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The mid-sixties saw the start of a project that, along with other similar research, was to teach us ...
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AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 5
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.WhatabouttheconstitutionalbanonreligioustestsforpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralpersonfindingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexerciseEvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasisonJudeo-Christianvalues.ItwashewhowroteWehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart.GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.ThewallofseparationtheFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-ChristiantraditionasthemostbloodyreligionthateverexistedandthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross.Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.JeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewtoquestionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod.JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace.Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethatgovernmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyaretolimitedgovernmentoughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtotheauthor
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereportedchokingwithemotion.Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls.Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedreadnightmareofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcorneaThecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.Accordingtothetextwhatconcernstheauthormostisthe______withrespecttocloningtechnique.
Anynormalspecieswouldbedelightedattheprospectofcloning.NomorenastysurpriseslikesicklecellorDownsyndrome--justbatchafterbatchofhigh-gradeandgeneticallyspeakingimmortaloffspring!ButrepresentativesofthehumanspeciesarerespondingasifsomeonehadproposedaddingSatanismtothegrade-schoolCurriculum.Suddenlyperfectlysecularfolksarethrowingaroundwordslikesanctityandretrievingmedieval-eraargumentsagainsttheprideofscience.Noonehasproposedburninghimatthestakebutthepoorfellowwhoinducedahumanembryotodoubleitselfhasvirtuallyrecantedproclaiminghisreverenceforhumanlifeinavoicethismagazinereportedchokingwithemotion.Thereisanelementofhypocrisytomuchoftheanti-cloningfurororifnothypocrisysuperstition.Thefactiswearealreadywelldownthepathleadingtogeneticmanipulationofthecreepiestsort.Life-formscanbepatentedwhichmeanstheycanbeboughtandsoldandpotentiallytradedonthecommoditiesmarkets.Humanembryosarelife-formsandthereisnothingtostopanyonefrommarketingthemnowonthesameshelfwiththeCabbagePatchdolls.Infactanyculturethatencouragesinvitrofertilizationhasnorighttocomplainaboutamarketinembryos.Theassumptionbehindtheinvitroindustryisthatsomepeople’sgeneticmaterialisworthmorethanothers’anddeservestobereproducedatanyexpense.Millionsoflow-incomebabiesdieeveryyearfrompreventableillslikedysenterywhileheroiceffortsgointomaintainingyuppiezygotesintesttubesattheunicellularstage.Thisisthedreadnightmareofeugenicsinfamiliarmarketplaceformwhichinvolvesbreedingthebest-paidinsteadofthebest.Cloningtechnologyisanalmostinevitablebyproductofinvitrofertilization.Onceyoudecidetogotothetroubleofinvitrowithitspotentiallyhazardousmegadosesofhormonesforthefemalepartnerandvariousindignitiesforthemaleyoumightaswellmakeafewbackupcopiesofanyviableembryothat’sproduced.Andonceyou’vegotthebackuporgancopieswhynotkeepafewinthefreezerincaseJunioreverneedsanewkidneyorcorneaThecriticsofcloningsayweshouldknowwhatwe’regettingintowithallitsOrwellianimplications.Butifwedecidetooutlawcloningweshouldunderstandtheimplicationsofthat.Wewouldbesayingineffectthatweprefertoleavegeneticdestinytothecrapshootingofnaturedespitesickle-cellanemiaandTay-Sachsandalltherestbecauseultimatelywedon’ttrustthemarkettoregulatelifeitself.Andthismaybethehardestthingofalltoacknowledge:thatitisn’tsomuch21stcenturytechnologywefearaswhatwillhappentothattechnologyinthehandsofold-fashioned20thcenturycapitalism.Itisimpliedinthe3rdparagraphthatitis
