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下列激素中，哪一种是肽类激素
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β-内腓肽与下列哪一种激素的前体相同
促肾上腺皮质激素
松果体素
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去甲肾上腺素
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下列激素中哪一种属于胺类激素
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下列哪一种物质不属于生物活性肽
加压素
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促肾上腺皮质激素
促甲状腺素释放激素
血红素
下列哪一种物质不是生物活性肽
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加压素
脑啡肽
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促甲状腺素释放激素
下列哪一种诱导方式使胃腺分泌胃液的量最多
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通过通过肠促侇肽的激素诱导
下列激素中哪一种不是腺垂体分泌的
生长激素
促黄体激素
促滤泡激素
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下列激素中哪一种不是含氮激素
生长激素
肾上腺素
胰岛素
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下列激素中哪一种不是促激素
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Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 44
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冯某找到在某国有公司任出纳员的朋友程某提出向该公司借款10万元用于购买毒品并许诺出售毒品获利后给程某好处费程某便擅自从自己管理的公司款项中借给冯某10万元冯某拿到10万元后便从外地购得毒品若干然后在本地出售出售一部分后冯某便送给程某3万元好处费冯某后来在出售毒品的过程中被公安人员抓获后程某也被司法机关抓获归案关于挪用公司10万元的行为下列哪些说法是错误的
HenriMatisseoriginallytrainedasalawyerturningtoartwhilstrecoveringfromappendicitis.46InitiallyseducedbytheImpressionistsandinparticularbyCezanneMatissebroughttogetheracircleoflike-mindedartistswhobecameknownastheFauvestheBeastsaftertheirsensationalexhibitionof.1905.TheseearlypaintingsrevealedanintuitiveandexplosivecoloursensewhichwastobecomethedefiningfeatureofMatisse’slongcareer.47Believingarttobe’"somethinglikeagoodarmchairinwhichonerestsfromphysicalfatigue"hewasdedicatedtoproducingworkthatexpressedaharmonyclosetoamusicalcomposition.48TherearetwoversionsofLaDanseoriginallyproducedwithanotherenormouspanelentitledMusiqueforaRussiancollector.DancewasapopulartopicatthetimeasDiaghilevandtheRussianBallethadjustvisitedParis.49Despiteorbecauseofthesimplificationofcolourformandlinethefiguresappeartobefulloflife.Matissemadesculpturesdesignedsetsandcostumesandillustratedbooks.50Hewasalsoanimportantgraphicartistwhoinhisbed-riddenfinalyearsevolvedhisownmethodofarrangingcut-outpapershapes.Heisindisputablythegreatestdecorativeartistofthetwentiethcentury. TherearetwoversionsofLaDanseoriginallyproducedwithanotherenormouspanelentitledMusiqueforaRussiancollector.
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultination-aldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways. Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEu-ropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPo-landonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter. DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvoterspro-testedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionas"wrecking’’theEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtothe"awkwardsquad".ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion. ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters. ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals. ItisimpliedinthetextthatthedepartureofEuroscepticsandtrouble-makersfromtheEuropeanParliament
根据刑法的规定司法工作人员贪赃枉法同时构成徇私枉法罪和受贿罪的
甲乙共同盗窃乙在现场望风甲窃取丙的现金3000元．丙发现后立即追赶甲和乙甲逃脱乙被丙抓住后对丙使用暴力致丙轻伤甲与乙的行为构成何罪
