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Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
TheunderlinedwordentitlementinthetextPara.3probablymeans______.
1Describethepictures. 2Deducethepurposeofthedrawerofthepictures. 3Suggestcounter-measures.
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
TwomonthsagoyougotajobasaneditorforthemagazineDesigns&Fashions.Butnowyoufindthattheworkisnotwhatyouexpected.Youdecidetoquit.WritealettertoyourbossMr.Wangtellinghimyourdecisionstatingyourreasonsandmakinganapology.Writeyourletterwithnolessthan100words.WriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter;useLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproducttheotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotionthestudentwhosegradesimprovetheforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage―alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts. Bycontrasttheprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodeterminesincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditselfbutrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehavetheircautionorcourageastheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocessthejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworldnewideastotrynewchallengestoaccept. Inordertogrowtotravelnewroadspeopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakeriskstoconfronttheunknownandtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymayfailatfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.DoweperceiveourselvesasquickandcuriousIfsothenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’’reshyandindecisiveThenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitatetomoveslowlyandnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallengeThenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall. Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubtsifweprotectourselvestoomuchthenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking. ForpersonalgrowththeauthoradvocatesallofthefollowingEXCEPT________________.
WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapersTheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject. Sadtosaythisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakescombinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant. Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplatespatternsintowhichtheyplugeachday’’sevents.Inotherwordsthereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews. Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhichhelpsexplainwhythestandardtemplatesofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurveyquestionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountryplusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions. RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericansjournalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoodshavemaidsownMercedesesandtradestocksandthey’’relesslikelytogotochurchdovolunteerworkorputdownrootsinacommunity. Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelitesotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders. Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustryparticularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdiditwouldopenupitsdiversityprogramnowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgenderandlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlookvalueseducationandclass. Whatisthepassagemainlyabout
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
WhenaScottishresearchteamstartledtheworldbyrevealing3monthsagothatithadclonedanadultsheepPresidentClintonmovedswiftly.Declaringthathewasopposedtousingthisunusualanimalhusbandrytechniquetoclonehumansheorderedthatfederalfundsnotbeusedforsuchanexperimentalthoughnoonehadproposedtodoso--andaskedanindependentpanelofexpertschairedbyPrincetonPresidentHaroldShapirotoreportbacktotheWhiteHousein90dayswithrecommendationsforanationalpolicyonhumancloning.Thatgroup--theNationalBioethicsAdvisoryCommissionNBAC--hasbeenworkingfeverishlytoputitswisdomonpaperandatameetingon17Maymembersagreedonanear-finaldraftoftheirrecommendations. NBACwillaskthatClinton’’s90-daybanonfederalfundsforhumancloningbeextendedindefinitelyandpossiblythatitbemadelaw.ButNBACmembersareplanningtowordtherecommendationnarrowlytoavoidnewrestrictionsonresearchthatinvolvesthecloningofhumanDNAorcells--routineinmolecularbiology.Thepanelhasnotyetreachedagreementonacrucialquestionhoweverwhethertorecommendlegislationthatwouldmakeitacrimeforprivatefundingtobeusedforhumancloning. Inadraftprefacetotherecommendationsdiscussedatthe17MaymeetingShapirosuggestedthatthepanelhadfoundabroadconsensusthatitwouldbemorallyunacceptabletoattempttocreateahumanchildbyadultnuclearcloning.Shapiroexplainedduringthemeetingthatthemoraldoubtstemsmainlyfromfearsabouttherisktothehealthofthechild.Thepaneltheninformallyacceptedseveralgeneralconclusionsalthoughsomedetailshavenotbeensettled. NBACplanstocallforacontinuedbanonfederalgovernmentfundingforanyattempttoclonebodycellnucleitocreateachild.Becausecurrentfederallawalreadyforbidstheuseoffederalfundstocreateembryostheearlieststageofhumanoffspringbeforbirthforresearchortobeforknowinglyendangeranembryo’’slifeNBACwillremainsilentonembryoresearch. NBACmembersalsoindicatedthattheywillappealtoprivatelyfundedresearchersandclinicsnottotrytoclonehumansbybodycellnucleartransfer.Buttheyweredividedonwhethertogofurtherbycallingforafederallawthatwouldimposeacompletebanonhumancloning.Shapiroandmostmembersfavoredanappealforsuchlegislationbutinaphoneinterviewhesaidthisissuewasstillupintheair. Thepanelagreedonallofthefollowingexceptthat____________.
