.This generaltheoryofsoundcancellationhasbeenaroundsincethe1930s.Inthe fiftiesandsixtiesitmadeorakindofmagictrickamonglaboratory acousticiansplayingaroundwiththefirstclunkymainframecomputers.The adventoflow-costhigh-powermicroprocessorshasmadeactive noise-cancellationsystemsacommercialpossibilityandahandfulofsmall electronicsfirmsintheUnitedStatesandabroadarebringingthefirstones ontothesilencemarket.Silencebuffsmightbehopingthatthe noise-cancelingapparatuswilltaketheshapeofthe44MagnumwieldedbyDirty Harrybutinfactactivesoundcontrolisnotquitethatactive.Thesystem mightmoreproperlyhedescribedasreactiveinthatitrespondstosoundwaves alreadyheadedtowardhumanears.Intheconfigurationthatisusualforsuch systemsmicrophonesdetectthenoisesignalandsendittothesystem’s microprocessorwhichalmostinstantlymodelsitandcreatesitsinversefor loudspeakerstofireattheoriginal.Becausethetwosoundsoccupy’thesame rangeoffrequenciesandtonestheinversesoundsexactlytikethenoiseitis meanttoeliminate:theanti-noisecancelingBeethoven’sFifthSymphonyis heardasBeethoven’sFifth.Theonlydifferenceisthateverypositivepressure producedontheairbytheorchestraismatchedbyanegativepressureproduced bythecomputerandtherebysilencingthesound.Thesystemismosteffective asakindofmufflerinwhichmicrophonesmicroprocessorandloudspeakerare allinaunitencasingthedevicethatproducesthesoundstiflingitatits source.Butitcanworkasaheadsettoonegatingthesoundatthelastmoment beforeitdisturbsone’speaceofmind.Activenoise-cancellationsystemsrequire______.
下列有关1789年法国人权宣言的正确观点有
__关系亦称__法律关系是指根据一定的__规范在__主体之间产生的以__中的权利和义务为基本内容的社会政治关系其性质和特征主要表现在
在英国尽管1215年的并不是近代意义的__性法律但它对英国__的发展与英国__体制的确立产生了非常大的影响
Text2 AfterdecadesofexilefromU.S. courtsthescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.Butthefederal governmentwantstoputastoptoitandtheU.S.SupremeCourthasnowagreed toconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrom militarycourts.Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceoflie detectionwhichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991PresidentGeorgeBush bannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.Butthatbanhassincebeen overturnedbytheU.S.CourtofMilitaryAppealswhichruledthatitrestricts defendants’rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence.In thepasttwoyearssomefederalcourtshavealsoruledthatpolygraphevidence canbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgave federaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityof evidence.Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulserate sweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecording increasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions. Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheir physiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthe techniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.Apsychologist namedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdahopointstolaboratory studiessomeofthembeinghisowninwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcash toswaythetestresults.ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonard SaxeapsychologistataBostonuniversity.Thereisahugedifference betweenstudentsinalabandadefendanthesays.Guiltydefendantshavetime inwhichtorehearsetheirliesandcanevencometobelievethemtobe true.Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisoflie detectionisinvalid.Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantelling thetruth.Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivialwhilecertain truthcanbehardtoswallow.DavidFaigrnanoftheUniversity ofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourt’s decisiontoallowpolygraphevidencepolygraphbans.wouldbeoverturnedin federalcourtsacrossU.S.Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstand thescienceandleadtoalotmore’experttestimonyinthecourtshe predicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecost oftrials.Aliedetectorfindsoutthatthesubjectistellingalie______.