ItmaybejustaswellforOxfordUniversity’sreputationthatthisweek’smeetingofCongregationits3552-stronggoverningbodywasheldinsecretfortheairofcivilizedrationalitythatisgenerallysupposedtopervadedonnishconversationhaslatelyturnedfractious.That’sbecausethevice-chancellorthenearestthingtheplacehastoachiefexecutivehasproposedthemostfundamentalreformstotheuniversitysincetheestablishmentofthecollegesystemin1249;andalotofthedonsandcollegesdon’tlikeit. ThetroublewithOxfordisthatitisunmanageable.Itsproblems—thedifficultyofrecruitinggooddonsandofgettingridofbadonesconcernsaboutacademicstandardsseveremoneyworriesatsomecolleges—allspringfromthat.JohnHoodwhowasrecruitedasvice-chancellorfromtheUniversityofAucklandandisnowprobablythemost-hatedantipodeaninBritishacademiclifereckonsheknowshowtosolvethisandhasproposedtoreducethepowerofdonsandcollegesandincreasethatofuniversityadministrators. Mr.Hoodisrightthattheuniversity’smanagementstructureneedsanoverhaul.Butradicalthoughhisproposalsseemtothoseinvolvedinthecurrentrowtheydonotgofarenough.ThedifficultyofmanagingOxfordstemsonlypartlyfromthenuttinessofitssystemofgovernance;themorefundamentalproblemliesinitsrelationshipwiththegovernment.That’swhyMr.Hoodshouldadoptanideathatwasonceregardedasteeteringonthelunaticfringeofradicalismbutthesedaysisdiscussedeveninpolitecircles.Theideaisindependence. Oxfordgetsaround￡5000$9500perundergraduateperyearfromthegovernment.Inreturnitacceptsthatitcanchargestudentsonly~1150risingto~3000nextyearontopofthat.Sinceitprobablycostsatleast~10000ayeartoteachanundergraduatethatleavesOxfordwithadeficitof~4000orsoperstudenttocoverfromitsownfunds. IfOxforddeclaredindependenceitwouldlosethe~52mundergraduatesubsidyatleast.CoulditfilltheholeCertainly.America’stopuniversitieschargearound￡20000perstudentperyear.Thedifficultissuewouldnotbemoneyalone:itwouldbebalancingnumbersofnot-so-brilliantrichpeoplepayingtopwhackwiththeclevererpooreronestheywerecrosssubsidising.America’stopuniversitiesmanageit:highfeesmeanbetterteachingwhichkeepscompetitionhotandacademicstandardshighwhileluringenoughdonationstoprovidebursariesforthepoor.ItshouldbeeasiertoextractmoneyfromalumniifOxfordwerenolongerstate-funded. Itisimpliedinthethirdparagraphthat
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultination-aldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways. Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEu-ropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPo-landonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter. DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvoterspro-testedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionas"wrecking’’theEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtothe"awkwardsquad".ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion. ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters. ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals. Therelationshipbetweentheopeningparagraphandtherestoftextisthat
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks.MarkyouranswersonAN-SWERSHEET1. AmongthecelebratedpantheonofHollywoodroyaltyfewareaswell-respectedanduniversallyadoredasGregoryPeck.Formorethanfiftyyearshehasbeenamajorpresenceinthetheaterontelevisionandmostimportantlyonthebigscreen.41______AsGeneralMacArthurMelville’sCaptainAhabandAtticusFinchhehaspresentedaudienceswithcompellingstoriesofstrengthandmasculinity. EldredGregoryPeckwasbornonApril51916inLaJollaCalifornia.Bythetimehewassixhisparentshaddivorced.Foranumberofyearshelivedwithhismaternalgrandmotherbutattheageoftenwas’senttoSt.John’sMilitaryAcademyinLosAngeles.Thefouryearshespenttherewereimportantinforminghissenseofpersonaldiscipline.AftertheAcademyhereturnedtolivewithhisfatheralocalpharmacistandtoattendpublichighschool. 