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Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmologygeologyandbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistentunifiedandconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.Scientificcreationismwhichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregivenisbasedonreligionnotscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion. ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplacesheintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechaptershetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtacticsandforthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationiststheextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.WhentheirbasicmotivationisreligiousonemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior. Kitcherisaphilosopherandthismayaccountinpartforthecharityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.OnthedustjacketofthisfinebookStephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.Andsoitdoes―andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate. Fromthepassagewecaninferthat_________________.
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’’tknowforsureThattheevidencewasinconclusivethescienceuncertainThattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutofthewayLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsenseandoverthreedecadessome10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves. Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesenlistedbytheWhiteHousetotellusthattheEarth’’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademyBruceAlbertsaddedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’’sreport:Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefutureanditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions. Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincompletethatit’’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisinitmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowingaprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow. FortunatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’’sadvisersstilldon’’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofactiontheycontinuetopressformoreresearch―aclassiccaseofparalysisbyanalysis. Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanetwemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’’ttakethelegislativeinitiativeCongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginiawhichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphereitiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound. AccordingtotheauthorwhatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’’tknowforsureThattheevidencewasinconclusivethescienceuncertainThattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutofthewayLotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsenseandoverthreedecadessome10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves. Thereareupsettingparallelstodayasscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciencesenlistedbytheWhiteHousetotellusthattheEarth’’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademyBruceAlbertsaddedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’’sreport:Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefutureanditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions. Justasonsmokingvoicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincompletethatit’’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisinitmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowingaprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow. FortunatelytheWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’’sadvisersstilldon’’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofactiontheycontinuetopressformoreresearch―aclassiccaseofparalysisbyanalysis. Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanetwemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’’ttakethelegislativeinitiativeCongressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginiawhichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustryisapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphereitiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound. AccordingtoBruceAlbertssciencecanserveas
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. WhatdoestheexampleofIndiaillustrate
Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.
Rumorhasitthatmorethan20booksoncreationism/evolutionareinthepublisher’’spipelines.Afewhavealreadyappeared.Thegoalofallwillbetotrytoexplaintoaconfusedandoftenunenlightenedcitizenrythattherearenottwoequallyvalidscientifictheoriesfortheoriginandevolutionofuniverseandlife.Cosmologygeologyandbiologyhaveprovidedaconsistentunifiedandconstantlyimprovingaccountofwhathappened.Scientificcreationismwhichisbeingpushedbysomeforequaltimeintheclassroomswheneverthescientificaccountsofevolutionaregivenisbasedonreligionnotscience.Virtuallyallscientistsandthemajorityofnonfundamentalistreligiousleadershavecometoregardscientificcreationismasbadscienceandbadreligion. ThefirstfourchaptersofKitcher’’sbookgiveaverybriefintroductiontoevolution.Atappropriateplacesheintroducesthecriticismsofthecreationistsandprovidesanswers.Inthelastthreechaptershetakesoffhisglovesandgivesthecreationistsagoodbeating.Hedescribestheirprogrammesandtacticsandforthoseunfamiliarwiththewaysofcreationiststheextentoftheirdeceptionanddistortionmaycomeasanunpleasantsurprise.WhentheirbasicmotivationisreligiousonemighthaveexpectedmoreChristianbehavior. Kitcherisaphilosopherandthismayaccountinpartforthecharityandeffectivenessofhisarguments.Thenonspecialistwillbeabletoobtainatleastanotionofthesortsofdataandargumentthatsupportevolutionarytheory.Thefinalchaptersonthecreationistswillbeextremelycleartoall.OnthedustjacketofthisfinebookStephenJayGouldsays:Thisbookstandsforreasonitself.Andsoitdoes―andallwouldbewellwerereasontheonlyjudgeinthecreationism/evolutiondebate. Creationisminthepassagerefersto_________________.
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Pupilsmaybewellguardedagainstiiisocialinfluencesaslongas
. Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon 2interpretitsmainideaand 3proposepossiblesolutions. Youshouldwriteabout160--200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Therewillbetheriskofforminganeducationalblankif
Beingamanhasalwaysbeendangerous.Thereareabout105malesbornforevery100femalesbutthisratiodropstonearbalanceattheageofmaturityandamong70-year-oldtherearetwiceasmanywomenasmen.Butthegreatuniversalofmalemortalityisbeingchanged.Nowboybabiessurvivealmostaswellasgirlsdo.Thismeansthatforthefirsttimetherewillbeanexcessofboysinthosecrucialyearswhentheyaresearchingforamate.Moreimportantanotherchancefornaturalselectionhasbeenremoved.Fiftyyearsagothechanceofababyparticularlyaboybabysurvivingdependedonitsweight.Akilogramtoolightortooheavymeantalmostcertaindeath.Todayitmakesalmostnodifference.Sincemuchofthevariationisduetogenesonemoreagentofevolutionhasgone. Thereisanotherwaytocommitevolutionarysuicide:stayalivebuthavefewerchildren.Fewpeopleareasfertileasinthepast.Exceptinsomereligiouscommunitiesveryfewwomenhave15children.Nowadaysthenumberofbirthsliketheageofdeathhasbecomeaverage.Mostofushaveroughlythesamenumberofoffspring.Againdifferencesbetweenpeopleandtheopportunityfornaturalselectiontotakeadvantageofithavediminished.Indiashowswhatishappening.Thecountryofferswealthforafewinthegreatcitiesandpovertyfortheremainingtribalpeoples.Thegrandmediocrityoftoday--everyonebeingthesameinsurvivalandnumberofoffspring--meansthatnaturalselectionhaslost80%ofitspowerinupper-middle-classIndiacomparedtothetribes. Forusthismeansthatevolutionisover;thebiologicalUtopiahasarrived.Strangelyithasinvolvedlittlephysicalchange.Nootherspeciesfillssomanyplacesinnature.Butinthepast100000years--eventhepast100years--ourliveshavebeentransformedbutourbodieshavenot.Wedidnotevolvebecausemachinesandsocietydiditforus.Darwinhadaphrasetodescribethoseignorantofevolution:theylookatanorganicbeingasasavagelooksatashipasatsomethingwhollybeyondhiscomprehension.Nodoubtwewillremembera20thcenturywayoflifebeyondcomprehensionforitsugliness.ButhoweveramazedourdescendantsmaybeathowfarfromUtopiaweweretheywilllookjustlikeus. Whichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleforthepassage
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue. Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.
