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The mid-sixties saw the start of a project that, along with other similar research, was to teach us ...
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Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversationsall-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepictureourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations-allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway-friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouch-andmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt. 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyourside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof-andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker-"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscardsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible-friendscanthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]Thetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatonce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination.[E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyou-Icanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 44
I’matotalgeekallaroundsaysAngelaByrona27-year-oldcomputerprogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfromNovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhadtheconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunitiesontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuildsoftwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-sourcesoftwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-sourceprojectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshesays.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoappliedwhowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikeahyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusinMountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participatingopen-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasamatchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived$500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived$4500$500rightawayand$4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt.AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswhowasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear.Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummerbecausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheircodingskillsdegrade.WewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummersaysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthusindirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopen-sourcesoftwarebehindthescenes.PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting.ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesiannetworktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’maprettybigfanofGooglehesays.HehasaninterviewscheduledwithMicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays.Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunityandit’salotlessintimidating./ElliotCohenismentionedinthetextsoasto______.
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Googleiseye-catchingduetoits______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-called"black-bodyexperiment". Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareandbusiness-processoutsourcingfirmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza.TherewouldhavebeennochanceofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket.Fornewlyrichoftenveryrich-non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland.WhoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwallssaysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1&initsfirsttwomonths.ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas.Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNairandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisteefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-called"black-bodyexperiment". AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
I’matotalgeekallaroundsaysAngelaByrona27-year-oldcomputerprogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfromNovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhadtheconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunitiesontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuildsoftwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-sourcesoftwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-sourceprojectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshesays.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoappliedwhowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikeahyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusinMountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participatingopen-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasamatchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived$500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived$4500$500rightawayand$4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt.AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswhowasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear.Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummerbecausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheircodingskillsdegrade.WewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummersaysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthusindirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopen-sourcesoftwarebehindthescenes.PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting.ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesiannetworktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’maprettybigfanofGooglehesays.HehasaninterviewscheduledwithMicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays.Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunityandit’salotlessintimidating./Theworkoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsconductedbystudentsaccordingtothetextis______.
I’matotalgeekallaroundsaysAngelaByrona27-year-oldcomputerprogrammerwhohasjustgraduatedfromNovaScotiaCommunityCollege.Andyetlikemanyotherstudentssheneverhadtheconfidencetoapproachanyofthevariousopen-sourcesoftwarecommunitiesontheinternet--distributedteamsofvolunteerswhocollaboratetobuildsoftwarethatisthenmadefreelyavailable.ButthankstoGoogletheworld’smostpopularsearchengineandoneofthebiggestproponentsofopen-sourcesoftwareMsByronspentthesummercontributingcodetoDrupalanopen-sourceprojectthatautomatesthemanagementofwebsites.It’sawesomeshesays.MsByronisoneof419studentsoutof8744whoappliedwhowereacceptedforGoogle’ssummerofcode.Whileitsoundslikeahyper-nerdysummercampthestudentsneitherwenttoGoogle’scampusinMountainViewCalifornianortowherevertheirmentorsatthe41participatingopen-sourceprojectshappenedtobelocated.InsteadGoogleactedasamatchmakerandsponsor.Eachoftheparticipatingopen-sourceprojectsreceived$500foreverystudentittookon;andeachstudentreceived$4500$500rightawayand$4000oncompletionoftheirwork.OhandaT-shirt.AllofthisistheideaofChrisDiBonaGoogle’sopen-sourcebosswhowasbrainstormingwithLarryPageandSergeyBrinGoogle’sfounderslastyear.Theyrealisedthatalotofprogrammingtalentgoestowasteeverysummerbecausestudentstakesummerjobsflippingburgerstomakemoneyandlettheircodingskillsdegrade.WewanttomakeitbetterforstudentsinthesummersaysMr.DiBonaaddingthatitalsohelpstheopen-sourcecommunityandthusindirectlyGooglewhichuseslotsofopen-sourcesoftwarebehindthescenes.PlussaysMr.DiBonaitdoesbecomeanopportunityforrecruiting.ElliotCohenastudentatBerkeleyspenthissummerwritingaBayesiannetworktoolboxforPythonanopen-sourceprogramminglanguage.I’maprettybigfanofGooglehesays.HehasaninterviewscheduledwithMicrosoftbutGoogleistheonlybigcompanythatIwouldworkathesays.Andifthatdoesn’tworkouthenowknowspeopleintheopen-sourcecommunityandit’salotlessintimidating./MsByron’scommentonherownsummerexperimentis______.
