首页
试卷库
试题库
当前位置：
X题卡
>
所有题目
>
题目详情
查看本题答案
包含此试题的试卷
国家统考科目《问答》真题及答案
点击查看
你可能感兴趣的试题
热门试题
更多
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Expertssuggestthatthebestwaytoavoidmemoryfailuresis
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Therewillbeasteadytrendtowardvegetarianism.Agivenquantityofgroundcanprovideplantfoodformanoritcanprovideplantfoodforanimalswhicharelaterkilledformeat. Inconvertingthetissuesoffoodintothetissuesofthefeederupto90percentisusedforreasonsotherthantissuemaintenanceandgrowth.Thismeansthatonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofhumantissue―whileonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofanimaltissuewhichwillthensupportonepoundofhumantissue.Inotherwordslanddevotedtoplantfoodwillsupporttentimesasmanyhumanbeingsaslanddevotedtoanimalfood. Itisthisfarmorethanfoodpreferencesorreligiousdirectionsthatforcesovercrowdedpopulationsintovegetarianism.AnditwillbethedirectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesof2001willbemoving―notbypresidentialorderbutthroughtheforceofasteadyriseinmeatpricesascomparedwithotherkindsoffood. Thisinturnwillcomeaboutbecauseourherdswilldecreaseasthefooddemandcausesmoreandmoremeadowtobeturnedtofarmlandandaslandproducingcornandotheranimalfoodisconvertedtoprovidingfooddirectlyforman. Anotherpointisthatitisnotonlyenergythatisinshortsupply.Ashortageofoilmeansashortageofplastics;ashortageofelectricitymeansashortageofaluminium.Wearealsoexperiencingashortageofpaperandmostotherrawmaterials. Thismeansthatforonethingourgenerosityinwrappingbaggingandpackagingwillhavetorecede.Therewillhavetobeatleastapartialreturninsupermarketstotheolddayswheregoodsweresuppliedinbulkandgivenoutinbagstoorder.Itmayevenbecomenecessarytoreturnbagsasweoncereturnedbottlesorpayfornewones. Adeclineinper-capitaenergyusewillmakeitnecessarytoresorttohumanmuscleagainsothatthedeliverymanwillmakeacomebackhispriceaddedtothatofthefoodofcourse.Sinceenergyshortageswillcauseunemploymentinmanysectorsoftheeconomytherewillbeidlehandstodothemanualworkthatwillbecomenecessary. Fromanenergy-savingstandpointitwouldmakefarmoresensetoorderbyphoneandhaveasingletruckdeliverfoodtomanyhomesthanforamemberofeachhometodriveanautomobileround-triptopickupaone-familyfoodsupply. Tobesureitwillnotallberetrogression.EvenassumingthatEarthisinadesperatebattleofsurvivalthroughacrisisofstillrisingpopulationanddwindlingenergyreservesthereshouldstillcontinuetobetechnologicaladvancesinthosedirectionsthatdon’’tdependonwastefulbulkuseofenergy.Therewillbecontinuingadvancesinthedirectionofsophisticationinotherwords. Weknowfromthetextthat
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. ThewordhurlinginPar.3maybebestreplacedby
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.Text1In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended.Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Exposuretoasbestosfibrescancausecancer
Studythefollowingcartooncarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethecartoon 2interpretitsmeaningand 3suggestpossiblecoursestotake. Youshouldwriteabout160-200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. Intheauthor'sopinionadivorceisnotanevilact
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Asassertedbyresearchersourinabilitytomemorizewordsornamesmainly
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. InParagraph2thewordlegitimatemostprobablymeans
AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththataffecttheplanetaryenergybalance.Radiativeforcingsincludechangesingreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandozoneaerosolsintheatmospheresolarirradianceandsurfacereflectivity.Aforcingmayresultfromeitheranaturalorananthropogeniccauseorfrombothasinthecaseofatmosphericaerosolconcentrationswhichcanbealteredeitherbyvolcanicactionortheburningoffossilfuels.Radiativeforcingsaretypicallyspecifiedforthepurposeoftheoreticalglobalclimatesimulations.Incontrastradiativefeedbacksareenvironmentalchangesresultingfromclimatechangesandarecalculatedfromscientificobservation.Radiativefeedbacksincludechangesinsuchphenomenaascloudsatmosphericwatervaporsea-icecoverandsnowcover. Theinterplaybetweenforcingsandfeedbackscanbequitecomplex.Forexampleanincreaseintheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervaporincreasessolarirradiancetherebywarmingtheatmosphereandinturnincreasingevaporationandtheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervapor.Arelatedexampleofthiscomplexinterplayalsoshowstheuncertaintyoffutureclimaticchangesassociatedwithforcingsandfeedbacks.ScientistsareunsurehowthereductionofozonewillultimatelyaffectcloudsandinturntheEarthtemperature.Cloudstrapoutgoingcoolingradiationtherebyprovidingawarminginfluence.Howevertheyalsoreflectincomingsolarradiationandthusprovideacoolinginfluence.CurrentsmeasurementsindicatethattheneteffectofcloudsistocooltheEarth.Howeverscientistsdonotknowhowthebalancemightshiftinthefutureascloudformationanddispersionareaffectedbyozonereduction. Contributingtothisuncertaintyisthecomplexityofthemechanismsatworkintheprocessofozonereduction.Theamountofradiationreachingtheearth’’ssurfaceandtheamountofreradiatedradiationthatistrappedbythegreenhouseeffectinfluencetheEarth’’stemperatureinoppositedirections.Bothmechanismsareaffectedbytheverticaldistributionofozone.Alsotherelativeimportanceofthesetwocompetingmechanismsdependsonthealtitudeatwhichozonechangesoccur.InarecentNASA-sponsoredaircraftstudyoftheAntarcticozoneholechlorinemonoxidewasmeasuredatvaryingaltitudes.Themeasurementssuggestthatchlorineplaysagreaterroleandoxidesofnitrogenalesserrolethanpreviouslythoughtinthedestructionofozoneintheloweratmosphere.Thestudyconcludedthatsimultaneoushigh-resolutionmeasurementsatmanydifferentaltitudesonthescaleof0.1kilometerinverticalextentarenecessarytodiagnosetheoperativemechanisms.Thesefindingshavecalledintoquestionconventionalexplanationsforozonereductionwhichfailtoadequatelyaccountforthenewevidence.NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局 Theexampleofozonereductionisusedtoshowthe
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Therewillbeasteadytrendtowardvegetarianism.Agivenquantityofgroundcanprovideplantfoodformanoritcanprovideplantfoodforanimalswhicharelaterkilledformeat. Inconvertingthetissuesoffoodintothetissuesofthefeederupto90percentisusedforreasonsotherthantissuemaintenanceandgrowth.Thismeansthatonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofhumantissue―whileonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofanimaltissuewhichwillthensupportonepoundofhumantissue.Inotherwordslanddevotedtoplantfoodwillsupporttentimesasmanyhumanbeingsaslanddevotedtoanimalfood. Itisthisfarmorethanfoodpreferencesorreligiousdirectionsthatforcesovercrowdedpopulationsintovegetarianism.AnditwillbethedirectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesof2001willbemoving―notbypresidentialorderbutthroughtheforceofasteadyriseinmeatpricesascomparedwithotherkindsoffood. Thisinturnwillcomeaboutbecauseourherdswilldecreaseasthefooddemandcausesmoreandmoremeadowtobeturnedtofarmlandandaslandproducingcornandotheranimalfoodisconvertedtoprovidingfooddirectlyforman. Anotherpointisthatitisnotonlyenergythatisinshortsupply