Text3 Imaginethatyouareinhospital waitingtohaveanoperation.Itistimetogotothetheatre;theanesthetist approachesyouandspeaks.ButinsteadofthereassuringwordsI’mjustgoing togiveyousomethingtosendyouofftosleepyouhear:Letmetakeyouona triptowardsdeath.TerrifyingMaybebutthatiswhathavingageneral anestheticisallabout.Ifyougiveasmallamountofananestheticdrugit won’thaveanyeffect.Ifyougivemoreitwillputthepatientofftosleep butifyougivemorestillitcankillthepatient.Inamodem hospitalbeforeyouaregivenananestheticananesthetistasksyouanumber ofquestionstodecidewhichdrugstouse.Mostimportantlytheycheckthe stateofyourheartandlungsandaskifyouhaveasthmaanginaorhaveever hadaheartattack.Theywanttoknowaboutanydrugsyouaretakingsothat theydonotgiveyouananestheticthatreactsbadlywiththemandtheywill alsofindoutifyouhaveanyallergies.Aswellasputtingyou tosleeptheanesthetistisalsoresponsibleforcontrollingyourpain.Then howcantheanesthetisttellthattheyhaveputtheirpatientsfarenoughunder Mostlybyexperience.Thereisnosuchthingasanawarenessmonitorthough allthepatient’sbodyfunctionssuchasheartrategasesgoinginandoutand oxygenlevelsinthebloodaremonitored.Iftheanestheticisnotdeepenough andthepatientbecomeslight’themonitorsshouldtelltheanesthetistthat somethingiswronglongbeforethepatientbecomesaware.Thisiswhythe anesthetistwatchesthepatientcarefullythroughouttheoperation.Attheend ofyouroperationtheanestheticisminedoff.Itmightseem surprisingthattheanesthetistisoftentheunsungherooftheoperating thestre.Manypeopleincludingsomenursingstaffdonotrealizethatthe anesthetistfirsthastoqualifyasadoctor.Theythentakethreefurther examinationstoqualifyasanesthetistsbecauseofthenumberofthingsthey havetotakeintoaccountwhencarryingouttheirworkTheydo notsimplyneedtoknowaboutthedrugstheyuse;theymustalsoknowaboutall theotherdrugsonthemarketsothattheycanavoiddangerousinteractions. Theyhavetokeepabreastofanynewsurgicaltechniquetomakesuretheygive anappropriateanestheticforanyoperation.Thejourney towardsdeathhascomealongway.Butonefascinatingfactremains: whetheritisetheroracomplexcocktailbeingusedtoputsomeoneto sleep:nooneyetknowsexactlyhowanesthetics work.AllthefollowingaretheresponsibilityofananesthetistEXCEPT______.
Text4 Modemtechnologymaynothaveimproved theworldallthatmuchbut.itcertainlyhasmadelifenoisier.Un-muffled motorcyclesblaringcaralarmsandrovingboomboxescomefirstsecondand thirdonmylistofmostobnoxiousnoiseoffendersbuteveryonecouldcomeup withhisownversionofauralhell--ifhecouldjustfindaquietspottoponder thematter.Yetwhattechnologyhasdoneothertechnologyis nowstartingtoundousingcomputerpowertozapthoseear-splittingnoises intosilence.Previouslysilenceseekershadlittlerecourseexcepttostay insideclosethewindowsandplugtheirears.Remedieslikethesearequaintly termedpassivesystemsbecausetheyplacephysicalbarriersagainstthe unwantedsound.Nowcomputertechnologyisproducingafarmoreeffective activesystemwhichdoesn’tjustcontaindeflectormaskthenoisebut annihilatesitelectronically.Thesystemworksbycountering theoffendingnoisewithanti-noiseasomewhatsinistersoundingtermthat callstomindantimatterblackholesandotherPopularSciencemindbendersbut thatactuallyreferstosomethingquitesimple.Justasawaveonapondis flattenedwhenitmergeswithatroughthatisitsexactoppositeormirror imagesocanasoundwavebymeetingitsopposite.This generaltheoryofsoundcancellationhasbeenaroundsincethe1930s.Inthe fiftiesandsixtiesitmadeorakindofmagictrickamonglaboratory acousticiansplayingaroundwiththefirstclunkymainframecomputers.The adventoflow-costhigh-powermicroprocessorshasmadeactive noise-cancellationsystemsacommercialpossibilityandahandfulofsmall electronicsfirmsintheUnitedStatesandabroadarebringingthefirstones ontothesilencemarket.Silencebuffsmightbehopingthatthe noise-cancelingapparatuswilltaketheshapeofthe44MagnumwieldedbyDirty Harrybutinfactactivesoundcontrolisnotquitethatactive.Thesystem mightmoreproperlyhedescribedasreactiveinthatitrespondstosoundwaves alreadyheadedtowardhumanears.Intheconfigurationthatisusualforsuch systemsmicrophonesdetectthenoisesignalandsendittothesystem’s microprocessorwhichalmostinstantlymodelsitandcreatesitsinversefor loudspeakerstofireattheoriginal.Becausethetwosoundsoccupy’thesame rangeoffrequenciesandtonestheinversesoundsexactlytikethenoiseitis meanttoeliminate:theanti-noisecancelingBeethoven’sFifthSymphonyis heardasBeethoven’sFifth.Theonlydifferenceisthateverypositivepressure producedontheairbytheorchestraismatchedbyanegativepressureproduced bythecomputerandtherebysilencingthesound.Thesystemismosteffective asakindofmufflerinwhichmicrophonesmicroprocessorandloudspeakerare allinaunitencasingthedevicethatproducesthesoundstiflingitatits source.Butitcanworkasaheadsettoonegatingthesoundatthelastmoment beforeitdisturbsone’speaceofmind.ThewordbuffsSentence1Paragraph5means______.
