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It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. Theauthorwarnsthatoverweighthas
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Whycanmanypeopleseesilverliningstotheeconomicslowdown
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfoinformationrichandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethenhoweverwerethenewpositiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic. Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercializeditisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterallthemorepeopleonlinethemorepotentialcustomersthereare.MoreandmoregovernmentsafraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehindwanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwoonetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.AsaresultInowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’’veeverhad. OfcoursetheuseoftheInternetisn’’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential. Totakeadvantageofthistoolsomeimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.CountriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructurethebasicstructuralfoundationsofasocietyintheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructureitdidn’’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’’sSecondWaveinfrastructure―includingroadsharborshighwaysportsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglishtheGermanstheDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.GuesswhoownsthemnowTheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructurewhichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructurethebetteroffyou’’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooledorlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet. GovernmentsattachimportancetotheInternetbecauseit______.
Inlessthan30years’’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironmentsallowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall. 71.Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobotsandcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychipscomputerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantoolsrelaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-televisionanddigitalagewillhavearrived. AccordingtoBT’’sfuturologistIanPearsontheseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillenniumaperiodof1000yearswhensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife. 73.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicineincludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040. Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.BylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystemcomputerscouldpickupwhatwefeelandhopefullysimulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironmentsratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeckhesays.74.ButthatPearsonpointsoutisonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury. ThroughhisresearchPearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.Howevertherearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailableorwhenhumancloningwillbeperfectedorwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswillforexamplecauseproblemsin2010whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Speakingoftheonlinetechnologyavailableformarketingtheauthorimpliesthat____________.
Allthecharacteristicsandabilitiesapersonacquiresandalldevelopmentalchangesresultfromtwobasicthoughcomplexprocesses:learningandmaturation.Sincethetwoprocessesalmostalwaysinteractitisdifficulttoseparatetheireffectsfromeachotherortospecifytherelativecontributionofeachtoachild’’sdevelopment.Clearlygrowthinheightisnotlearnedbutdependsonmaturationabiologicalprocess.Butimprovementsinmotoractivitiessuchaswalkingdependonmaturationandlearningandtheinteractionbetweenthem. WhatthenarematurationandlearningDevelopmentalpsychologistsarenotentirelyinagreementthoughthereisacommoncoreofacceptedmeaning.Thusalldefinitionsofmaturationstressorganicprocessesorstructuralchangesoccurringwithinanindividual’’sbodythatarerelativelyindependentofexternalenvironmentalconditionsexperiencesorpractice.Bymaturationitismeantdevelopmentoftheorganismasafunctionoftimeorage. Learninghasalsobeendefinedindiversewaysbutthetermgenerallyreferstochangesinbehaviororperformanceasaconsequenceofexperience.Learningistheprocessbywhichanactivityoriginatesorischangedthroughtrainingproceduresasdistinguishedfromchangesnotattributabletotraining. Anumberofimportantandstimulatingtheoriesoflearninghavebeenproposedeachwithitsownsetofprinciplesandhypothesesforexplainingthelearningprocess.Forourpurposeswedonotneedtobeconcernedwiththespecificdetailsofthelearningprocesseventhoughlearningplaysthemostimportantroleinmostaspectsofdevelopmentandchange.Weshallemployonlyafewgenerallyacceptedprinciplesoflearninginthisdiscussion. Specificallyweaccepttheprinciplethatachildwilllearnaresponsemoreeffectivelyandmorethoroughlyifheismotivatedtolearnit.Moreoverhewilllearnaresponsebetterifheisrewardedforlearningit.Accordingtothisviewthemorearesponseisrewardedthestrongeritbecomesandthemorelikelyitistoberepeated.AlthoughmostlearninginvolvesmotivationandrewardIbelievesomelearningdoesoccurwithoutthem. Asfortheinterrelationshipsbetweenmaturationandlearningprocessageneralprinciplemaybeprovided:maturationisessentialtolearning. WhichisNOTtrueaccordingtothetext
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmileyoumustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressingtheproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagersyoumayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretariesyoumaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses. HereisanexamplewhichIheardatanurses’’conventionofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodationsbeautifulgardenssunnyweatherandsoon.Everyoneisverypeacefulpoliteandfriendlyuntilwaitinginalineforlunchthenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoatwhorushestotheheadofthelinegrabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.WhoisthatthenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.Ohthat’’sGodcamethereplybutsometimeshethinkshe’’sadoctor. Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressingyouwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’’11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem. Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorousyoumustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmilesospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark. Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.AtwistonafamiliarquoteIfatfirstyoudon’’tsucceedgiveuporaplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor. Toachievethedesiredresulthumorousstoriesshouldbedelivered
Directions: studythefollowingmapgraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describeoilfieldsdistribution 2statetheinformationthemapgraphtendstoconveyand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160―200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points GHANGINGNATIONALFORTUNESINOILDISCOVERIES
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. ItwouldbemostconsistentwiththetexttoinferthatReynolds
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmileyoumustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressingtheproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagersyoumayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretariesyoumaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses. HereisanexamplewhichIheardatanurses’’conventionofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodationsbeautifulgardenssunnyweatherandsoon.Everyoneisverypeacefulpoliteandfriendlyuntilwaitinginalineforlunchthenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoatwhorushestotheheadofthelinegrabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.WhoisthatthenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.Ohthat’’sGodcamethereplybutsometimeshethinkshe’’sadoctor. Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressingyouwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’’11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem. Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorousyoumustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmilesospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark. Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.AtwistonafamiliarquoteIfatfirstyoudon’’tsucceedgiveuporaplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor. Thejokeaboutdoctorsimpliesthatintheeyesofnursestheyare
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. AportraitartistoperatingundertheReynoldsexamplewouldprobablydisagreethat