.Ashortageofoilmeansashortageofplastics;ashortageofelectricitymeansashortageofaluminium.Wearealsoexperiencingashortageofpaperandmostotherrawmaterials. Thismeansthatforonethingourgenerosityinwrappingbaggingandpackagingwillhavetorecede.Therewillhavetobeatleastapartialreturninsupermarketstotheolddayswheregoodsweresuppliedinbulkandgivenoutinbagstoorder.Itmayevenbecomenecessarytoreturnbagsasweoncereturnedbottlesorpayfornewones. Adeclineinper-capitaenergyusewillmakeitnecessarytoresorttohumanmuscleagainsothatthedeliverymanwillmakeacomebackhispriceaddedtothatofthefoodofcourse.Sinceenergyshortageswillcauseunemploymentinmanysectorsoftheeconomytherewillbeidlehandstodothemanualworkthatwillbecomenecessary. Fromanenergy-savingstandpointitwouldmakefarmoresensetoorderbyphoneandhaveasingletruckdeliverfoodtomanyhomesthanforamemberofeachhometodriveanautomobileround-triptopickupaone-familyfoodsupply. Tobesureitwillnotallberetrogression.EvenassumingthatEarthisinadesperatebattleofsurvivalthroughacrisisofstillrisingpopulationanddwindlingenergyreservesthereshouldstillcontinuetobetechnologicaladvancesinthosedirectionsthatdon’’tdependonwastefulbulkuseofenergy.Therewillbecontinuingadvancesinthedirectionofsophisticationinotherwords. ThephrasewillhavetorecedeinPar.6mostprobablymeans
Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy. Atthestartofthe20thcenturyimmigrantlaborandinnovationhelpedturntheU.S.intoapowerfulmanufacturingnation.Todayforeign-bornengineersjamthecorridorsofSiliconValleyhelpingAmerica’’sinformation-technologyboom.Andasthe21stcenturydawnsyetanotherwaveofimmigrantswillonceagainhelptransformtheeconomy. 46DuringthenextdecadeexceptingachangeingovernmentpolicynearlyamillionimmigrantsareexpectedtoarriveintheU.S.everyyearmostofwhombothlegalandillegalwillcontinuetocomefromLatinAmericaandSoutheastAsiabuteveryforeignlandwillberepresented. Asdomesticbirthratesstagnateonlyforeign-bornworkerwillkeepthelaborpoolgrowing.By2006infactimmigrantswillaccountforhalfofallnewU.S.workers;overthenext30yearstheirsharewillriseto60%. 47EvenatcurrentlevelsofimmigrationaccordingtotheLaborDept.thenumberofpeopleavailabletoworkwillincreasebyamere0.8%peryearbetween1996and2006-halftherateofthepreviousdecade.WithoutimmigrantsaccordingtoanewstudytheU.S.workforcewouldactuallybegintoshrinkby2015. 48It’’snotallaboutsheernumbersofcourse:ToliftproductivityandspurgrowthimmigrantsmustprovidecreativityentrepreneurialenergyorsimpleinitiativethatAmericacouldn’’tfindotherwise.IfallyoudidwasbringinpeoplewhoareexactlythesameasthosewehaveheretherewouldbenoeconomicbenefitsaysRandCorp.economistJamesP.SmithYou’’djusthavemorepeople. Justascrucialthearrayofeducationandskillsimmigrantsbringcouldfitneatlywiththesupplyofjobsoverthenextdecade.AccordingtoLindaLevineattheCongressionalResearchService60%ofthejobscreatedthrough2005willrequiresomepost-secondaryeducation.Butsheaddslow-skilljobswillstillrepresentabouthalfoftotalemployment.49Yetimmigrantsalsoare50%morelikelythanAmericanstohaveagraduatedegreeandanunbelievable23%ofU.S.residentsholdingPhDsinscienceandengineeringareforeign-bornaccordingtotheNationalScienceFoundation. Indeedforeign-bornworkershaveshownanextraordinaryabilitytoassimilateandflourish.Certainlysomelessskilledworkerswillremainatthebottomeconomicrungalltheirlives.50Yetotherswillcatchupquicklyandwithinadecadeoftheirarrivalthewell-educatedwillgofrommakingbarelyhalfthatofnative-bornAmericansincomparableworktonearly90%accordingtoarecentstudy. Thatofcoursewillraiseimmigrants’’livingstandards.Moreimportantitwillhelpdriveinnovationandentrepreneurshipkeyenginesofthe21stCenturyEconomy.
