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What is time Is it a thing to be saved or spent or wasted, like money Or is it something we have no ...
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Whatdoestheworkpestinthesecondsentenceofthefirstpa
Harmful thing.
Insignificant thing.
Troublesome thing
Trivial thing
Timeisthemostvaluablethingthatmankindhas.___71____
________anadvertisementsaysrememberthatthereis____
Whatever, no such thing
What, not such thing
However, no such thing
how, not such thing
A.punctualpersonisinthehabitofdoingathingattheprop
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Negotiate with management to get the resource. The management is responsible for provision of resources for the project.
Assess your alternatives.
Begin the task early.
Use reserves to increase resources assigned to those tasks.
Heworkstoohardthatis______iswrongwithhim.
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more important than school
as important as schoolwork
the most important thing
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Manyatimeinlife_____athingisworthdoingornotdepends
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Themostimportantthing______theyneedismoretime.
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根据短文内容从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳答案其中两项为多余选项Timeisthemostv
Timeisthemostvaluablethingthatmankindhas.61Manypeo
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A.punctualpersonisinthehabitofdoingathingattheprop
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46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfamingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth. Thereporttitled"NationalCropResidueManagementSurvey"showsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear. 47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres. 48Thesurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseinacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems. Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear. Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops. Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterialsstemsstalksandleaves—onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest. Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion. Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddorganicmattertoagarden. Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates. Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear. Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill. 49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems. "50Independentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations"saysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter."Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarming"headds. ConservationtillagehaslongbeencreditedforprotectingwaterqualitybyreducingrunofffromfarmfieldsaccordingtoHebblethwaite. Henotesthelatestresearchalsoindicatesthatsoilenrichedbycropresiduesoffersnaturalprotectionforgroundwater. Conservationtillagesystemssavethefarmermoneybyreducingtripsthroughthefieldforplantingandcultivation. 47
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereintheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Thephrasegoingtothedogsline’5paragraph3mostprobablymeans
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem.Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoasbackgroundproceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion.Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot.Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch.Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners.Wecandistinguishthoseresearchreportsfromeachothermainlythrough______.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem.Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoasbackgroundproceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion.Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot.Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch.Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners.Howcanaprofessorevaluateastudent’scapabilityofimplementingtheresearch
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.BookscompactdiscsandevenstockswereavailablefromWorldWideWebSitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore.Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.FindingabargainwasgettingeasierowingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal.Foralltheconsumerinterestretailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusinesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.comwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideospostedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9minioninthesameperiodof1997.Overallhoweverthecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.DespitethegreatlossAmazon.comhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry.Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.OnevideoretailersoldthehitmovieTitanicfor$9.99undercuttingthe$19.99suggestedretailpriceandlosingabout$6oneachcopysold.WithInternetretailingstillinitsinitialstage;companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition.ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatAmazon.com______.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
LikemanyotheraspectsofthecomputerageYahoobeganasanidea1intoahobbyandlatelyhas2intoafull-timepassion.ThetwodevelopersofYahooDavidFiloandJerryYangPh.Dcandidates3ElectricalEngineeringatStanfordUniversitystartedtheirguideinApril1994asawaytokeep4oftheirpersonalinterestontheInternet.Beforelongthey5thattheirhomebrewedlistswerebecomingtoolongand6.GraduallytheybegantospendmoreandmoretimeonYahoo. During1994they7yahoointoacustomizeddatabasedesignedto8theneedsofthethousandsofusers9begantousetheservicethroughtheclosely10Internetcommunity.Theydevelopedcustomizedsoftwaretohelpthem11locateidentifyandeditmaterial12ontheInternet.ThenameYahoois13tostandfor"YetAnotherHierarchicalOfficiousOrale"butFiloandYanginsisttheyselectedthe14becausetheyconsideredthemselvesyahoos.Yahooitselffirst15onYang’sworkstation"akebono"whilethesearchenginewas16onFilo’scomputer"Konishiki". Inearly1995MarcAndersenco-founderofNetscapeCommunicationinMountainViewCaliforniainvitedFiloandYangtomovetheirfiles17tolargercomputers18atNetscape.AsaresultStanford’scomputernetworkreturnedto19andbothpartiesbenefited.TodayYahoo20organizedinformationontensofthousandsofcomputerslinkedtotheweb. 19
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety.Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses.Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswithfull-timechildrenfromthepresentmarriageandpart-timechildrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried.EventhoughgreatchangeshavetakenplaceinthestructureofAmericanfamilies______.