Youboughtadressonthewebandfounditfaulty.Writealettertothesellerinwhichyoushould 1statethetimeandwayofyourpurchase 2listitsfaultsand 3askforrefund. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseLiMinginstead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes. Solarenergyiscalledarenewableresourcebecauseonahumantimescaleitisessentiallyinexhaustibleitisexpectedtolastatleast6.5billionyearswhilethesuncompletesitslifecycle.46Apotentiallyrenewableresourcecanberenewedfairlyrapidlyhourstoseveraldecadesthroughnaturalprocessesexamplesofwhichincludeforesttreesgrasslandgrasseswildanimalsfreshlakeandstreamwatergroundwaterfreshairandfertilesoil. 47OneimportantpotentiallyrenewableresourceforusandotherspeciesisbiologicaldiversityorbiodiversitywhichconsistsofthelifeformsthatcanbestsurvivevarietyofconditionscurrentlyfoundonEarth.Kindsofbiodiversityinclude1geneticdiversityvarietyinthegeneticmakeupamongindividualswithinasinglespecies2speciesdiversityvarietyamongthespeciesoruniqueformsoflifefoundindifferenthabitatsoftheplanetand3ecologicaldiversityvarietyofforestsdesertsgrasslandsstreamslakesoceanswetlandsandotherbiologicalcommunities.48Thisrichvarietyofgenesspeciesandbiologicalcommunitiesgivesusfoodwoodfibersenergyrawmaterialsindustrialchemicalsandmedicines―allofwhichpourhundredsofbillionsofdollarsintotheworldeconomyeachyear.Earth’’svastlist’’oflifeformsandbiologicalcommunitiesalsoprovidesfreerecyclingandpurificationservicesandnaturalpestcontrol. Potentiallyrenewableresourceshowevercanbeexhausted.49Thehighestrateatwhichapotentiallyrenewableresourcecanbeusedindefinitelywithoutreducingitsavailablesupplyiscalleditssustainableyield.Ifaresource’’snaturalreplacementrateisexceededtheavailablesupplybeginstoshrink―aprocessknownasenvironmentaldegradation. Severaltypesofenvironmentaldegradationcanchangepotentiallyrenewableresourcesintononrenewableorunusableresources.IntheUnitedStatesone-fourthofthegroundwaterwithdrawneachyearisnotreplenishedfilledupagain.Between25%and50%oftheworld’’swetlands55%intheU.S.havebeendrainedbuiltuponorseriouslypolluted.Almosthalfoftheworld’’stropicalforestshavebeencleared.Thousandsofwildlifespeciesbecomeextincteachyearmostlybecauseofhumanactivities.Ifhabitatdestructioncontinuesatpresentratesasmanyas1.5millionspeciescoulddisappearoverthenext25years―adrasticlossinvitalEarthcapital.50Theseexampleshelpexplainwhymostenvironmentalscientistsbelievethatoverthenextfewdecadesthedangerofdegradationandexhaustionisgreatestforpotentiallyrenewableresourcesnotnonrenewableresourcesexceptforpetroleumandperhapsafewscarcemineralsforwhichwecan’’tfindeconomicallyandenvironmentallyacceptablesubstitutes.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Inlessthan30years’’timetheStarTrekholodeckwillbeareality.Directlinksbetweenthebrain’’snervoussystemandacomputerwillalsocreatefullsensoryvirtualenvironmentsallowingvirtualvacationslikethoseinthefilmTotalRecall. 71.Therewillbetelevisionchatshowshostedbyrobotsandcarswithpollutionmonitorsthatwilldisablethemwhentheyoffend.72.Childrenwillplaywithdollsequippedwithpersonalitychipscomputerswithin-builtpersonalitieswillberegardedasworkmatesratherthantoolsrelaxationwillbeinfrontofsmell-televisionanddigitalagewillhavearrived. AccordingtoBT’’sfuturologistIanPearsontheseareamongthedevelopmentsscheduledforthefirstfewdecadesofthenewmillenniumaperiodof1000yearswhensupercomputerswilldramaticallyaccelerateprogressinallareasoflife. 73.Pearsonhaspiecedtogethertheworkofhundredsofresearchersaroundtheworldtoproduceauniquemillenniumtechnologycalendarthatgivesthelatestdateswhenwecanexpecthundredsorkeybreakthroughsanddiscoveriestotakeplace.Someofthebiggestdevelopmentswillbeinmedicineincludinganextendedlifeexpectancyanddozensofartificialorganscomingintousebetweennowand2040. Pearsonalsopredictsabreakthroughincomputer-humanlinks.BylinkingdirectlytoournervoussystemcomputerscouldpickupwhatwefeelandhopefullysimulatefeelingtoosothatwecanstarttodevelopfullsensoryenvironmentsratherliketheholidaysinTotalRecallortheStarTrekholodeckhesays.74.ButthatPearsonpointsoutisonlythestartofman-machineintegration:Itwillbethebeginningofthelongprocessofintegrationthatwillultimatelyleadtoafullyelectronichumanbeforetheendofthenextcentury. ThroughhisresearchPearsonisabletoputdatestomostofthebreakthroughsthatcanbepredicted.Howevertherearestillnoforecastsforwhenfaster-that-lighttravelwillbeavailableorwhenhumancloningwillbeperfectedorwhentimetravelwillbepossible.Buthedoesexpectsocialproblemsasaresultoftechnologicaladvances.Aboominneighborhoodsurveillancecameraswillforexamplecauseproblemsin2010whilethearrivalofsyntheticlifelikerobotswillmeanpeoplemaynotbeabletodistinguishbetweentheirhumanfriendsandthedroids.75.Andhomeapplianceswillalsobecomesosmartthatcontrollingandoperatingthemwillresultinthebreakoutofanewpsychologicaldisorder--kitchenrage.