HereintheU.S.aprojectofmovingthegovernmentafewhundredmilestothesouthwestproceedsapaceunderthesupervisionofSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia.ApartfromtheusualhighwaysandparksByrdhastakenaspecialinterestintransplantingpiecesoffederalagenciesfrommetropolitanWashingtontohishomestate.StrangelyByrd’slittleexperimentinde-WashingtonizationhasbecomethefocusofoutrageamongtheverypeoplewhoareotherwisemostcriticalofWashingtonanditsways.Tothesecriticsitistheverysymbolofcongressionalarroganceofpowerisolationfromrealitycontemptforthevotersandsoonanddemonstratestheneedfortermlimitsifnotlynching.Considerthegood-governmentadvantagesoflet’scallittheByrdMigration.WhatbetterwaytosymbolizeanendtotheoldwaysandcommitmenttoreformthanphysicallymovingthegovernmentWhatbetterwaytobreakupoldbureaucraciesthantouprootandtransplantthemfilesandallSecondspreadingthegovernmentaroundabitoughttoreducethatself-feedingandselfregardingBeltwayculturethatWashington-phobesclaimtodislikesomuch.Ofcoursethereisagooddealofhypocrisyinthisanti-Washingtonchatter.MuchofitcomesfrompoliticiansandjournalistswhohavespentmostoftheiradultlivesinWashingtonandwouldn’tcaretoliveanywhereelse.TheyarenotrushingtoWestVirginiathemselvesexceptfortheoccasionalquaintrusticweekend.ButtheycantakecomfortthatpublicservantsattheBureauofthePublicDebtatleasthaveescapedtheperilsofinside-the-Beltwayinsularity.ThirdisSenatorByrd’srawspread-the-wealthphilosophy’completelyillegitimateTheFederalGovernmentandgovernment-relatedprivateenterpriseshavemademetropolitanWashingtononeoftherichestareasofthecountry.BycontrastWestVirginiaisthesecondpooreststateafterMississippi.Theentirecountry’staxessupportthegovernment.Whyshouldn’tmoreofthecountrygetapieceofitAsprivatebusinessesarediscoveringtheelectronicrevolutionismakingitlessandlessnecessaryforworktobecentralizedatheadquarters.There’snoreasonthegovernmentshouldn’ttakemoreadvantageofthistrendaswell.ItishardlyenoughthoughtoexpelafewthousandmidlevelbureaucratsfromtheallegedEdeninsidetheWashingtonBeltway.ReallypurgingtheWashingtonCultureenoughtosatisfyitsnoisiestcriticswillrequireamassexodusontheorderofwhattheKhmerRougeinstitutedwhentheytookoverPhnomPenhin1975.UntiltheverymembersoftheTIMEWashingtonbureauitselfaretraipsingsouthalong1-95theirwordprocessorsstrappedtotheirbacksthenationcannotresteasy.ButAmerica’swould-beKhmerRougeshouldgiveSenatorByrdmorecreditforshowingtheway.Itcaninferredfromthetextthatgovernmentbureaus
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 3
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike.IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness.Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon.HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners.ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas.U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood.StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo.WecanlearnfromthetextthatAmericanshaveahistoryof
HereintheU.S.aprojectofmovingthegovernmentafewhundredmilestothesouthwestproceedsapaceunderthesupervisionofSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia.ApartfromtheusualhighwaysandparksByrdhastakenaspecialinterestintransplantingpiecesoffederalagenciesfrommetropolitanWashingtontohishomestate.StrangelyByrd’slittleexperimentinde-WashingtonizationhasbecomethefocusofoutrageamongtheverypeoplewhoareotherwisemostcriticalofWashingtonanditsways.Tothesecriticsitistheverysymbolofcongressionalarroganceofpowerisolationfromrealitycontemptforthevotersandsoonanddemonstratestheneedfortermlimitsifnotlynching.Considerthegood-governmentadvantagesoflet’scallittheByrdMigration.WhatbetterwaytosymbolizeanendtotheoldwaysandcommitmenttoreformthanphysicallymovingthegovernmentWhatbetterwaytobreakupoldbureaucraciesthantouprootandtransplantthemfilesandallSecondspreadingthegovernmentaroundabitoughttoreducethatself-feedingandselfregardingBeltwayculturethatWashington-phobesclaimtodislikesomuch.Ofcoursethereisagooddealofhypocrisyinthisanti-Washingtonchatter.MuchofitcomesfrompoliticiansandjournalistswhohavespentmostoftheiradultlivesinWashingtonandwouldn’tcaretoliveanywhereelse.TheyarenotrushingtoWestVirginiathemselvesexceptfortheoccasionalquaintrusticweekend.ButtheycantakecomfortthatpublicservantsattheBureauofthePublicDebtatleasthaveescapedtheperilsofinside-the-Beltwayinsularity.ThirdisSenatorByrd’srawspread-the-wealthphilosophy’completelyillegitimateTheFederalGovernmentandgovernment-relatedprivateenterpriseshavemademetropolitanWashingtononeoftherichestareasofthecountry.BycontrastWestVirginiaisthesecondpooreststateafterMississippi.Theentirecountry’staxessupportthegovernment.Whyshouldn’tmoreofthecountrygetapieceofitAsprivatebusinessesarediscoveringtheelectronicrevolutionismakingitlessandlessnecessaryforworktobecentralizedatheadquarters.There’snoreasonthegovernmentshouldn’ttakemoreadvantageofthistrendaswell.ItishardlyenoughthoughtoexpelafewthousandmidlevelbureaucratsfromtheallegedEdeninsidetheWashingtonBeltway.ReallypurgingtheWashingtonCultureenoughtosatisfyitsnoisiestcriticswillrequireamassexodusontheorderofwhattheKhmerRougeinstitutedwhentheytookoverPhnomPenhin1975.UntiltheverymembersoftheTIMEWashingtonbureauitselfaretraipsingsouthalong1-95theirwordprocessorsstrappedtotheirbacksthenationcannotresteasy.ButAmerica’swould-beKhmerRougeshouldgiveSenatorByrdmorecreditforshowingtheway.Itisimpliedinthe4thparagraphthatsomepoliticiansandjournalists