In1998consumerscouldpurchasevirtuallyanythingovertheInternet.BookscompactdiscsandevenstockswereavailablefromWorldWideWebSitesthatseemedtospringupalmostdaily.Afewyearsearliersomepeoplehadpredictedthatconsumersaccustomedtoshoppinginstoreswouldbereluctanttobuythingsthattheycouldnotseeortouchinperson.Foragrowingnumberoftime-starvedconsumershowevershoppingfromtheirhomecomputerwasprovingtobeaconvenientalternativetodrivingtothestore.Aresearchestimatedthatin1998USconsumerswouldpurchase$7.3billionofgoodsovertheInternetdoublethe1997total.FindingabargainwasgettingeasierowingtotheriseofonlineauctionsandWebsitesthatdidcomparisonshoppingontheInternetforthebestdeal.Foralltheconsumerinterestretailingincyberspacewasstillalargelyunprofitablebusinesshowever.InternetpioneerAmazon.comwhichbegansellingbooksin1995andlaterbranchedintorecordedmusicandvideospostedrevenueof$153.7millioninthethirdquarterupfrom$37.9minioninthesameperiodof1997.Overallhoweverthecompany’slosswidenedto$45.2millionfrom$9.6millionandanalystsdidnotexpectthecompanytoturnaprofituntil2001.DespitethegreatlossAmazon.comhadastockmarketvalueofmanybillionsreflectinginvestors’optimismaboutthefutureoftheindustry.Internetretailingappealedtoinvestorsbecauseitprovidedanefficientmeansforreachingmillionsofconsumerswithouthavingthecostofoperatingconventionalstoreswiththeirarmiesofsalespeople.Sellingonlinecarrieditsownriskshowever.Withsomanycompaniescompetingforconsumers’attentionpricecompetitionwasintenseandprofitmarginsthinornonexistent.OnevideoretailersoldthehitmovieTitanicfor$9.99undercuttingthe$19.99suggestedretailpriceandlosingabout$6oneachcopysold.WithInternetretailingstillinitsinitialstage;companiesseemedwillingtoabsorbsuchlossesinanattempttoestablishadominantmarketposition.FindingabargainontheInternetwasgettingeasierpartlybecause______.
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety.Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses.Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswithfull-timechildrenfromthepresentmarriageandpart-timechildrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried.BycallingAmericansmarryingpeopletheauthormeansthat______.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
[A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 41
LateralthinkingfirstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasparwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutthedeBononamewassofamousCaspar’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnapWheredoyougetthatideafromWehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoitEdwardadmits.NowCasparisatOxford—whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance.Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessionshisfathersaysusingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell.SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbookTeachYourChildHowtoThinkinwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare.Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothinkYouknowEdwarddeBonosaysifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview.TeachYourChildHowtoThinkofferslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives.CasparsucceededinapplyingtoOxfordbecause______.
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
Directions:Oneofyourpenpalswillshortlybevisitingyourcity.Forsomereasonsyoucannotmanagetomeethimattheairportontime.Writealetteraskinghimtowaitforyouattheairportandtellhimhowtoidentifyyou.