WhydosomanyAmericansdistrustwhattheyreadintheirnewspapersTheAmericanSocietyofNewspaperEditorsistryingtoanswerthispainfulquestion.Theorganizationisdeepintoalongself-analysisknownasthejournalismcredibilityproject. Sadtosaythisprojecthasturnedouttobemostlylow-levelfindingsaboutfactualerrorsandspellingandgrammarmistakescombinedwithlotsofhead-scratchingpuzzlementaboutwhatintheworldthosereadersreallywant. Butthesourcesofdistrustgowaydeeper.Mostjournalistslearntoseetheworldthroughasetofstandardtemplatespatternsintowhichtheyplugeachday’’sevents.Inotherwordsthereisaconventionalstorylineinthenewsroomculturethatprovidesabackboneandaready-madenarrativestructureforotherwiseconfusingnews. Thereexistsasocialandculturaldisconnectbetweenjournalistsandtheirreaderswhichhelpsexplainwhythestandardtemplatesofthenewsroomseemalientomanyreaders.Inarecentsurveyquestionnairesweresenttoreportersinfivemiddle-sizecitiesaroundthecountryplusonelargemetropolitanarea.Thenresidentsinthesecommunitieswerephonedatrandomandaskedthesamequestions. RepliesshowthatcomparedwithotherAmericansjournalistsaremorelikelytoliveinupscaleneighborhoodshavemaidsownMercedesesandtradestocksandthey’’relesslikelytogotochurchdovolunteerworkorputdownrootsinacommunity. Reporterstendtobepartofabroadlydefinedsocialandculturalelitesotheirworktendstoreflecttheconventionalvaluesofthiselite.Theastonishingdistrustofthenewsmediaisn’’trootedininaccuracyorpoorreportorialskillsbutinthedailyclashofworldviewsbetweenreportersandtheirreaders. Thisisanexplosivesituationforanyindustryparticularlyadecliningone.Hereisatroubledbusinessthatkeepshiringemployeeswhoseattitudesvastlyannoythecustomers.Thenitsponsorslotsofsymposiumsandacredibilityprojectdedicatedtowonderingwhycustomersareannoyedandfleeinginlargenumbers.Butitneverseemstogetaroundtonoticingtheculturalandclassbiasesthatsomanyformerbuyersarecomplainingabout.Ifitdiditwouldopenupitsdiversityprogramnowfocusednarrowlyonraceandgenderandlookforreporterswhodifferbroadlybyoutlookvalueseducationandclass. Thebasicproblemofjournalistsaspointedoutbythewriterliesintheir______.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.ButwhataboutpainwithoutgainEverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthatifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhichismorethantwicethe1978―1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysadisjunctionbetweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace―allthatreengineeringanddownsizing―areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomywhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwaswelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBonPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuchre-engineeringhasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’’sAIRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish―theworstsortofambulance-chasing. TheauthorraisesthequestionwhataboutpainwithoutgainBecause____________.
Wellnogainwithoutpaintheysay.ButwhataboutpainwithoutgainEverywhereyougoinAmericayouheartalesofcorporaterevival.Whatishardertoestablishiswhethertheproductivityrevolutionthatbusinessmenassumetheyarepresidingoverisforreal. Theofficialstatisticsaremildlydiscouraging.Theyshowthatifyoulumpmanufacturingandservicestogetherproductivityhasgrownonaverageby1.2%since1987.Thatissomewhatfasterthantheaverageduringthepreviousdecade.Andsince1991productivityhasincreasedbyabout2%ayearwhichismorethantwicethe1978―1987average.Thetroubleisthatpartoftherecentaccelerationisduetotheusualreboundthatoccursatthispointinabusinesscycleandsoisnotconclusiveevidenceofarevivalintheunderlyingtrend.ThereisasRobertRubinthetreasurysecretarysaysadisjunctionbetweenthemassofbusinessanecdotethatpointstoleapinproductivityandthepicturereflectedbythestatistics. Someofthiscanbeeasilyexplained.Newwaysoforganizingtheworkplace―allthatreengineeringanddownsizing―areonlyonecontributiontotheoverallproductivityofaneconomywhichisdrivenbymanyotherfactorssuchasjointinvestmentinequipmentandmachinerynewtechnologyandinvestmentineducationandtraining.Moreovermostofthechangesthatcompaniesmakeareintendedtokeepthemprofitableandthisneednotalwaysmeanincreasingproductivity:switchingtonewmarketsorimprovingqualitycanmatterjustasmuch. Twootherexplanationsaremorespeculative.Firstsomeofthebusinessrestructuringofrecentyearsmayhavebeenineptlydone.Secondevenifitwaswelldoneitmayhavespreadmuchlesswidelythanpeoplesuppose. LeonardSchlesingeraHarvardacademicandformerchiefexecutiveofAuBonPainarapidlygrowingchainofbakerycafessaysthatmuchre-engineeringhasbeencrude.Inmanycaseshebelievesthelossofrevenuehasbeengreaterthanthereductionsincost.HiscolleagueMichaelBeersaysthatfartoomanycompanieshaveappliedre-engineeringinamechanisticfashionchoppingoutcostswithoutgivingsufficientthoughttolong-termprofitability.BBDO’’sAIRosenshineisblunter.Hedismissesalotoftheworkofre-engineeringconsultantsasmererubbish―theworstsortofambulance-chasing. AccordingtotheauthortheAmericaneconomicsituationis____________.