42______.Therehisabilitieswerealmostimmediatelyrecognized.In1942PeckmadehisdebutonBroadwaywithTheMorningStar.ThoughmanyofhisearlyplaysweredoomedtoshortrunsitseemedclearthatPeckwasdestinedforsomethingbigger.In1944that"somethingbigger"arrivedintheformofhisfirsttwo HollywoodrolesasVladimirinDaysofGloryandFatherFrancisChisholminTheKeysoftheKingdom. 43______.ThisearlysuccessprovidedhimtherareopportunityofworkingwiththebestdirectorsinHollywood.OverthenextthreeyearsheappearedinAlfredHitchcock’sSpellbound1945KingVidor’sDuelintheSun1946andEtiaKazan’sGentleman’sAgreement1947.DespiteconcernsoverpublicacceptanceofthelastoneameditationonAmericananti-SemitismitsurprisedmanybywinninganOscarforBestPictureandanominationforBestActor.ThissuccessseemednotonlyavalidationofPeck’sabilitiesasanartistbutofhismoralconvictionsaswell. 44______.Toughandcaringhewasthequintessentialmid-centuryAmericanman—thegood-lookingromanticleadacrossfromAudreyHepburnaswellastheruggedWorldWar1Ibombercommander.Formanytheactorandthecharactersheportrayedwereinseparable;theauthorityofhispassionateyetfirmdemeanorwasattractivetopost-warAmericanswholongedforamorestabletime. 45______. WhilecontinuingtoactontelevisionandinHollywoodthroughoutthe19805and19905Peckhasfocusedmuchofhisenergyonspendingtimewithhiswifechildrenandgrandchildren.ForPecklifeasafatherandasapublicfigurehavebeeninseparable;hewassimultaneouslyamajorvoiceagainsttheVietnamwarwhileremainingapatrioticsupporterofbissonwhowasfightingthere.IfyearsofbreathinglifeintocharacterssuchasCaptainKeithMalloryandGeneralMacArthurtaughthimanythingitwasthatlifeduringwartimewasprofoundlycomplex;andrarelybastherebeenatimefreefromwarorstruggle.InhismorethanfiftyfilmsPeckhascontinuallyattemptedtoinvestigatethesecomplexstrugglesandindoingsohascreatedalibraryofstoriesthatshedlightonhumanpossibilityandsocialreality. [A]Thoughanamiableandfun-lovingmanathomePeck’ssternpresencemadehimoneofthescreen’sgreatpatriarchs. [B]FormanyPeckisasymboloftheAmericanmanathisbest—apillarofmoralcourageandaconstantdefenderoftraditionalvalues. [C]Duringthe19605and19705PeckcontinuedtochallengehimselfasanactorappearinginthrillerswarfilmswesternsandinbisbestknownfilmToKillAMockingbird1962.BasedonthebookbyHarperLeeToKillAMockingbirdaddressesproblemsofracismandnoraljusticeinpersonalandpowerfulways.AsAtticnsFinchalawyerinasmallSoutherntownPeckcreatedacharacterthatremainsagreatexampleofanindividual’sstruggleforhumanitywithindeeplyinhumaneconditions.ItseemsclearhoweverthatthereasonforPeck’sconstantassertionthatToKillAMockingbirdishisbestandfavoritefihnwasthefilm’sattentiontothelivesofchildrenandtheimportanceoffamily. [D]GregoryPeckpassedawayonJune12th2003attheageof87. [E]WhileDaysofGlorywascoollyreceivedhisroleasthetaciturnScottishmissionaryinTheKeysoftheKingdomwasaresoundingtriumphandbroughthimhisfirstOs-carnominationforBestActor. [F]AftergraduatingPeckenrolledattheUniversityofCaliforniaBerkeley.Greatlyinfluencedbyhisfather’sdesiresforhimtobeadoctorPeckbeganasapremedstudent.Bythetimehewasaseniorhoweverhefoundhisrealintereststobeinwritingandacting.Peeksoonrealizedthathehadanaturalgiftasbothanexpressiveactorandastoryteller.Aftergraduatingin1939hechangedhisnamefromE1dredtoGregoryandmovedtoNewYork. [G]At85Peckturnedhisattentionbacktowherehegothisstartthestage.Hetraveledthecountryvisitingsmallplayhousesandcollegesspeakingabouthislifeandexperiencesasafatheracelebrityandasanactor. 42