__的内容同其他一般法律一样主要取决于
Directions:Inthefollowingarticlesomesentenceshavebeen removed.ForQuestions41～45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA～Gto fitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachooseswhichdonot fitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. Universitiestheworldoverlovesymbolsfrommedieval scholasticgarbatdegreeceremoniestotheowlsandscrollsofscholastic badge.ButformanyuniversitiesespeciallyinBritainandelsewhereinEurope amoreaccurateemblemwouldincludeslummybuildingsdogearedbooksand demoralizeddons.That’swhyBritain’sgovernmentisnextweekrisking defeatintheHouseofCommonstobringmoreprivatemoneyintothecountry’s universities’--andwhyEuropeananddevelopingcountriesnowbusyexpanding highereducationneedtothinkhardabouthowmuchgovernmentinvolvement isgoodforuniversities.41__________.America’sflourishing universitiesexemplifytheformerEurope’sthelatter.Britain’sgovernment wantstomovetowardstheAmericanmodal.Thesubjectofnextweek’srebellion isabillthatwouldallowEnglishuniversitiesScotlandandWalesaredifferent tochargeupto3000pounds5460dollarsintuitionfeesinsteadofthe currentflatrate1125.Studentswillborrowthemoneythroughastaterunloan schemeandpayitbackoncetheyareearningenough. 42__________.Butitreflectsanimportantshiftinthinking. Firstthatthenewmoneyuniversitiesneedshouldcomefromgraduates ratherthanthegeneraltaxpayer.Secondandmostcruciallyitabandonsthe egalitarianassumptionthatalluniversitiesareequallydeserving. Thatiscommendablejustbecauseacourseischeapdoesnotmeanitis worthlessandtheexistenceofcostlyonesisnotinitselfasignofiniquitous socialdivision.Yetoldthinkinghasdeeproots.Bandyingphrasessuchas excellenceforallandeducationforthemanynotthefew politiciansespeciallyleftwingoneswanttodaptheuniversityeducated labelonevermorepeopleregardlessofmeritcostorpracticality. 43__________.Ithumiliatesthetalentedbutdisadvantagedwhosesuccess isthendevaluedanditinfuriatesthetalentedwhoarenotdeemed underprivilegedenoughandwhofeeltheirmeritsignoredanditmakes universitiesdoajobtheyareboundtobebadat.Public fundingisaddictiveandthewithdrawalsymptomsarepainful.44__________. Inflatedtuitionfeesareabigworryandalumnipreferencelooksunfair.But overallAmerica’ssystemlookssustainableinawaythattheOldWorld’sdoes not.Inshortthemodeltostriveforisvariedinstitutions chargingvariedfees.Notallcoursesneedlastthreeyearsorbringafull honorsdegree.45__________.Itisbettertodosomethingswell ratherthaneverythingindifferently.Itisbecausepoliticianshaveforgotten thatsomeoftheworld’soldestuniversitiesriskafuturethatisalotless gloriousthantheirpast.A.Somewillbelongeranddeeper; othersshorterandshallower.Someuniversitiesmayspecializeasteachingonly institutionslikeAmerica’sliberalartscolleges.Othersmaywantto concentratemainlyonresearch.Allmusthavetherighttoselecttheir intake.B.Universitiescanindeedgivethedisadvantagedaleg up—buttheywilldoitmuchbetterifthestatestandshack.Micromanaging universityadmissionsastheBritishgovernmenthasbeentryingtodoongrounds ofclasswithtargetsquotasfinesandstricturesrisksthesameconsequencesas similarAmericanexperimentsbasedonracialpreference.C. AlisonWolfaBritisheconomisttermsthisthetwoaspiringoodfiveaspirin