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
AsAmerica’’sairbecomessteadilymorecontaminatedactivitiesacrossthenationtocopewithsmogappeartobelaggingfurtherandfurtherbehindactualneedsdespitearisingpublicclamorforimprovement. Therehasbeenaconsiderableprogressinthelastcoupleofyears.Buttheover-allpictureisthatsomanylocalitieshaven’’treallycometogripswiththeairpollutionproblemthatpeoplemightbedismayediftheyknewhowtheirwelfarewasbeingtrifledwith. Airpollutionsourcesarenowhurlingmorethan140milliontonsofcontaminantsintotheatmosphereeveryyearbyFederalestimates.Twoyearsagoitwasonly130milliontons. Theincreasehasbeencausedbymanythings--morepeoplemoreautomobilesmoreindustrymorespaceheatinglittleifanyreductionthatmoreoftenthannotareinadequate. Theadversehealtheffectsofairpollutionarebecomingmorewidelyrecognizedalthoughspecificmedicalevidenceisstillfragmentary.Asapsychologicalannoyanceoftencalledanestheticfactorittranslatesintodecreasedpropertyvalues.Indamagetocropsandotherplantsitscostisreckonedinmillionsofdollars;indamagetostructuresandmaterialsinbillions. Federalandstatepollutioncontrolofficialsreportthefollowinghighlightofthecurrentsituation. Statesandlocalitiesgenerallystillhavepenaltiesforairpollutionthatarelittlemorethanawristslapwithfinesaslowas＄10.Enforcementisgenerallysketchyandweak.Andtheremedialproceduresaresocumbersomethatmoreandmoretheyarebeingbypassedbysimplelawsuitsbroughtbypublicofficialsorcitizens. AlthoughFederallawhasrequiredautomakerstoprovidevehicleswithfumecontrolequipmentfewstateshavedoneanythingtoassureitseffectivenessafteracarhasleftthefactorybyprovidingforregularinspectionoftheequipment. Publicofficialsinmanyplacesstillseemtoconsiderburstsofcomplaintsfromcitizenspreferabletocomplaintstheymightgetfrominstitutingeffectiveairqualityprograms.Industriesandotherpolluterssuchasmunicipalitiesstillexertgreatinfluenceopposingorweakeningregulatorylawsandpackingregulatoryboardswiththeirownspokesmen. Publicresentmentoverairpollutionisgrowingasisshownbyrecurringincidentsofpicketing设置纠察员andincreasingnumberoflegalactions. ThebigFederalprogramtocombatairpollutionunderwayforseveralyearsisproceedingfairlyclosetoschedule.ButFederalauto-fumeregulationswillnotbeveryproductivefornearlyadecadeuntilaround100millionunregulatedolder-generationcarshavebeenreplacedonthehighways. ThepartoftheFederaleffortthatdealswithstationarypollutionsourceslikefactoriesisstilllargelyinanorganizationalphaseyieldinglittleimmediatereductioninfumes. Anexampleoftheestheticfactorassociatedwithairpollutionwouldbe
AradiativeforcingisanychangeimposedontheEarththataffecttheplanetaryenergybalance.Radiativeforcingsincludechangesingreenhousegasessuchascarbondioxideandozoneaerosolsintheatmospheresolarirradianceandsurfacereflectivity.Aforcingmayresultfromeitheranaturalorananthropogeniccauseorfrombothasinthecaseofatmosphericaerosolconcentrationswhichcanbealteredeitherbyvolcanicactionortheburningoffossilfuels.Radiativeforcingsaretypicallyspecifiedforthepurposeoftheoreticalglobalclimatesimulations.Incontrastradiativefeedbacksareenvironmentalchangesresultingfromclimatechangesandarecalculatedfromscientificobservation.Radiativefeedbacksincludechangesinsuchphenomenaascloudsatmosphericwatervaporsea-icecoverandsnowcover. Theinterplaybetweenforcingsandfeedbackscanbequitecomplex.Forexampleanincreaseintheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervaporincreasessolarirradiancetherebywarmingtheatmosphereandinturnincreasingevaporationandtheconcentrationofatmosphericwatervapor.Arelatedexampleofthiscomplexinterplayalsoshowstheuncertaintyoffutureclimaticchangesassociatedwithforcingsandfeedbacks.ScientistsareunsurehowthereductionofozonewillultimatelyaffectcloudsandinturntheEarthtemperature.Cloudstrapoutgoingcoolingradiationtherebyprovidingawarminginfluence.Howevertheyalsoreflectincomingsolarradiationandthusprovideacoolinginfluence.CurrentsmeasurementsindicatethattheneteffectofcloudsistocooltheEarth.Howeverscientistsdonotknowhowthebalancemightshiftinthefutureascloudformationanddispersionareaffectedbyozonereduction. Contributingtothisuncertaintyisthecomplexityofthemechanismsatworkintheprocessofozonereduction.Theamountofradiationreachingtheearth’’ssurfaceandtheamountofreradiatedradiationthatistrappedbythegreenhouseeffectinfluencetheEarth’’stemperatureinoppositedirections.Bothmechanismsareaffectedbytheverticaldistributionofozone.Alsotherelativeimportanceofthesetwocompetingmechanismsdependsonthealtitudeatwhichozonechangesoccur.InarecentNASA-sponsoredaircraftstudyoftheAntarcticozoneholechlorinemonoxidewasmeasuredatvaryingaltitudes.Themeasurementssuggestthatchlorineplaysagreaterroleandoxidesofnitrogenalesserrolethanpreviouslythoughtinthedestructionofozoneintheloweratmosphere.Thestudyconcludedthatsimultaneoushigh-resolutionmeasurementsatmanydifferentaltitudesonthescaleof0.1kilometerinverticalextentarenecessarytodiagnosetheoperativemechanisms.Thesefindingshavecalledintoquestionconventionalexplanationsforozonereductionwhichfailtoadequatelyaccountforthenewevidence.NASA=NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration国家航空航天局 Accordingtothetextdecreasedevaporationismostlikelytobringabout
Therewillbeasteadytrendtowardvegetarianism.Agivenquantityofgroundcanprovideplantfoodformanoritcanprovideplantfoodforanimalswhicharelaterkilledformeat. Inconvertingthetissuesoffoodintothetissuesofthefeederupto90percentisusedforreasonsotherthantissuemaintenanceandgrowth.Thismeansthatonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofhumantissue―whileonehundredpoundsofplantfoodwillsupporttenpoundsofanimaltissuewhichwillthensupportonepoundofhumantissue.Inotherwordslanddevotedtoplantfoodwillsupporttentimesasmanyhumanbeingsaslanddevotedtoanimalfood. Itisthisfarmorethanfoodpreferencesorreligiousdirectionsthatforcesovercrowdedpopulationsintovegetarianism.AnditwillbethedirectioninwhichtheUnitedStatesof2001willbemoving―notbypresidentialorderbutthroughtheforceofasteadyriseinmeatpricesascomparedwithotherkindsoffood. Thisinturnwillcomeaboutbecauseourherdswilldecreaseasthefooddemandcausesmoreandmoremeadowtobeturnedtofarmlandandaslandproducingcornandotheranimalfoodisconvertedtoprovidingfooddirectlyforman. Anotherpointisthatitisnotonlyenergythatisinshortsupply.Ashortageofoilmeansashortageofplastics;ashortageofelectricitymeansashortageofaluminium.Wearealsoexperiencingashortageofpaperandmostotherrawmaterials. Thismeansthatforonethingourgenerosityinwrappingbaggingandpackagingwillhavetorecede.Therewillhavetobeatleastapartialreturninsupermarketstotheolddayswheregoodsweresuppliedinbulkandgivenoutinbagstoorder.Itmayevenbecomenecessarytoreturnbagsasweoncereturnedbottlesorpayfornewones. Adeclineinper-capitaenergyusewillmakeitnecessarytoresorttohumanmuscleagainsothatthedeliverymanwillmakeacomebackhispriceaddedtothatofthefoodofcourse.Sinceenergyshortageswillcauseunemploymentinmanysectorsoftheeconomytherewillbeidlehandstodothemanualworkthatwillbecomenecessary. Fromanenergy-savingstandpointitwouldmakefarmoresensetoorderbyphoneandhaveasingletruckdeliverfoodtomanyhomesthanforamemberofeachhometodriveanautomobileround-triptopickupaone-familyfoodsupply. Tobesureitwillnotallberetrogression.EvenassumingthatEarthisinadesperatebattleofsurvivalthroughacrisisofstillrisingpopulationanddwindlingenergyreservesthereshouldstillcontinuetobetechnologicaladvancesinthosedirectionsthatdon’’tdependonwastefulbulkuseofenergy.Therewillbecontinuingadvancesinthedirectionofsophisticationinotherwords. .Theauthorseesthepositiveeffectofenergycrisisinits