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 17
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 1
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 19
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 9
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 11
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 7
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.WhatabouttheconstitutionalbanonreligioustestsforpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralpersonfindingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexerciseEvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasisonJudeo-Christianvalues.ItwashewhowroteWehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart.GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.ThewallofseparationtheFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-ChristiantraditionasthemostbloodyreligionthateverexistedandthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross.Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.JeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewtoquestionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod.JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace.Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethatgovernmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyaretolimitedgovernmentoughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth.WhenmentioningQuakerwomenPara.2theauthoristalkingabout
HereintheU.S.aprojectofmovingthegovernmentafewhundredmilestothesouthwestproceedsapaceunderthesupervisionofSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia.ApartfromtheusualhighwaysandparksByrdhastakenaspecialinterestintransplantingpiecesoffederalagenciesfrommetropolitanWashingtontohishomestate.StrangelyByrd’slittleexperimentinde-WashingtonizationhasbecomethefocusofoutrageamongtheverypeoplewhoareotherwisemostcriticalofWashingtonanditsways.Tothesecriticsitistheverysymbolofcongressionalarroganceofpowerisolationfromrealitycontemptforthevotersandsoonanddemonstratestheneedfortermlimitsifnotlynching.Considerthegood-governmentadvantagesoflet’scallittheByrdMigration.WhatbetterwaytosymbolizeanendtotheoldwaysandcommitmenttoreformthanphysicallymovingthegovernmentWhatbetterwaytobreakupoldbureaucraciesthantouprootandtransplantthemfilesandallSecondspreadingthegovernmentaroundabitoughttoreducethatself-feedingandselfregardingBeltwayculturethatWashington-phobesclaimtodislikesomuch.Ofcoursethereisagooddealofhypocrisyinthisanti-Washingtonchatter.MuchofitcomesfrompoliticiansandjournalistswhohavespentmostoftheiradultlivesinWashingtonandwouldn’tcaretoliveanywhereelse.TheyarenotrushingtoWestVirginiathemselvesexceptfortheoccasionalquaintrusticweekend.ButtheycantakecomfortthatpublicservantsattheBureauofthePublicDebtatleasthaveescapedtheperilsofinside-the-Beltwayinsularity.ThirdisSenatorByrd’srawspread-the-wealthphilosophy’completelyillegitimateTheFederalGovernmentandgovernment-relatedprivateenterpriseshavemademetropolitanWashingtononeoftherichestareasofthecountry.BycontrastWestVirginiaisthesecondpooreststateafterMississippi.Theentirecountry’staxessupportthegovernment.Whyshouldn’tmoreofthecountrygetapieceofitAsprivatebusinessesarediscoveringtheelectronicrevolutionismakingitlessandlessnecessaryforworktobecentralizedatheadquarters.There’snoreasonthegovernmentshouldn’ttakemoreadvantageofthistrendaswell.ItishardlyenoughthoughtoexpelafewthousandmidlevelbureaucratsfromtheallegedEdeninsidetheWashingtonBeltway.ReallypurgingtheWashingtonCultureenoughtosatisfyitsnoisiestcriticswillrequireamassexodusontheorderofwhattheKhmerRougeinstitutedwhentheytookoverPhnomPenhin1975.UntiltheverymembersoftheTIMEWashingtonbureauitselfaretraipsingsouthalong1-95theirwordprocessorsstrappedtotheirbacksthenationcannotresteasy.ButAmerica’swould-beKhmerRougeshouldgiveSenatorByrdmorecreditforshowingtheway.AccordingtothetextamassexodusPara.6mostprobablymeans
ItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem. Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled. Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife. Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.
ItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem. Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled. Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife. Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 41
Text4 SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily. Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter. WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture. Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Whatmaycausethepercentageofworkerstodecline
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 43
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 15
Text4 SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily. Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot. Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter. WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture. Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Amanishappywhen
Text3 Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup. Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals. Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork! Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals. Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse. Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. Itisimpliedinthepassagethat
AnalystshavetheirgoathumorandIhavereadsomeofthisinterpretativeliterature1withoutbeinggreatlyinstructed.Humorcanbe23afrogcanbutthethingdiesintheprocessandtheinnardsare4toanybutthepurescientificmind. Oneofthethings5saidabouthumoristsisthattheyarereallyverysad’peopleclownswithabreakingheart.Thereissometruthinitbutitisbadly6.Itwouldbemore7Ithinktosaythatthereisadeepveinofmelancholyrunningthrougheveryone’slifeandthatthehumoristperhapsmore8ofitthansomeotherscompensatesforitactivelyand9Humoristsfattenontroubles.Theyhavealwaysmadetrouble10Theystrugglealongwithagoodwillandendurepain11knowinghowwellitwill12theminthesweetbyandby.Youfindthemwrestlingwithforeignlanguagesfightingfoldingironinghoardsand’swollendrainpipessufferingtheterrible13oftightboots.Theypourouttheirsorrowsprofitablyina14ofwhatisnotquitefictionnorquitefacteither.Beneaththesparkingsurfaceofthesedilemmasflowsthestrong15ofhumanwoe. Practicallyeveryoneisamanicdepressiveofsortswithhisupmomentsandhisdownmomentsandyoucertainlydon’thavetobeahumoristto16thesadnessofsituationandmood.Butthereisoftenaratherfinelinebetweenlaughingandcryingandifahumorouspieceofwritingbringsapersontothepoint17hisemotionalresponsesareuntrustworthyandseemlikelytobreakoverintotheoppositerealmitis18humorlikepoetryhasanextracontentitplays19tothebighotfirewhichisTruthandsometimesthereaderfeelsthe20. 13
Inthispartyouareaskedtowritealetterofapplicationforthepositionasdirectorofabigcomputertrainingcenter.Trytomaketheletterinterestingandshowthatyouhaveenthusiasmforthejob.Alsostateyourqualificationforthejobandyourworkexperience.Yourlettershouldbenolessthan100wordswriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Don’tsignyournameoraddressattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.10points
41.Whatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreaker Sportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK. 42.Howwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletes Themostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy. 43.Havewereachedthelimitofhumanperformance Nobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond. 44.Willweeverreachanabsolutelimit Theoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears. 45.Infuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewways Asrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 45