betterapproachtouniversityfinance.Itisdeeplyflawed.Inrealitythere isnoprovenconnectionbetweenspendingonuniversitiesandprosperitynorcan therebe.D.ButasBritishdonsandpoliticiansstragglewith theseissuesandtheirEuropeancounterpartsponderwhetheronedaytheymight justhavetodosomethingsimilarthemessageforemergingeconomieslikeChina andIndiawhoareinvestingheavilyintheirownsystemsofhighereducationis clear—avoidanationalizedanduniformsystemandgoforonethatisdiverseand independentAmerica’suniversitieshavetheirproblems.E.Itis averylimitedstartfacedwithsweetenersforstudentsfrompoorbackgrounds. Thebestuniversitiesworrythatthemaximumfeeshouldbemanytimes higher.F.IndeedfacedwithagingpopulationsBritainandmost Europeancountriesarguablyshouldbeencouragingtheiryoungpeopletostart earningearlierintheirlivesratherthanlater.G.Thereare broadlytwomodelsforrunninguniversities.Theycanbeautonomousinstitutions mainlydependentonprivateincomesuchasfeesdonationsandinvestmentsor theycanbestatefinancedandasaresultstaterun.
世界上第一部成文__是
Text2 AfterdecadesofexilefromU.S. courtsthescienceofliedetectionisgainingnewacceptance.Butthefederal governmentwantstoputastoptoitandtheU.S.SupremeCourthasnowagreed toconsiderarequestfromtheDepartmentofJusticetobarthetechnologyfrom militarycourts.Uncertaintiessurroundthescienceoflie detectionwhichusesadevicecalledpolygraph.In1991PresidentGeorgeBush bannedliedetectorevidenceinmilitarycourts.Butthatbanhassincebeen overturnedbytheU.S.CourtofMilitaryAppealswhichruledthatitrestricts defendants’rightstopresentevidenceoftheirinnocence.In thepasttwoyearssomefederalcourtshavealsoruledthatpolygraphevidence canbeheard.ThisfollowsadecisionbytheSupremeCourtin1993thatgave federaljudgesmorediscretiontodecideontheadmissibilityof evidence.Apolygraphconsistsofmonitorsforpulserate sweatingandbreathingrate.Thedeviceissupposedtouncoverliesbyrecording increasesinthesemeasuresasthesubjectanswersquestions. Criticshavealwaysarguedthatcunningdefendantscancontroltheir physiologicalresponsesandswaypolygraphresults.Butsupportersofthe techniquearguethatrecentresearchhasfoundittobereliable.Apsychologist namedCharlesHontsatastateuniversityinIdahopointstolaboratory studiessomeofthembeinghisowninwhichstudent-subjectswereofferedcash toswaythetestresults.ThisargumentisrejectedbyLeonard SaxeapsychologistataBostonuniversity.Thereisahugedifference betweenstudentsinalabandadefendanthesays.Guiltydefendantshavetime inwhichtorehearsetheirliesandcanevencometobelievethemtobe true.Saxebelievesthattheentiretheoreticalbasisoflie detectionisinvalid.Itassumesyouwillbemorenervouslyingthantelling thetruth.Buthesaysthatforsomepeopleliesaretrivialwhilecertain truthcanbehardtoswallow.DavidFaigrnanoftheUniversity ofCaliforniasaysthatiftheSupremeCourtupholdsthemilitaryappealcourt’s decisiontoallowpolygraphevidencepolygraphbans.wouldbeoverturnedin federalcourtsacrossU.S.Thatwillputabigburdenonjudgestounderstand thescienceandleadtoalotmore’experttestimonyinthecourtshe predicts.Thejusticedepartmentfearsthatthiswillgreatlyincreasethecost oftrials.Whichofthefollowingstatementsistrueaccordingtothepassage
纵观世界各国__的渊源主要有
不以人权和公民权利宣告作为__序言的是
区分成文__和不成文__的依据是
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