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. AllofthefollowingdirectlyaccountforobesityEXCLUDING
Allthecharacteristicsandabilitiesapersonacquiresandalldevelopmentalchangesresultfromtwobasicthoughcomplexprocesses:learningandmaturation.Sincethetwoprocessesalmostalwaysinteractitisdifficulttoseparatetheireffectsfromeachotherortospecifytherelativecontributionofeachtoachild’’sdevelopment.Clearlygrowthinheightisnotlearnedbutdependsonmaturationabiologicalprocess.Butimprovementsinmotoractivitiessuchaswalkingdependonmaturationandlearningandtheinteractionbetweenthem. WhatthenarematurationandlearningDevelopmentalpsychologistsarenotentirelyinagreementthoughthereisacommoncoreofacceptedmeaning.Thusalldefinitionsofmaturationstressorganicprocessesorstructuralchangesoccurringwithinanindividual’’sbodythatarerelativelyindependentofexternalenvironmentalconditionsexperiencesorpractice.Bymaturationitismeantdevelopmentoftheorganismasafunctionoftimeorage. Learninghasalsobeendefinedindiversewaysbutthetermgenerallyreferstochangesinbehaviororperformanceasaconsequenceofexperience.Learningistheprocessbywhichanactivityoriginatesorischangedthroughtrainingproceduresasdistinguishedfromchangesnotattributabletotraining. Anumberofimportantandstimulatingtheoriesoflearninghavebeenproposedeachwithitsownsetofprinciplesandhypothesesforexplainingthelearningprocess.Forourpurposeswedonotneedtobeconcernedwiththespecificdetailsofthelearningprocesseventhoughlearningplaysthemostimportantroleinmostaspectsofdevelopmentandchange.Weshallemployonlyafewgenerallyacceptedprinciplesoflearninginthisdiscussion. Specificallyweaccepttheprinciplethatachildwilllearnaresponsemoreeffectivelyandmorethoroughlyifheismotivatedtolearnit.Moreoverhewilllearnaresponsebetterifheisrewardedforlearningit.Accordingtothisviewthemorearesponseisrewardedthestrongeritbecomesandthemorelikelyitistoberepeated.AlthoughmostlearninginvolvesmotivationandrewardIbelievesomelearningdoesoccurwithoutthem. Asfortheinterrelationshipsbetweenmaturationandlearningprocessageneralprinciplemaybeprovided:maturationisessentialtolearning. Achild’’sdevelopmentdependson
It’’shardlynewsanymorethatAmericansarejusttoofat.Aquicklookaroundthemallthebeachorthecrowdatanybaseballgamewillleavenoroomfordoubt:ourindividualweightproblemshavebecomeanationalcrisis.Evensotheactualnumbersareshocking.Fullytwo-thirdsofU.S.adultsareofficiallyoverweightandabouthalfofthosehavegraduatedtofull-blownobesity. Itwouldn’’tbesuchabigdealiftheproblemweresimpleaesthetic.Butexcesspoundagetakesaterribletollonthehumanbody.significantlyincreasingtheriskofheartdiseasehighbloodpressurediabetesinfertilityandmanyformsofcancer.Thetotalmedicalbillforillnessesrelatedtoobesityis$117billionayear-andclimbing-andtheJournaloftheAmericanMedicalAssociationreportedthatpoordietandphysicalinactivitycouldsoonovertaketobaccoastheleadingcauseofpreventabledeathintheU.S. WhyisithappeningTheobviousalmosttrivialansweristhatweeattoomuchhigh-caloriefoodanddon’’tburnitoffwithenoughexercise.Ifonlywecouldchangethosehabitstheproblemwouldgoaway.Butclearlyitisn’’tthateasy.Americanspourscoresofbillionsofdollarseveryyearintoweight-lossproductsandhealth-clubmemberships.Foodanddrugcompaniesspendevenmoretryingtofindamagicfoodordrugthatwillmeltthepoundsaway.Yetthenation’’scollectivewaistlinejustkeepsgrowing. It’’snaturaltotrytofindsomethingtoblame-fast-foodjointsorfoodmanufacturersorevenourselvesforhavingtoolittlewillpower.Buttheultimatereasonforobesitymayberooteddeepwithinourgenes.Obedienttotheinevitablelawsofevolutionthehumanraceadaptedovermillionsofyearstolivinginaworldofscarcitywhereitpaidtoeateverygood-tastingthinginsightwhenyoucouldfindit. Althoughourphysiologyhasstayedprettymuchthesameforthepast50000yearsorsowehumanshaveutterlytransformedourenvironment.Overthepastcenturyespeciallytechnologyhasalmostcompletelyremovedphysicalexercisefromtheday-to-daylivesofmostAmericans.Atthesametimeithasfilledsupermarketshelveswithcheapmass-producedgood-tastingfoodthatispackedwithcalories.AndfinallytechnologyhasallowedadvertiserstodeliverconstantvirtuallyirresistiblemessagesthatsayEatthisnowtoeveryoneoldenoughtowatchTV. ThisartificialenvironmentismostpervasiveintheU.S.andotherindustrializedcountriesandthat’’sexactlywherethefatcrisisismostacute. Fatcrisisseemstoresultchieflyfrom