Itwasafixingsight:thereintheCapitolitselfaU.S.SenatoroftenmockedforhishaltinginarticulatespeakingreacheddeepintohisMidwesternrootsandspokeeloquentlyevenpoeticallyaboutwhohewasandwhathebelievedstunningpoliticiansandjournalistsalike.IreferofcoursetoSenatorJeffersonSmith.InFrankCapra’sclassicMr.SmithGoestoWashingtonJimmyStewartplaysthissimpleidealisticsmall-townAmericanmockedandscornedbythebig-moneyedoh-so-sophisticatedpowerelite--onlytotriumphoveracorruptEstablishmentwithhisrock-solidgoodness.Atrootitisthisrolethatsoon-to-be-ex-SenatorBobDolemostaspirestoplay:theselfeffacingquietlypowerfulsmall-townmanfromMainStreetwhooutwitsthecosmopolitanslick-talkingsnobfromthefleshpots.AndwhynotThereisafterallnomoreenduringAmericanicon.HowenduringBeforeAmericanshadaConstitutionThomasJeffersonwasarguingthatthenewnation’sfuturewoulddependonabaseofagrarianyeomenfreefromthevicesinherentinbigcities.In1840oneoftheclassicimage-drivenpresidentialcampaignsfeaturedWilliamHenryHarrisonastheembodimentofruralvirtuesthecandidateofthelogcabinandhardciderdefeatingtheincumbentMartinVanBurenwhowasaccusedofdandifieddressandmanners.ThereisofcourseahugedisconnectbetweenthisprofessedloveofthesimpleunspoiledlifeandthewayAmericansactuallylive.AsapeopleAmericanshavespentthebetterpartofthe20thcenturydesertingthefarmsandthesmalltownsforthecitiesandthesuburbs;andaretornbetweenvacationinginDisneyWorldandLasVegas.U.S.politicianstoohaven’texactlyshunnedthetemptationsofthecosmopolitanlife.ThetownofRussellKansasoftenseemstobeDole’srunningmatebutthecandidatespendshisleisuretimeinaluxurycondominiuminBalHarborFlorida.BillClintonstillbelievesinaplacecalledHopebutthespiffycelebrity-denseresortsofMartha’sVineyardandJacksonHolearewherehekicksback.RonaldReaganembodiedthefaith-and-familypietiesofthefrontporchandMainStreetbuthefledIowaforacareerandalifeinHollywood.StillthehungerforthewayAmericansbelievetheyaresupposedtoliveisstrongandthedistrustoftheintellectualhustlerwithhisairsandhishigh-flownlanguagerunsdeep.ItmakessensefortheDolecampaigntomakethisacontestbetweenDoleasthelaconicquietmanwhosewordscanbetrustedandBillClintonasthetravelingsalesmanwithalineofsmoothpatterbutasuitcasefullofdamagedgoods.ItmakessenseforDoletomakehiscampaignsongThankGodI’maCountryBoy--evenifheishummingit9200mupinacorporatejetonhiswaytoaFloridacondo.Accordingtothe3thparagraphMainStreetistofleshpotsas
ThatlowmoaningsoundinthebackgroundjustmightbetheFoundingFathersprotestingfrombeyondthegrave.TheyhavebeendoingitwhenGeorgeBushatabreakfastofreligiousleadersscorchedtheDemocratsforfailingtomentionGodintheirplatformanddeclaimedthataPresidentneedstobelieveintheAlmighty.WhatabouttheconstitutionalbanonreligioustestsforpublicofficetheFoundingFatherswouldwanttoknow.WhataboutTomJefferson’sconvictionthatitispossibleforanonbelievertobeamoralpersonfindingincitementstovirtueinthecomfortandpleasantnessyoufeelinitsexerciseEvenGeorgeWashingtonmustshudderinhissleeptoheartheconstantemphasisonJudeo-Christianvalues.ItwashewhowroteWehaveabundantreasontorejoicethatinthisLand...everypersonmayhereworshipGodaccordingtothedictatesofhisownheart.GeorgeBushshouldknowbetterthantoencouragethetheocraticambitionsoftheChristianright.ThewallofseparationtheFoundingFathersbuiltbetweenchurchandstateisoneofthebestdefensesfreedomhaseverhad.OrhavewealreadyforgottenwhytheFoundingFathersputitupTheyhadseenenoughreligiousintoleranceinthecolonies:QuakerwomenwereburnedatthestakeinPuritanMassachusetts;VirginianscouldbejailedfordenyingtheBible’sauthority.NowonderJohnAdamsoncedescribedtheJudeo-ChristiantraditionasthemostbloodyreligionthateverexistedandthattheFoundingFatherstooksuchpainstokeepthehandthatholdsthemusketseparatefromtheonethatcarriesthecross.Therewasanotherreasonfortheseparationofchurchandstatewhichnoamountofpiousrantingcanexpunge:notalltheFoundingFathersbelievedinthesameGodorinanyGodatall.JeffersonwasarenowneddoubterurginghisnephewtoquestionwithboldnesseventheexistenceofaGod.JohnAdamswasatleastaskepticaswereofcoursetherevolutionaryfirebrandsTomPaineandEthanAllen.Naturallytheydesignedarepublicinwhichtheythemselveswouldhaveaplace.Yetanotherreasonarguesfortheseparationofchurchandstate.IftheFoundingFathershadoneoverarchingaimitwastolimitthepowernotofthechurchesbutofthestate.TheyweredeeplyconcernedasAdamswrotethatgovernmentshallbeconsideredashavinginitnothingmoremysteriousordivinethanotherartsorsciences.’SurelytheRepublicanscommittedastheyaretolimitedgovernmentoughttohonorthesecularspiritthathaslimitedourgovernmentfromthemomentofitsbirth.Whatisimpliedinthefirstsentence