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Thereareanumberofformatsforreportingresearchsuchasarticlestoappearinjournalsreportsaddressedtofundingagenciesthesesordissertationsaspartoftherequirementsforuniversitydegreesandpaperstobepresentedatconferences.Theseformatsdifferfromoneanothermostlyintheirpurposesandtheaudienceswhomtheyaddress.Wewillnowbrieflydescribethem.Thejournalarticleisawayofreportingresearchforprofessionaljournalsoreditedcollections.Theresearchisreportinginabriefyetinformativewayfocusingmostlyonthemainfeaturesoftheresearchsuchasthepurposereviewoftheliteratureoftenreferredtoasbackgroundproceduresusedforcarryingouttheresearchaccompaniedbytableschartsandgraphsandinterpretationsoftheresultsoftenreferredtoasdiscussion.Thecontentandemphasisofthejournalarticlewillvaryaccordingtotheintendedreadersresearchorpractitionersanditisimportantfortheresearchertobeawareofthebackgroundandinterestofthereadersofthejournal.ArticlesintendedtobereadbypractitionerswillemphasizethepracticalimplicationsandrecommendationsoftheresearchwhilearticlesintendedtobereadbyresearcherswilldescribeindetailthemethodusedtocollectdatatheconstructionofdatacollectionproceduresandthetechniquesusedforanalyzingthedataItisimportantforthenoviceresearchertobeawareofthefactthatarticlessubmittedtojournalsgothroughaprocessofevaluationbyexpertswhomakeajudgmentandrecommendwhethertheyshouldbepublishedornot.Thethesisordissertationisaformatforreportingresearchwhichgraduatestudentswriteaspartoffulfillingtherequirementsforanadvancedacademicdegree.Thestudentisexpectedtodescribeingreatdetailallthephasesoftheresearchsoitcanbeexaminedandevaluatedcarefullybythereader.Thusthethesisordissertationincludesthepurposeandsignificanceofthestudytherationaleathoroughreviewoftheliteraturedetailedinformationastotheresearchtoolsandtheproceduresinvolvedintheirdevelopmentadescriptionofdataanalysisandtheresultsandaninterpretationoftheresultsintheformofconclusionsimplicationsandrecommendation.Thisdetaileddescriptionoftheprocessoftheresearchisneededtoprovidetheprofessorswithanindicationofthestudent’sabilitytocarryoutresearch.Theconferencepaperisawayofreportingresearchatconferencesseminarsandcolloquia.Atsuchmeetingsresearchpapersareusuallypresentedorally.Theyaresimilartotheresearcharticlesinceresearchisreportedinaconciseyetinformativewayfocusingonthemostessentialelementsoftheresearch.Handoutsandtransparenciescanalsoaccompanythepresentations.Aswiththeresearcharticleheretoothecontentandemphasisoftheoralreportwilldependtoalargeextentonthetypeofaudiencepresentatthemeetingandwhethertheyareresearchersorpractitioners.Thebesttitleforthispassagecouldbe______.
[A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 43
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Moresurprisingperhapsthanthecurrentdifficultiesoftraditionalmarriageisthefactthatmarriageitselfisaliveandthriving.AsSkolnicknotesAmericansareamarryingpeople:RelativetoEuropeansmoreofusmarryandwemarryatayoungerage.Moreoverasteradeclineintheearly1970stherateofmarriageintheUnitedStatesisnowincreasing.Eventhedivorcerateneedstobetakeninthispro-marriagecontext:some80percentofdivorcedindividualsremarry.Thusmarriageremainsbyfarthepreferredwayoflifeforthevastmajorityofpeopleinoursociety.Whathaschangedmorethanmarriageisthenuclearfamily.Twenty-fiveyearsagothetypicalAmericanfamilyconsistedofahusbandawifeandtwoorthreechildren.Nowtherearemanymarriagesinwhichcoupleshavedecidednottohaveanychildren.Andtherearemanymarriageswhereatleastsomeofthechildrenarefromthewife’spreviousmarriageorthehusband’sorboth.Sometimesthesechildrenspendalloftheirtimewithoneparentfromtheformermarriage;sometimestheyaresharedbetweenthetwoformerspouses.Thusonecanfindtheverytypeoffamilyarrangement.Therearemarriageswithoutchildren;marriageswithchildrenfromonlythepresentmarriage;marriageswithfull-timechildrenfromthepresentmarriageandpart-timechildrenfromformermarriages.Therearestep-fathersstep-mothershalf-brothersandhalf-sisters.Itisnotallthatunusualforachildtohavefourparentsandeightgrandparents!Theseareenormouschangesfromthetraditionalnuclearfamily.Butevensoeveninthemidstofallthisthereremainsoneconstant:MostAmericansspendmostoftheiradultlivesmarried.Whichofthefollowingcanbepresentedasthepictureoftoday’sAmericanfamilies