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmileyoumustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressingtheproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagersyoumayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretariesyoumaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses. HereisanexamplewhichIheardatanurses’’conventionofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodationsbeautifulgardenssunnyweatherandsoon.Everyoneisverypeacefulpoliteandfriendlyuntilwaitinginalineforlunchthenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoatwhorushestotheheadofthelinegrabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.WhoisthatthenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.Ohthat’’sGodcamethereplybutsometimeshethinkshe’’sadoctor. Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressingyouwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’’11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem. Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorousyoumustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmilesospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark. Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.AtwistonafamiliarquoteIfatfirstyoudon’’tsucceedgiveuporaplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor. Tomakeyourhumorworkyoushould
Theappealoftheworldofworkisfirstitsfreedom.Thechildiscompelledtogotoschool;heisunderthe1ofauthority.Evenwhathe2toschoolmaybedecidedforhim.Ashegrowsuphesees3itistobefree4schoolandtobeabletochoosehisjobandchangeitifhedoesn’’tlikeittohavemoneyinhispocketand5tocomeandgoashewishesintheworld.Theboysandgirlsayearortwoolderthanheiswhomhehaslongobservedrevisitschoolutterly6andapparentlymature.Suddenlymastersandmistressesseem7outofdateashisparentsandtheauthorityofschoola8thing.Atthemomenttheadultworldmayappearsomuchmorerealthantheschoolworld9thehungertoenteritcannotbeappeasedbyexercisesinschoolbooksortalkof10examinationsnecessaryforentryintoprofessionsorthemoreattractiveoccupations.Thismaynotbethewisest11butitisanecessarypartofgrowingupforeveryonemustcomesoonerorlatertothe12ofsayingReallyI’’vehadenoughofbeingtaught;Imustdoaproperjob.Someyouthsmaturingrapidlybecauseofoutsideinfluencescometothisdecision13thantheyought.Yetinawaythisisnotabadframeofmindtobein14leavingschool.Atworktheyoungmanmakesoneofthefirstgreatacceptancesoflife-heacceptsthe15ofthematerialortheprocessheisworkingwith.Thejobmustbedoneinaccordwithsomerigidprocesshecannot16.Heseesthepointofitandindoingsocomesto17withlife.Nothingdoneinschool18itswillinquitethesameway;ifitiswetgamescanbecancelled;ifthemathmasterisillonecan19withsomethingelse.Buteventheboydeliveringpaperslikethedrivertakingouthisbusdiscoversthatonecannot20becausethereissnowonthegroundortheforemanisirritableorhehimselfisinabadmoodthatmorning.
Amongthemanyotherthingsitisaportraitisalwaysarecordofthepersonalandartisticencounterthatproducedit.Itispossibleforartiststoproduceportraitsofindividualswhohavenotsatforthembuttheportraitthatfinallyemergesnormallybetraystherestrictionsunderwhichtheartisthasbeenforcedtolabor.Evenwhenanartist’’sportraitissimplyacopyofsomeoneelse’’swork-asinthemanyportraitsofQueenElizabethIthatwereproducedduringherlifetime-thenever-changingfeaturesofarulerwhorefusedtositforhercourtpaintersreflectnotonlythesupposedpowersofanever-youthfulqueenbuttheremotenessofthoseattemptingtodepictheraswell. Portraitsareoccasionalnotonlyinthesensethattheyarecloselytiedtoparticulareventsinthelivesoftheirsubjectsbutinthesensethatthereisusuallyanoccasion-howeverbriefuncomfortableartificialorunsatisfactoryitmayprovetobe-inwhichtheartistandsubjectdirectlyconfronteachother;andthustheencounteraportraitrecordsismostreallythesittingitself.Thesittingmaybebrieforextendedcollegialorconfrontational.Cartier-Bressonhasexpressedhispassionforportraitphotographybycharacterizingitasaduelwithoutrules.WhileCartier-BressonrevealshimselfasaninterloperandopportunistRichardAvedonconfessestoaroleasdiagnosticianandpsychichealer:notassomeonewhonecessarilytransformshissubjectsbutassomeonewhorevealstheiressentialnature.Bothphotographersappeartoagreeononebasishoweverwhichisthatthefundamentaldynamicinthisprocessliessquarelyinthehandsoftheartist. Aquite-differentexamplehasitsrootsnotinconfrontationorconsultationbutinactivecollaborationbetweentheartistandsitter.ThisverydifferentkindofrelationshipwasformulatedmostvividlybyWilliamHazlittinhisessayentitledOnSittingforOne’’sPicture.ToHazlittthebondofconnectionbetweenpainterandsitterismostliketherelationshipbetweentwolovers:Theyarealwaysthinkingandtalkingofthesamethinginwhichtheirselflovefindsanequalcounterpart.HazlittflashesouthisthesisbyrecountingparticularepisodesfromthecareerofSirJoshuaReynolds.AccordingtoHazlittReynolds’’sittersaccompaniedbytheirfriendsweremeanttoenjoyanatmospherethatwasbothcomfortableforthemandconductivetotheenterpriseoftheportraitpainterwhowassimultaneouslytheirhostandtheircontractualemployee.InthecaseofartistslikeReynoldsnofundamentaldifferenceexistsbetweentheartist’’sstudioandallthoseotherroomsinwhichthesittersspinoutthedaysoftheirlives.TheactofenteringReynolds’’studiodidnotnecessarilytransformthosewhosatforhim.CollaborationinportraituresuchasReynolds’’isbasedonthesitter’’scomfortandsecurityaswellasonhisorherdesiretoexperimentwithsomethingnewanditisinthiscreationofanotherselfasHazlittputitthatthepainter’’ssubjectsmayproperlyseethemselvesforthefirsttime. InreferringtoQueenElizabethIasever-youthfultheauthorimpliesthat
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmileyoumustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressingtheproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagersyoumayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretariesyoumaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses. HereisanexamplewhichIheardatanurses’’conventionofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodationsbeautifulgardenssunnyweatherandsoon.Everyoneisverypeacefulpoliteandfriendlyuntilwaitinginalineforlunchthenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoatwhorushestotheheadofthelinegrabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.WhoisthatthenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.Ohthat’’sGodcamethereplybutsometimeshethinkshe’’sadoctor. Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressingyouwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’’11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem. Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorousyoumustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmilesospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark. Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.AtwistonafamiliarquoteIfatfirstyoudon’’tsucceedgiveuporaplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthatpublicservices
Agreatdealofattentionisbeingpaidtodaytotheso-calleddigitaldivide--thedivisionoftheworldintotheinfoinformationrichandtheinfopoor.Andthatdividedoesexisttoday.MywifeandIlecturedaboutthisloomingdangertwentyyearsago.Whatwaslessvisiblethenhoweverwerethenewpositiveforcesthatworkagainstthedigitaldivide.Therearereasonstobeoptimistic. Therearetechnologicalreasonstohopethedigitaldividewillnarrow.AstheInternetbecomesmoreandmorecommercializeditisintheinterestofbusinesstouniversalizeaccess--afterallthemorepeopleonlinethemorepotentialcustomersthereare.MoreandmoregovernmentsafraidtheircountrieswillbeleftbehindwanttospreadInternetaccess.Withinthenextdecadeortwoonetotwobillionpeopleontheplanetwillbenettedtogether.AsaresultInowbelievethedigitaldividewillnarrowratherthanwidenintheyearsahead.AndthatisverygoodnewsbecausetheInternetmaywellbethemostpowerfultoolforcombatingworldpovertythatwe’’veeverhad. OfcoursetheuseoftheInternetisn’’ttheonlywaytodefeatpoverty.AndtheInternetisnottheonlytoolwehave.Butithasenormouspotential. Totakeadvantageofthistoolsomeimpoverishedcountrieswillhavetogetovertheiroutdatedanti-colonialprejudiceswithrespecttoforeigninvestment.CountriesthatstillthinkforeigninvestmentisaninvasionoftheirsovereigntymightwellstudythehistoryofinfrastructurethebasicstructuralfoundationsofasocietyintheUnitedStates.WhentheUnitedStatesbuiltitsindustrialinfrastructureitdidn’’thavethecapitaltodoso.AndthatiswhyAmerica’’sSecondWaveinfrastructure―includingroadsharborshighwaysportsandsoon--werebuiltwithforeigninvestment.TheEnglishtheGermanstheDutchandtheFrenchwereinvestinginBritain’’sformercolony.Theyfinancedthem.ImmigrantAmericansbuiltthem.GuesswhoownsthemnowTheAmericans.IbelievethesamethingwouldbetrueinplaceslikeBraziloranywhereelseforthatmatter.ThemoreforeigncapitalyouhavehelpingyoubuildyourThirdWaveinfrastructurewhichtodayisanelectronicinfrastructurethebetteroffyou’’regoingtobe.Thatdoesn’’tmeanlyingdownandbecomingfooledorlettingforeigncorporationsrununcontrolled.ButitdoesmeanrecognizinghowimportanttheycanbeinbuildingtheenergyandtelecominfrastructuresneededtotakefulladvantageoftheInternet. Itseemsthatnowacountry’’seconomydependsmuchon______
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed. Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
WhenitcomestotheslowingeconomyEllenSperoisn’’tbitinghernailsjustyet.Butthe47-year-oldmanicuristisn’’tcuttingfilingorpolishingasmanynailsasshe’’dliketoeither.Mostofherclientsspend＄12to＄50weeklybutlastmonthtwolongtimecustomerssuddenlystoppedshowingup.Speroblamesthesofteningeconomy.I’’magoodeconomicindicatorshesays.Iprovideaservicethatpeoplecandowithoutwhenthey’’reconcernedaboutsavingsomedollars.SoSperoisdownscalingshoppingatmiddle-browDillard’’sdepartmentstorenearhersuburbanClevelandhomeinsteadofNeimanMarcus.Idon’’tknowifotherclientsaregoingtoabandonmetooshesays. EvenbeforeAlanGreenspan’’sadmissionthatAmerica’’sred-hoteconomyiscoolinglotsofworkingfolkshadalreadyseensignsoftheslowdownthemselves.FromcardealershipstoGapoutletssaleshavebeenlaggingformonthsasshopperstempertheirspending.Forretailerswholastyeartookin24percentoftheirrevenuebetweenThanksgivingandChristmasthecautiousapproachiscomingatacrucialtime.Alreadyexpertssayholidaysalesareoff7percentfromlastyear’’space.Butdon’’tsoundanyalarmsjustyet.Consumersseemonlymildlyconcernednotpanickedandmanysaytheyremainoptimisticabouttheeconomy’’slong-termprospectsevenastheydosomemodestbelt-tightening. Consumerssaythey’’renotindespairbecausedespitethedreadfulheadlinestheirownfortunesstillfeelprettygood.Homepricesareholdingsteadyinmostregions.InManhattanthere’’sanewgoldrushhappeninginthe＄4millionto＄10millionrangepredominantlyfedbyWallStreetbonusessaysbrokerBarbaraCorcoran.InSanFranciscopricesarestillrisingevenasfrenziedoverbiddingquiets.Insteadof20to30offersnowmaybeyouonlygettwoorthreesaysJohnTealdiaBayAreareal-estatebroker.Andmostfolksstillfeelprettycomfortableabouttheirabilitytofindandkeepajob. Manyfolksseesilverliningstothisslowdown.Potentialhomebuyerswouldcheerforlowerinterestrates.Employerswouldn’’tmindalittlefewerbubblesinthejobmarket.Manyconsumersseemtohavebeeninfluencedbystock-marketswingswhichinvestorsnowviewasanecessaryingredienttoasustainedboom.Dinersmightseeanupsidetoo.GettingatableatManhattan’’shotnewAlainDucasserestaurantusedtobeimpossible.Notanymore.ForthatGreenspan&Co.maystillbeworthtoasting. Howdothepublicfeelaboutthecurrenteconomicsituation