[A]Yetthievesstillreaparichharvest.InadequateprotectionofU.S.patentstrademarksandcopyrightscoststheU.S.economy$80billioninsaleslosttopiratesand250000jobseveryyearaccordingtoGaryHoffmananintellectualpropertyattorneyatDicksteinShapiro&MorininWashington.Thecomputerindustrylosesupwardsof$4billionofrevenuesayeartoillegalcopyingofsoftwareprograms.Piracyofmoviesbooksandrecordingscoststheentertainmentbusinessatleast$4billionannually. [B]Withintellectualpropertynowaccountingformorethan25%ofU.S.exportscomparedwithjust12%eightyearsagoprotectionagainstinternationalpiracyrankshighontheBushAdministration’stradeagenda.TheU.S.InternationalTradeCommissionthefederalagencythatdealswithunfair-tradecomplaintsbyAmericancompaniesishandlingarecordnumberofcases38lastyearSaysITCChairmanAnneBrunsdale:"Conceptualpropertyhasreplacedproduceandheavymachineryasthehotbedoftradedisputes." [C]Thebattleiswidening--U.S.companiesfiledmorethan5700intellectual-propertylawsuitslastyearincontrastto3800in1980--andthestakescanbeenormous.Inthebiggestpatent-infringementcasetodateEastmanKodakwasorderedlastOctobertopay$900millionforinfringingonSevenPolaroidinstant-photographypatents.Inafar-reachingcopyrightcasebookpublishersscoredanimportantvictoryinMarchwhenafederalcourtinNewYorkCityfinedtheKinko’sGraphicsnationalchainofcopyingstores$510000forillegallyphotocopyingandsellingexcerptsofbookstocollegestudents. [D]Althoughtheverdictissubjecttoappealtheawardunderscoresthegrowingimportanceofprotectingintellectualproperty.ThatphrasemayseementirelytoograndtoapplytoasonglikeIfYouDon’tWantMyPeachesYou’dBetterStopShakingMyTreebutitactuallyencompassesthewholevastrangeofcreativeideasthatturnouttohavevalue--andmanyofthemhavemorevaluethanever.FromWaltDisney’sMickeyMousetoUpjohn’sformulaforitsanti-baldnesspotionpatentstrademarksandcopyrightshavebecomecorporatetreasuresthattheirownerswilldoalmostanythingtoprotect. [E]Inaneconomyincreasinglybasedoninformationandtechnologyideasandcreativityoftenembodymostofacompany’swealth.Thatiswhyinnovationsarebeingpatentedtrademarkedandcopyrightedinrecordnumbers.Itisalsowhytoday’scleverthiefdoesn’trobbanksmanyofwhicharebrokeanyway;hemakesunauthorizedcopiesofKevinCostner’slatestfilmsellsfakeCartierwatchesandstealstheformulaforMerck’snewestpharmaceutical.That’swherethemoneyis. [F]Onereasonisthatanycountriesofferonlyfeebleprotectiontointellectualproperty.Realizingthatsuchlaxnesswillexcludethemfrommuchworldtradeaswellashobblenativeindustriesnationseverywherearerevisinglawscoveringpatentscopyrightsandtradenames.MalaysiaEgyptChinaturkeyBrazilandeventheSovietUnionhaveallrecentlyannouncedplanseithertoenactnewlawsorbeefupexistingsafeguards.InanefforttowinU.S.congressionalsupportforaproposedfree-tradepactMexicolastmonthrevealedplanstodoublethelifeoftrademarklicensesto10yearsandextendpatentprotectionforthefirsttimetosuchproductsaspharmaceuticalsandfood. [G]Companiesarecrackingdownonpirateswhostealdesignsmoviesandcomputerprograms.Thebattleisgettinghotter--andmoreimportant.WhenJohnson&Johnsonintroducedanewfiber-glasscastingtapeforbrokenbonesseveralyearsagoexecutivesatMinnesotaMining&Manufacturingflewintoarage.Thetapewhichsetsfracturesfasterthanplasterwasremarkablysimilarindesignandfunctiontoacastingtapedevelopedby3Mscientists.TheSt.Paul-basedcompanyquicklysuedchargingJ&Jwithviolatingfourofitspatents.Lastmonthafederalcourtbacked3MandorderedJ&Jtopay$116millionindamagesandinterest--thefourthlargestpatent-infringementjudgmentinhistory. Order: 41
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