46U.S.farmersareplantingmoreacresofcropsusingsoilbuildingandpollutionfightingfamingsystemsthantraditionalmethodsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillageaccordingtoareportduetobereleasedearlynextmonth. Thereporttitled"NationalCropResidueManagementSurvey"showsa6millionacregainforenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsthisyear. 47Italsoshowstraditionalfarmingmethodswhichresultingreatersoilerosionandrunofffromfieldsdeclinedby4millionacres. 48Thesurveyconductedonacounty-by-countybasisbyUSDANaturalResourcesConservationServiceindicatesthatfarmersinIowaIllinoisSouthDakotaKansasandIndianacontributedthemosttotheincreaseinacresgrownwithenvironmentallyfriendlyfarmingsystemsknownasconservationtillagesystems. Thesestatesaccountedfor5millionofthe6millionacreincreaseinconservationtillagethisyear. Allconservationtillagesystemssuchasno-tillmulch-tillridge-tillstrip-tillandzone-tillrelyonlesstillageorlesssoildisturbancetoplantandmanagecrops. Farmerswhousethesesystemsleaveplantmaterialsstemsstalksandleaves—onthesurfaceoffieldsafterharvest. Theplantmaterialsalsocalledcropresiduesserveasablankettoprotectthesoilfromerosion. Thecropresiduesslowlydecomposetoaddorganicmattertothesoilmuchlikemulchingorcompostingaddorganicmattertoagarden. Thesurveyresultsfor1997indicatethatconservationtillagesystemsnowaccountfor109.8millionacresorfully37percentofthe294.6millionannuallyplantedcroplandacresintheUnitedStates. Inthemeantimetraditionalsystemsthatrelyontheploworintensivetillagefellto107.6millionacresthisyear. Theremainingacresareinanintermediatefarmingsystemknownasreducedtill. 49Theheadofthenonprofitcenterthatcompilesandpublishestheannualsurveyiscallingonconsumersandfarmersaliketofocusincreasedattentiononconservationtillagesystems. "50Independentresearchandpracticalapplicationacrossthecountryshowthatthesesystemsnotonlyreplenishandbuildorganicmatterinthesoilforimprovedfuturefoodproductivitybuttheywillalsoprotectwaterqualityandenhancewildlifeandtheenvironmentforfuturegenerations"saysJohnHebblethwaiteexecutivedirectoroftheConservationTechnologyInformationCenter."Thereisalsogrowingevidencethatthesesystemscanevenhelpuscombatthepotentialforglobalwarming"headds. ConservationtillagehaslongbeencreditedforprotectingwaterqualitybyreducingrunofffromfarmfieldsaccordingtoHebblethwaite. Henotesthelatestresearchalsoindicatesthatsoilenrichedbycropresiduesoffersnaturalprotectionforgroundwater. Conservationtillagesystemssavethefarmermoneybyreducingtripsthroughthefieldforplantingandcultivation. 49
[A]Communicationmakesbothpartyknowmoreabouteachotherwhichmakeanagreement. [B]Theargumentitselfcannotexpandknowledge. [C]Reasonabledebateplaysapostiveroleinknowledgeadrances [D]Abasiccommonknowledgemabecontributiontotheargumentfromwhichpeoplelearnsomething. [E]Generallyknowledgeisgainedbyargument. [F]Learningcanbeinterruptedbytheargument. DowelearnmorefrompeoplewhoseviewsweshareincommonthanfromthosewhoseideascontradictorsThespeakerclaimssoforthereasonthatdisagreementcancausestressandinhabitlearning.Iconcedethatunduediscordcanimpedelearning.Otherwiseinmyviewwelearnfarfromdiscourseanddebatewiththosewhoseideasweopposethanfrompeoplewhoseideasareinaccordwithourown. 41.______ Admittedlyundersomecircumstancesdisagreementwithotherscanbecounterproductivetolearning.Forsupportingexamplesoneneedlooknofurtherthanatelevisionset.Ontoday’stypicaltelevisionorradiotalkshowdisagreementusuallymanifestsitselfinmeaninglessrhetoricalboutsandshoutingmatchesduringwhichopponentsvietohavetheirownmessageheardbuthavelittleinteresteitherinfindinganycommongroundwithorinacknowledgingthemeritsoftheopponent’sviewpoint.Understandablyneitherthecombatantsnortheviewerslearnanythingmeaningful.Infactthesebattlesonlyservetoreinforcethepredispositionsandbiasesofallconcerned.Theendresultisthatlearningisimpeded. 42.