Ifyouintendusinghumorinyourtalktomakepeoplesmileyoumustknowhowtoidentifysharedexperiencesandproblems.Yourhumormustberelevanttotheaudienceandshouldhelptoshowthemthatyouareoneofthemorthatyouunderstandtheirsituationandareinsympathywiththeirpointofview.Dependingonwhomyouareaddressingtheproblemswillbedifferent.Ifyouaretalkingtoagroupofmanagersyoumayrefertothedisorganizedmethodsoftheirsecretaries;alternativelyifyouareaddressingsecretariesyoumaywanttocommentontheirdisorganizedbosses. HereisanexamplewhichIheardatanurses’’conventionofastorywhichworkswellbecausetheaudienceallsharedthesameviewofdoctors.AmanarrivesinheavenandisbeingshownaroundbySt.Peter.Heseeswonderfulaccommodationsbeautifulgardenssunnyweatherandsoon.Everyoneisverypeacefulpoliteandfriendlyuntilwaitinginalineforlunchthenewarrivalissuddenlypushedasidebyamaninawhitecoatwhorushestotheheadofthelinegrabshisfoodandstompsovertoatablebyhimself.WhoisthatthenewarrivalaskedSt.Peter.Ohthat’’sGodcamethereplybutsometimeshethinkshe’’sadoctor. Ifyouarepartofthegroupwhichyouareaddressingyouwillbeinapositiontoknowtheexperiencesandproblemswhicharecommontoallofyouandit’’11beappropriateforyoutomakeapassingremarkabouttheinediblecanteenfoodorthechairman’’snotoriousbadtasteinties.Withotheraudiencesyoumustn’’tattempttocutinwithhumorastheywillresentanoutsidermakingdisparagingremarksabouttheircanteenortheirchairman.YouwillbeonsafergroundifyousticktoscapegoatslikethePostOfficeorthetelephonesystem. Ifyoufeelawkwardbeinghumorousyoumustpracticesothatitbecomesmorenatural.Includeafewcasualandapparentlyoff-the-cuffremarkswhichyoucandeliverinarelaxedandunforcedmanner.Oftenit’’sthedeliverywhichcausestheaudiencetosmilesospeakslowlyandrememberthataraisedeyebroworanunbelievinglookmayhelptoshowthatyouaremakingalight-heartedremark. Lookforthehumor.Itoftencomesfromtheunexpected.AtwistonafamiliarquoteIfatfirstyoudon’’tsucceedgiveuporaplayonwordsoronasituation.Searchforexaggerationandunderstatements.Lookatyourtalkandpickoutafewwordsorsentenceswhichyoucanturnaboutandinjectwithhumor. Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe
InthefirstyearorsoofWebbusinessmostoftheactionhasrevolvedaroundeffortstotaptheconsumermarket.MorerecentlyastheWebprovedtobemorethanfashioncompanieshavestartedtobuyandsellproductsandserviceswithoneanother.Suchbusiness-to-businesssalesmakesensebecausebusinesspeopletypicallyknowwhatproductthey’’relookingfor. NonethelessmanycompaniesstillhesitatetousetheWebbecauseofdoubtsaboutitsreliability.BusinessesneedtofeeltheycantrustthepathwaybetweenthemandthesuppliersayssenioranalystBlaneErwinofForresterResearch.Somecompaniesarelimitingtheriskbyconductingonlinetransactionsonlywithestablishedbusinesspartnerswhoaregivenaccesstothecompany’’sprivateinternet. AnothermajorshiftinthemodelforInternetcommerceconcernsthetechnologyavailableformarketing.UntilrecentlyInternetmarketingactivitieshavefocusedonstrategiestopullcustomersintosites.Inthepastyearhoweversoftwarecompanieshavedevelopedtoolsthatallowcompaniestopushinformationdirectlyouttoconsumerstransmittingmarketingmessagesdirectlytotargetedcustomers.MostnotablythePointcastNetworkusesascreensavertodeliveracontinuallyupdatedstreamofnewsandadvertisementstosubscribers’’computermonitors.Subscriberscancustomizetheinformationtheywanttoreceiveandproceeddirectlytoacompany’’sWebsite.CompaniessuchasVirtualVineyardsarealreadystartingtousesimilartechnologiestopushmessagestocustomersaboutspecialsalesproductofferingsorotherevents.ButpushtechnologyhasearnedthecontemptofmanyWebusers.Onlineculturethinkshighlyofthenotionthattheinformationflowingontothescreencomestherebyspecificrequest.OncecommercialpromotionbeginstofillthescreenuninvitedthedistinctionbetweentheWebandtelevisionfades.That’’saprospectthathorrifiesNetpurists. ButitishardlyinevitablethatcompaniesontheWebwillneedtoresorttopushstrategiestomakemoney.TheexamplesofVirtualVineyardsAmazon.comandotherpioneersshowthataWebsitesellingtherightkindofproductswiththerightmixofinteractivityhospitalityandsecuritywillattractonlinecustomers.Andthecostofcomputingpowercontinuestofreefallwhichisagoodsignforanyenterprisesettingupshopinsilicon.Peoplelookingback5or10yearsfromnowmaywellwonderwhysofewcompaniestooktheonlineplunge. Welearnfromthelastparagraphthat____________.
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