Theywerebyfarthelargestandmostdistantobjectsthatscientistshadeverdetected:astripofenormouscosmiccloudsome15billionlight-yearsfromearth.71.Butevenmoreimportantitwasthefarthestthatscientistshadbeenabletolookintothepastforwhattheywereseeingwerethepatternsandstructuresthatexisted15billionyearsago.Thatwasjustaboutthemomentthattheuniversewasborn.Whattheresearchersfoundwasatoncebothamazingandexpected:theUSNationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration’’sCosmicBackgroundExplorersatellite―Cobe―haddiscoveredlandmarkevidencethattheuniversedidinfactbeginwiththeprimevalexplosionthathasbecomeknownastheBigBangthetheorythattheuniverseoriginatedinanexplosionfromasinglemassofenergy. 72.TheexistenceofthegiantcloudswasvirtuallyrequiredfortheBigBangfirstputforwardinthe1920stomaintainitsreignasthedominantexplanationofthecosmos.Accordingtothetheorytheuniverseburstintobeingasasubmicroscopicunimaginablydenseknotofpureenergythatflewoutwardinalldirectionsemittingradiationasitwentcondensingintoparticlesandthenintoatomsofgas.Overbillionsofyearsthegaswascompressedbygravityintogalaxiesstarsplantsandeventuallyevenhumans. Cobeisdesignedtoseejustthebiggeststructuresbutastronomerswouldliketoseemuchsmallerhotspotsaswelltheseedsoflocalobjectslikeclustersandsuperclustersofgalaxies.Theyshouldn’’thavelongtowait.73.Astrophysicistsworkingwithground-baseddetectorsattheSouthPoleandballoon-borneinstrumentsareclosinginonsuchstructuresandmayreporttheirfindingssoon. 74.IfthesmallhotspotslookasexpectedthatwillbeatriumphforyetanotherscientificideaarefinementoftheBigBangcalledtheinflationaryuniversetheory.Inflationsaysthatvery’’earlyontheuniverseexpandedinsizebymorethanatrillionfoldinmuchlessthanasecondpropelledbyasortofantigravity. 75.Oddthoughitsoundscosmicinflationisascientificallyplausibleconsequenceofsomerespectedideasinelementary-particlephysicsandmanyastrophysicistshavebeenconvincedforthebetterpartofadecadethatitistrue.
Theessentialweaknessoftheoldandtraditionaleducationwasnotjustthatitemphasizedthenecessityforprovisionofdefinitesubject-matterandactivities.Thesethingsarenecessitiesforanythingthatcanrightlybecallededucation.Theweaknessandevilwasthattheimaginationofeducatorsdidnotgobeyondprovisionofafixedandrigidenvironmentofsubject-matteronedrawnmoreoverfromsourcesaltogethertooremotefromtheexperiencesofthepupil.Whatisneededintheneweducationismoreattentionnotlesstosubject-matterandtoprogressintechnique.ButwhenIsaymoreIdonotmeanmoreinquantityofthesameoldkind.Imeananimaginativevisionwhichseesthatnoprescribedandready-madeschemecanpossiblydeterminetheexactsubject-matterthatwillbestpromotetheeducativegrowthofeveryindividualyoungperson;thateverynewindividualsetsanewproblem;thathecallsforatleastasomewhatdifferentemphasisinsubject-matterpresented.Thereisnothingmoreblindlystupidthantheconventionwhichsupposesthatthematteractuallycontainedintextbooksofarithmetichistorygeographyetc.isjustwhatwillfurthertheeducationaldevelopmentofallchildren. Butwithdrawalfromthehardandfastandnarrowcontentsoftheoldcurriculumisonlythenegativesideofthematter.Ifwedonotgofarinthepositivedirectionofprovidingabodyofsubject-mattermuchrichermorevariedandflexibleandalsointruthmoredefinitejudgedintermsoftheexperienceofthosebeingeducatedthantraditionaleducationsuppliedweshalltendtoleaveaneducationalvacuuminwhichanythingmayhappen.Completeisolationisimpossibleinnature.Theyoungliveinsomeenvironmentwhetherweintenditornotandthisenvironmentisconstantlyinteractingwithwhatchildrenandyouthbringtoit.andtheresultistheshapingoftheirinterestsmindsandcharacter―eithereducativelyormis-educatively.Iftheprofessededucatorgivesuphisresponsibilityforjudgingandselectingthekindofenvironmentthathisbestunderstandingleadshimtothinkwillbecontributivetogrowththentheyoungareleftatthemercyofalltheunorganizedandcasualforcesofthemodernsocialenvironmentthatinevitablyplayuponthemaslongastheylive.Intheeducativeenvironmenttheknowledgejudgmentandexperienceoftheteacherisagreaternotasmallerfactorthanitisinthetraditionalschool.Thedifferenceisthattheteacheroperatesnotasajudgesetonhighandmarkedbyarbitraryauthoritybutasafriendlyco-partnerandguideinacommonenterprise. Intheauthor’’sviewthebasicfaultofoldeducationconsistsin
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