______ Disagreementcanalsoinhibitlearningwhentwoopponentsdisagreeonfundamentalassumptionsneededformeaningfuldiscourseanddebate.Forexampleastudentofpaleontologylearnslittleabouttheevolutionofananimalspeciesundercurrentstudybydebatingwithanindividualwhosereligiousbeliefsystemprecludesthepossibilityofevolutiontobeginwith.Andeconomicsandfinancestudentslearnlittleaboutthedynamicsofalaissez-fairesystembydebatingwithasocialistwhoseviewisthatacentralizedpowershouldcontrolalleconomicactivity. 43.______ AsidefromtheforegoingtwoprovisionshoweverIfundamentallydisagreewiththespeaker’sclaim.Assumingcommongroundbetweentworationalandreasonableopponentswillingtodebateonintellectualmeritsbothopponentsstandtogainmuchfromthatdebate.Indeeditisprimarilythroughsuchdebatethathumanknowledgeadvanceswhetheratthepersonalcommunityorgloballevel. 44.______ Atthepersonallevelbylisteningtotheirparents’rationalefortheirseeminglyoppressiverulesandpoliciesteenagerscanlearnhowcertainbehaviorsnaturallycarrycertainundesirableconsequences.Atthesametimebylisteningtotheirteenagersconcernsaboutautonomyandaboutpeerpressuresparentscanlearnthevaluablelessonthateffectiveparentingandcontrolaretwodifferentthings.Atthecommunitylevelthroughdispassionatedialogueanenvironmentalactivistcancometounderstandthelegitimateeconomicconcernsofthosewhosejobsdependonthecontinuedprofitableoperationofafactory.Converselythelattermightstandtolearnmuchaboutthepotentialpublic-healthpricetobepaidbyensuringjobgrowthandalowunemploymentrate.Finallyatthegloballeveltwonationswithopposingpoliticaloreconomicinterestscanreachmutuallybeneficialagreementsbystrivingtounderstandtheother’slegitimateconcernsforitsnationalsecurityitspoliticalsovereigntythestabilityofitseconomyandcurrencyandsoforth. 45.______ InsumunlesstwoopponentsinadebateareeachwillingtoplayonthesamefieldandbythesamerulesIconcedethatdisagreementcanimpedelearning.Otherwisereasoneddiscourseanddebatebetweenpeoplewithopposingviewpointsistheveryfoundationuponwhichhumanknowledgeadvances.Accordinglyonbalancethespeakerisfundamentallycorrect. 45
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereintheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Accordingtothetextwhatmighthavehappenedin1992
EgyptianwinehasanextensivehistorywithinthehistoryofEgyptiancivilization.Grapeswerenot1tothelandscapeofEgyptratherthevinesthemselvesare2tohavebeenimportedfromthePhoenicians3theactualoriginsremainin4.Whatisknownisthat5thethirdmillenniumBCEgyptiankingsofthefirst6hadextensivewinecellarsandwinewasusedextensivelyinthetempleceremonies.Themain7ofwineinEgypttookplacebetweenthekingnoblesandthepriestsintempleceremoniesandis8bynumerouspaintedrelief’sandother9evidence.ThevineyardsofancientEgyptwerequitedifferentfromthemodernmethodsofwinemakingtoday.10viticultureorwinemakingceasedto11anexclusivelyceremonialpurposetheEgyptiansbegantoexperimentwithsimplestructuresfortheirvinestotrainon12foundawaytotraintheirvinessotheywereeasylow13bushesandfoundwaysforthesoilto14moremoistureforthevines.EgyptianwinemakingexperimentsincludedReuseofdifferentwinepressesaddingheattothemustthegrapejuicereadyforfermentation15makethewinesweetanddifferencesinvattypesandmaterials.The16finishedproductofwinewaspouredthroughaclothfalterandthenintoearthenwarejars17theywouldbesealedwithnaturaltarandleftto18.TheEgyptianskeptaccuraterecordsoftheirvintagesand19oftheirwineseachjarofwinewasclearly20withit’sownvintageandquality. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