Therearetwobasicwaystoseegrowth:oneasaproducttheotherasaprocess.Peoplehavegenerallyviewedpersonalgrowthasanexternalresultorproductthatcaneasilybeidentifiedandmeasured.Theworkerwhogetsapromotionthestudentwhosegradesimprovetheforeignerwholearnsanewlanguage―alltheseareexamplesofpeoplewhohavemeasurableresultstoshowfortheirefforts. Bycontrasttheprocessofpersonalgrowthismuchmoredifficulttodeterminesincebydefinitionitisajourneyandnotthespecificsignpostsorlandmarksalongtheway.Theprocessisnottheroaditselfbutrathertheattitudesandfeelingspeoplehavetheircautionorcourageastheyencounternewexperiencesandunexpectedobstacles.Inthisprocessthejourneyneverreallyends;therearealwaysnewwaystoexperiencetheworldnewideastotrynewchallengestoaccept. Inordertogrowtotravelnewroadspeopleneedtohaveawillingnesstotakeriskstoconfronttheunknownandtoacceptthepossibilitythattheymayfailatfirst.Howweseeourselvesaswetryanewwayofbeingisessentialtoourabilitytogrow.DoweperceiveourselvesasquickandcuriousIfsothenwetendtotakemorechancesandtobemoreopentounfamiliarexperiences.Dowethinkwe’’reshyandindecisiveThenoursenseoftimiditycancauseustohesitatetomoveslowlyandnottotakeastepuntilweknowthegroundissafe.Dowethinkwe’’reslowtoadapttochangeorthatwe’’renotsmartenoughtocopewithanewchallengeThenwearelikelytotakeamorepassiveroleornottryatall. Thesefeelingsofinsecurityandself-doubtarebothunavoidableandnecessaryifwearetochangeandgrow.Ifwedonotconfrontandovercometheseinternalfearsanddoubtsifweprotectourselvestoomuchthenweceasetogrow.Webecometrappedinsideashellofourownmaking. Intheauthor’’seyesonewhoviewspersonalgrowthasaprocesswould________________.
Forcenturiesthenatureofthebrainwasshroudedinmystery.Aristotleissaidtohave1itwasacoldspongewhosemaintaskwasto2theblood.LaterLeonardodaVinci3thebrainasacuriousvoidfilledbythreetinybulbousstructures4inastraightline5theeyeball. Notallearlytheorieswerequitesomisguided6.Fromthefirststudies7languagedeficitsitwas8thatthebrainplayedsomedirectpartinlanguageuse.In1836an9FrenchcountrydoctorMaxDaxclaimedthatinfortyaphasic患失语症的patientshehadseen10oflanguageabilityalways11withdamagetothelefthalfofthebrain.Thirtyyearslaterthisclaimwas12provedbytheFrenchsurgeonPaulBroca.Hehadstudiedaphasic13inpatientswhowerefoundtohavebraindamage14theleftfrontallobe.Brocawasstruckbythecontrastwithrighthemispheredamage15seemedtohavelittleeffectonspeech.TheareaBrocaisolatedandtheaphasiaassociatedwithitnow16hisnameBroca’’saphasia. TenyearsafterBroca’’s17KarlWernickeayoungresearcherinGermanymadeanotherstartling18whichultimately19himtoproposenotjustanewlanguageareabutanoveralltheoryof20languageishandledinthebrain.
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