HenriMatisseoriginallytrainedasalawyerturningtoartwhilstrecoveringfromappendicitis.46InitiallyseducedbytheImpressionistsandinparticularbyCezanneMatissebroughttogetheracircleoflike-mindedartistswhobecameknownastheFauvestheBeastsaftertheirsensationalexhibitionof.1905.TheseearlypaintingsrevealedanintuitiveandexplosivecoloursensewhichwastobecomethedefiningfeatureofMatisse’slongcareer.47Believingarttobe’"somethinglikeagoodarmchairinwhichonerestsfromphysicalfatigue"hewasdedicatedtoproducingworkthatexpressedaharmonyclosetoamusicalcomposition.48TherearetwoversionsofLaDanseoriginallyproducedwithanotherenormouspanelentitledMusiqueforaRussiancollector.DancewasapopulartopicatthetimeasDiaghilevandtheRussianBallethadjustvisitedParis.49Despiteorbecauseofthesimplificationofcolourformandlinethefiguresappeartobefulloflife.Matissemadesculpturesdesignedsetsandcostumesandillustratedbooks.50Hewasalsoanimportantgraphicartistwhoinhisbed-riddenfinalyearsevolvedhisownmethodofarrangingcut-outpapershapes.Heisindisputablythegreatestdecorativeartistofthetwentiethcentury. Hewasalsoanimportantgraphicartistwhoinhisbed-riddenfinalyearsevolvedhisownmethodofarrangingcut-outpapershapes.
Electionsoftentellyoumoreaboutwhatpeopleareagainstthanwhattheyarefor.SoitiswiththeEuropeanonesthattookplacelastweekinall25EuropeanUnionmembercountries.Theseelectionswidelytrumpetedastheworld’sbiggest-evermultination-aldemocraticvotewerefoughtforthemostpartas25separatenationalcontestswhichmakesittrickytopickoutmanycommonthemes.Butthestrongestareundoubtedlynegative.Europe’svotersareangryanddisillusioned—andtheyhavedemonstratedtheirangeranddisillusioninthreemainways. Themostobviouswasbyabstaining.Theaverageoverallturnoutwasjustover45%bysomemarginthelowesteverrecordedforelectionstotheEuropeanParliament.Andthataveragedisguisessomebigvariations:Italyforexamplenotchedupover70%butSwedenmanagedonly37%.MostdepressingofallatleasttobelieversintheEuropeanprojectwastheextremelylowvoteinmanyofthenewmembercountriesfromcentralEu-ropewhichaccountedforthewholeofthefallinturnoutsince1999.InthebiggestPo-landonlyjustoverafifthoftheelectorateturnedouttovote.OnlyayearagocentralEuropeansvotedinlargenumberstojointheEUwhichtheydidonMay1st.ThattheyabstainedinsuchlargenumbersintheEuropeanelectionspointstoearlydisillusionwiththeEuropeanUnion—aswellastoawidespreadfeelingsharedintheoldmembercountriesaswellthattheEuropeanParliamentdoesnotmatter. DisillusionwithEuropewasalsoabigfactorinthesecondwayinwhichvoterspro-testedwhichwasbysupportingaragbagofpopulistnationalistandexplicitlyanti-EUparties.Theserangedfromthe16%whobackedtheUKIndependencePartywhosedeclaredpolicyistowithdrawfromtheEUandwhoseleadersseetheirmissionas"wrecking’’theEuropeanParliamenttothe14%whovotedforSweden’sJunelistandthe27%ofPoleswhobackedoneoftwoanti-EUpartiestheLeagueofCatholicFamiliesandSelfdefence.TheseresultshavereturnedmanymoreEuroscepticsandtrouble-makerstotheparliament:onsomemeasuresoveraquarterofthenewMEPSwillbelongtothe"awkwardsquad".ThatisnotabadthinghoweverforitwillmaketheparliamentmorerepresentativeofEuropeanpublicopinion. ButitisthethirdtargetofEuropeanvoters’irethatisperhapsthemostimmediatelysignificant:thefactthatinmanyEUcountriesoldandnewtheychosetovoteheavilyagainsttheirowngovernments.Thisanti-incumbentvotewasstrongalmosteverywherebutitwasmostpronouncedinBritaintheCzechRepublicGermanyPolandandSweden.TheleadersofallthefourbiggestEuropeanUnioncountriesTonyBlairinBritainJacquesChiracinFranceGerhardSchroderinGermanyandSilvioBerlusconiinItalywereeachgivenabloodynosebytheirvoters. ThebigquestionnowishowEurope’sleadersshouldrespondtothis.ByasublimeorterriblecoincidencesoonaftertheelectionsandjustasTheEconomistwasgoingtopresstheyweregatheringinBrusselsforacrucialsummitatwhichtheyareduetoagreeanewconstitutionaltreatyfortheEUandtoselectanewpresidentfortheEuropeanCommission.GoingintothemeetingmostEUheadsofgovernmentseemeddeterminedtopressaheadwiththisagendaregardlessoftheEuropeanelections—eventhoughtheatmosphereaftertheresultsmaymakeitharderforthemtostrikedeals. Itisimpliedintheconcludingparagraphthat
"Youarenotheretotellmewhattodo.YouareheretotellmewhyIhavedonewhatIhavealreadydecidedtodo"MontaguNormantheBankofEngland’slongest-servinggovernor1920-1944isreputedtohaveoncetoldhiseconomicadviser.To-daythankfullycentralbanksaimtobemoretransparentintheirdecisionmakingaswellasmorerational.Butachievingeitherofthesethingsisnotalwayseasy.WiththemostlaudableofintentionstheFederalReserveAmerica’scentralbankmaybeabouttotakeastepthatcouldbackfire. UnliketheFedmanyothercentralbankshavelongdeclaredexplicitinflationtar-gelsandthensetinterestratestotrytomeetthese.SomeeconomistshavearguedthattheFedshoulddothesame.WithAlanGreenspantheFed’smuch-respectedchairmanduetoretirenextyear—afteramere18yearsinthejob—someFedofficialswanttoadoptatargetpresumablytomaintainthecentralbank’scredibilityinthescarynewpost-Greenspanera.TheFeddiscussedsuchatargetatitsFebruarymeetingaccordingtominutespublishedthisweek.Thissoundsencouraging.HowevertheFedisconsideringtheideajustwhensomeothercentralbanksarebeginningtoquestionwhetherstrictinflationtargetingreallyworks. Atpresentcentralbanksfocusalmostexclusivelyonconsumer-priceindices.OnthismeasureMr.Greenspancanboastthatinflationremainsundercontrol.Butsomecentralbankersnowarguethatthepricesofassetssuchashousesandsharesshouldalsosome-howbetakenintoaccount.AbroadpriceindexforAmericawhichincludeshousepricesiscurrentlyrunningat5.5%itsfastestpacesince1982.Inflationhassimplytakenadifferentform. ShouldcentralbanksalsotrytocurbincreasesinsuchassetpricesMr.Greenspancontinuestoinsistthatmonetarypolicyshouldnotbeusedtoprickasset-pricebubbles.Identifyingbubblesisdifficultexceptinretrospecthesaysandinterestratesareabluntweapon:anincreasebigenoughtohaltrisingpricescouldtriggerarecession.Itisbetterhesaystowaitforahousingorstockmarketbubbletoburstandthentocushiontheeconomybycuttinginterestrates—ashedidin2001-2002.Andyettheriskisnotjustthatassetpricescangoswiftlyintoreverse.Aswithtraditionalinflationsurgingassetpricesalsodistortpricesignalsandsocancauseamisallocationofresources—encouragingtoolittlesavingforexampleortoomuchinvestmentinhousing.Surginghousepricesmaythereforeargueforhigherinterestratesthanconventionalinflationwoulddemand.Inotherwordsstrictinflationtargeting—thefadofthe1990s—istoocrude. ThewordminutesLine6Paragraph2mostprobablymeans
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