LateralthinkingfirstdescribedbyEdwarddeBonoin1967isjustafewyearsolderthanEdward’sson.YoumightimaginethatCasparwasraisedtobeanadventurousthinkerbutthedeBononamewassofamousCaspar’sparentsworriedthatanytimehewouldsaysomethingbrightatschoolhisteachersmightsnapWheredoyougetthatideafromWehadtobecarefulandnotoverdoitEdwardadmits.NowCasparisatOxford—whichoncelookedunlikelybecauseheisalsoslightlydyslexic.InfactwhenhewasapplyingtoOxfordnoneofhisschoolteachersthoughthehadachance.Sothenwedidseveralthinkingsessionshisfathersaysusingmytechniquesandwhenhewentupfortheexamhedidextremelywell.SoonafterEdwarddeBonodecidedtowritehislatestbookTeachYourChildHowtoThinkinwhichhetransformsthethinkingskillshedevelopedforbrain-stormingbusinessmenintoinformalexercisesforparentsandchildrentoshare.Thinkingistraditionallyregardedassomethingexecutedinalogicalsequenceandeverybodyknowsthatchildrenaren’tverylogical.Soisn’titanuphillbattletryingtoteachthemtothinkYouknowEdwarddeBonosaysifyouexaminepeople’sthinkingitisquiteunusualtofindfaultsoflogic.Butthefaultsofperceptionarehuge!Oftenwethinkineffectivelybecausewetaketoolimitedaview.TeachYourChildHowtoThinkofferslessonsinperceptionimprovementofclearlyseeingtheimplicationsofsomethingyouaresayingandofexploringthealternatives.AccordingtoParagraph3whichofthefollowingstatementsexpressesEdwarddeBono’sview
Aboutthree-quartersofAmericansaccordingtosurveysthinkthecountryisonthewrongtrack.Abouttwo-thirdsofthepublicdisapproveofthejobperformanceofPresidentBushandanevenhighernumberdisdainCongress.ThemediaareexcitedabouttheprospectofawealthybusinessmanrunningforPresidentasanindependentwhocouldtapintobroadpublicdisgruntlementwiththepartisanpoliticiansinWashington.2007Yes.Butalso1992ThemaindifferencebetweenthetwosituationsisthatMichaelBloombergisricher—andsaner—thanRossPerot.Butonesimilaritymightbethis:theAmericanpeoplewerewrongthenandmaybewrongnow.Thewidespreadpessimismintheearly1990saboutthecourseofthecountryturnedouttobeunwarranted.Therestofthedecadefeaturedimpressiveeconomicgrowthafallingcrimeratesuccessfulreformofthewelfaresystemandareasonablypeacefulworld.Perhapstheproblemsweren’tsobadinthefirstplaceorperhapsthepoliticalsystemproducedpoliticianslikeBillClintonRudyGiulianiandNewtGingrichwhowereabletodealwiththeproblems.Butinanycasethecountrygotbackoncourse.That’snottosayallwaswellinthe1990sespeciallyinforeignpolicy.ResponsibilitiesinplacesrangingfromBosniatoRwandatoAfghanistanwereshirkedandgatheringdangersweren’tdealtwith.Stillthesourcomplaintsanddirepredictionsof1992—ohmyGodthebudgetdeficitwilldousin!—werequicklyovertakenbyevents.What’smorethefearofmanyconservativesthatwemightbeatthemercyofunstoppableforcesofsocialdisintegrationturnedouttobewrong.Indeedthedirepredictionswererenderedobsoletesoquicklythatonewonderswhetherwewerein1992reallyjustindulginginsomekindofpost-cold-warvictory.Sometimesthepublicmoodis...wellmoody.Todaywe’remoodyagain.WeareobviouslyfightingadifficultanduntilrecentlybadlymanagedwarinIraqwhoseoutcomeisuncertain.Thisaccountsformuchofthepessimism.Italsodoesn’thelpthatthepoliticalsystemseemsincapableofdealingwithbigproblemslikeimmigrationanenergypolicyandhealthcare.Stillisthegeneralfeelingthateverythingisgoingtothedogsanymorejustifiedtodaythanitwas15yearsagoNotreally.Thinkofitthisway:HaveeventsingeneralgonebetterorworsethanmostpeoplewouldhavepredictedonSept.1220017There’sbeennosuccessfulsecondattackhereintheU.S.—andverylimitedterroristsuccessesinEuropeorevenintheMiddleEast.We’vehad51/2yearsofrobusteconomicgrowthlowunemploymentandastock-marketrecovery.SocialindicatorsintheU.S.aremostlystableorimproving—abortionsteenagebirthsandteenagedrugusearedownandeducationscoresareupabit.AsforAmericanforeignpolicysince9/11ithasnotproducedtheresultssomeofushopedforandtherearemanylegitimatecriticismsoftheBushAdministration’sperformance.Butinfactdespitethegloomanddoomfromcriticsleftandrightincludingoccasionallymetheworldseemstopresenttheusualmixedbagofdifficultproblemsandhearteningdevelopments.ThekeyquestionofcourseisthefateofIraq.Adecentoutcome—thedefeatofalQaedainwhatithasmadethecentralfrontinthewaronterrorismandenoughsecuritysotherecanbepeacefulrulebyarepresentativeregime—seemstomeachievableifwedon’tloseournervehereathome.WithsuccessinIraqprogresselsewhereintheMiddleEastwillbeeasier.Thebalancesheetisuncertain.Butitisbynomeansnecessarilygrim.Theauthor’sattitudetowardsthepresentsituationintheUSis
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