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Maybeit’’sasignofamaturemindwhensomeoflife’’sbiggerquestions-aboutlovefaithambition-suddenlyseemmoremanageablethansmalleronessuchas:WhydidIjustopentherefrigeratorWhereonearthdidIputmykeysWheredidIwritedownthatphonenumber Ourcapacityforstoringandrecallinginformationdoesnotstreamdownlikesandthroughanhourglassasneurologistsoncebelieved.Onthecontrarynewresearchsuggeststhatwhenstimulatedintherightwaybrainsofalmostanyagecangivebirthtocellsandforgefreshpathwaystofileawaynewinformation.Thisemergingpicturehasnotonlyencouragedthosewhotreatandcareforthe5%ofolderadultswhohavedementia痴呆症suchasAlzheimer’’sdiseasebutalsogeneratedawaveofoptimismamongthosestudyingmemorychangesintheother95%aswellasanincreasingpublicfascinationwithmemoryenhancementdietarysupplementsbooksandbrain-improvingtechniques. Theslightfailuresofmemorythatmanyofusattributetoafailingbrainareoftenduetosomethingentirelydifferent:anxietysleepproblemsdepressionevenheartdisease.Thebiologicalnutsandboltsoflearningandmemoryinfactchangelittleovertimeinhealthypeopleresearcherssay.There’’sverylittlecelllossandstructurallyallthemachineryisthereevenverylateinlifesaidaneuroscientistGregCole.It’’sthecells’’speedandabilitytosendandreceivesignalsthatdiminishgraduallywhichiswhatmakesthemindgoblankwhentryingtorecallfamiliarwordsandnames. Formorethanadecaderesearchershaveknownthatpeoplewhohaveactiveintellectuallychallenginglivesarelesslikelytodevelopdementiathanthosewhodonot.Partofthisdifferenceisattributabletointelligencesomedoctorsbelieve:Themoreyoustartwiththelongerittakestoloseit.Andnewevidencesuggeststhattheactofusingyourbrainisinitselfprotectivenomatterwhoyouare. AlloftheactivitiessuchasreadingnewspaperswatchingTVplayinggamesetc.canimprovepeople’’sscoresonstandardtestsmeasuringrecallofnumbersandnamesexpertssay.Theyalsoacknowledgehoweverthatthereisabigdifferencebetweenplayingchesswithafriendanddoingamentalexercisesuchasmemorizingnumbers.Oneisanorganicpartofaperson’’slifetheotherapurelyintellectualexercisedoneinisolation.Thefirstisfun;thesecondoftenisatiringtask. Accordingtothetextadultpersonsusually
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABt2orDonANSWERSHEETI.BlackdeaththatdroveNewtonfromhiscollegeandintoamomentousdiscovery1Englandin1665.Astronomicalrecordsofthetimeshowthat2wasayearofintensesun-spotactivityandstudiesofannualtree3whicharewiderwhenthesunisdisturbed4thattheterribleplagueof1348was5accompaniedbyanactivesun.Thissoundsincredible6wenowhaveevidencethatthesunhasadirecteffectonsomeofourbody7.Over120000testsmadeonpeopleinaBlackSea8tomeasurethenumberoflymphocytesintheirblood.Thesesmallcellsnormally9between20and25percentofman’swhitebloodcellsbutinyearsofgreatsolaractivitythis10decreases.Therewasabiffdropduringthesunspotyearsof1986and1987andnumberofpeople11fromdiseasescausedbyalymphocytedeficiency12doubledduringthetremendoussolarexplosionofFebruary1986.Manyofthebody’s13seemtobeinfluencedbysun-inducedchangesintheearth’smagnetic14.Ifthisissoone15tofindthatthenervoussystemwhichdependsonelectricalstimuliwouldbethemost16.Astudyof5580coal—mineaccidents17theRuhrrivershowsthatmostoccurredonthedayfollowingsolaractivity.StudiesoftrafficaccidentsinRussiaandinGermanyshowthattheseincreasebyasmuchasfour18theaverageondaysafterthe19ofasolarflare.Thissuggeststhataccidentsmaybe20adisturbancedeeperthanasimpledecreaseinreactiontime.Theseresultsmakeitclearthatmanisamongotherthingsaremarkablysensitiveliving.sundial. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEETI.Text1In1967inresponsetowidespreadpublicconcernarousedbymedicalreportsofasbestosthatrelateddeathstheNationalMedicalResearchCouncilorganizedacommitteeofenquirytoinvestigatethehealththreatsassociatedwiththeuseofasbestosinthebuildingindustry.AfterexaminingevidencesprovidedbymedicalresearchersandbuildingworkersandmanagementtheCouncilpublishedareportwhichincludedadvicesfordealingwithasbestos.ThereportconfirmedthefindingsofsimilarresearchintheUnitedStatesandCanada.Exposuretorelativelysmallquantitiesofasbestosfiberstheyconcludedwasdirectlyresponsibleforthedevelopmentofcancersasbestosisandrelateddiseases.TakingintoaccountevidenceprovidedbyeconomistsandbuildingindustrymanagementhoweverthereportassumedthatdespitetheavailabilityofothermaterialsasbestoswouldcontinuetoplayamajorroleintheBritishbuildingindustryformanyyearstocomebecauseofitsavailabilityandlowcost.Asaresultthecouncilgaveaseriesofrecommendationswhichwereintendedtoreducetheriskstothosewhomightbeexposedtoasbestosinworkingenvironments.Theyrecommendedthatwherepossibleasbestosfreematerialsshouldbeemployed.Incaseswhereasbestoswasemployeditwasrecommendedthatitshouldbeusedinsuchawaythatloosefibreswerelesslikelytoentertheair.Thereportrecommendedthatspecialcareshouldbetakenduringworkinenvironmentswhichcontainasbestos.Workersshouldwearprotectiveequipmentandtakespecialcaretoremovedustfromtheenvironmentandclothingwiththeuseofvacuumcleaner.Thereportidentifiedfivefactorswhichdeterminethelevelofriskinvolved.Thestateandtype-ofasbestosiscriticaltodeterminingtheriskfactors.Inadditiondustformationwasfoundtobelimitedwheretheasbestoswasusedwhenwetratherthandry.Thechoiceoftoolswasalsofoundtoaffectthequantitiesofasbestosparticlesthatentertheair.Machinetoolsproducegreaterquantitiesofdustthanhandtoolsandwherepossibletheuseofthelatterwasrecommended.Acriticalfactortakesplaceinriskreductionistheadequateventilationoftheworkingenvironment.Whenworktakesplaceinanenclosedspacemoreasbestosparticlescirculateanditwasthereforerecommendedthatnaturalormachineventilationshouldbeused.Bycloselyfollowingtheseadvicesitwasclaimedthatexposurecanbereducedtoareasonablypracticalminimum. Evidencefromtheeconomistsandthebuildingindustriesshowsthat
Text2Agoodmarriagemeansgrowingasacouplebutalsogrowingasindividuals.Thisisn’teasymarriagehasalwaysbeendifficult.Whythenareweseeingsomanydivorcesatthistime7Yesourmodernsocialfabricisthinandyesthepermissivenessofsocietyhascreatedunrealisticexpectationsandthrownthefamilyintodisorder.Butdivorceissocommonbe-causepeopletodayareunwillingtoexercisetheself-disciplinethatmarriagerequires.TheyexpecteasyjoyliketheentertainmentonTVthethrillofagoodparty.Marriagetakessomekindofsacrificenetdreadfulself-sacrificeofthesoulbutsomelevelofcompromise.Someofone’sfantasiessomeofone’slegitimatedesireshavetobegivenupforthevalueofthemarriageitself."Whileallmaritalpartnersfeelshackledattimesitistheywhoreallychoosetomakethemaritaltiesintoconfiningchainsorsupportingbends"saysDr.Whitaker.Marriagerequiressexualfinancialandemotionaldiscipline.Amanandawomancannotfolloweveryimpulsecannotallowthemselvestostopgrowingorchanging.Adivorceisnotanevilact.Sometimesitprovidessalvation拯救forpeoplewhohavegrownhopelesslyapartorwerefrozeninpatternsofpainormutualunhappiness.Divorcecanbelikethefirstcutofthesurgeon’sknifeasteptowardnewhealthandagoodlife.Ontheotherhandifthepartnerscanstaypastthebreakingupoftheromanticmythsintothedevelopmentofrealloveandintimacytheyhaveachievedaworkasamazingasthegreatestcathedrals教堂oftheworld.Marriagesthatdonotfailbutimprovethatpersistdespiteimperfectionsarenotonlyrarethesedaysbutofferawondrousshelterinwhichthefaceofourmutualhumanitycansafelyshowitself. InParagraph2thewordshackledmeans
热门题库
更多
高考生物
高考政治
高考历史
国家统考科目
香港法概论
反间谍法
__学
合同法
证据学
民事诉讼法学
民法学
刑法学
消费者权益保护法
法理学
竞争法
国际公法
湘公网安备 43130202000226号