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologybuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology-andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones-allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauction-houseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor$2.6billionplusanadditional$1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly$60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoicecallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Accordingtothelastparagraphwithwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorofthetextmostprobablyagree
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologybuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology-andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones-allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauction-houseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor$2.6billionplusanadditional$1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly$60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoicecallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Atthebeginningofthetexttheauthor______.
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.ButwhatareyoucomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandall-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.Itcanbeinferredfromthethirdparagraphthat______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
FewbeyondCalifornia’stechnologycrowdrecognisethenameLarrySonsini;nonewithinitscirclecouldfailto.Forfourdecadeshehasbeenlawyeradviserandfriendtomanyprominentcompaniesandinvestors.SomeconsiderhimthemostpowerfulpersoninSiliconValley.Companiesbegforhislawfirmtorepresentthem.The65-year-oldchairmanofWilsonSonsiniGoodrich&RosatiWSG&Rhassuddenlybeenthrustintothespotlightfirstforcounsellingmanyofthetechnologyfirmsnowunderscrutinyforbackdatingstockoptionsandinsomecasesservingontheirboards;andmorerecentlyasoutsidecounseltoHewlett-PackardHPforinitiallydefendingtheboard’sdubiousinvestigativepractices.WSG&Rboasts600lawyersandrepresentsaroundhalfofSiliconValley’spubliccompaniesincludingAppleSunMicrosystemsandGoogle.Lastyearitrankedfirstinprivate-equityandventure-capitaldealswithnearlytwiceasmanyasitsclosestrival.OverthepastfiveyearsWSG&Rhasworkedonover1000mergersandacquisitionscollectivelyworthover$260billion.TherecenttroublescastashadowoverWSG&R’sreputation.AlthoughMr.Sonsiniisnotaccusedofwrongdoinghimselfmanyofhisfirm’sclientsareontheropes.FormerexecutivesatBrocadeCommunicationssufferedcriminalchargesinJuly.Mr.SonsiniservedonBrocade’sboarduntillastyearandhisfirmwasitsoutsidecounsel.HealsowasontheboardsofPixarEchelonLatticeSemiconductorLSILogicandNovell-allfirmsatwhichtheissuingofstockoptionsisbeingcalledintoquestion.WSG&RdismissestheideathatMr.SonsinifacedaconflictofinterestbyactingasbothdirectorandlegaladvisertosomanyfirmsandsayshedidnotadviseHPinitsinvestigationofboardmembers.Mr.Sonsiniinitiallysaiditwaswelldoneandwithinlegallimits.Itnowseemsitwasneither.Theauthor’sattitudetowardMr.Sonsini’sremarksis______.
Directions: Studythefollowingdrawingcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describethedrawing. 2analyzetheaimofthepainterofthedrawingand 3suggestcounter-measures. Youshouldwriteabout160～200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Inthespanof18monthsIsaacNewtoninventedcalculusconstructedatheoryofopticsexplainedhowgravityworksanddiscoveredhislawsofmotion.Asaresult1665andtheearlymonthsof1666aretermedhisannusmirabilis.46Itwasasustainedsprintofintellectualachievementthatnoonethoughtcouldeverbeequaled.Butinaspanofafewyearsjustbefore1900itallbegantounravel.Onephenomenonafteranotherwasdiscoveredwhichcouldnotbeexplainedbythelawsofclassicalphysics.47ThetheoriesofNewtonandofJamesClerkMaxwellwhofollowedhiminthemid-19thcenturybycraftingamorecomprehensiveaccountofelectromagnetismwereintrouble. Thenin1905ayoungpatentclerknamedAlbertEinsteinfoundthewayforward.Infiveremarkablepapersheshowedthatatomsarerealitwasstillcontroversialatthetimepresentedhisspecialtheoryofrelativityandputquantumtheoryonitsfeet.ItwasadifferentachievementfromNewton’syearbutEinstein’sannusmirabiliswasnolessremarkable.HedidnotlikeNewtonhavetoinvententirelynewformsofmathematics.Howeverhehadtorevisenotionsofspaceandtimefundamentally.48AndunlikeNewtonwhodidnotpublishhisresultsfornearly20yearssoobsessedwashewithsecrecyandworkingoutthedetailsEinsteinreleasedhispapersoneafteranotherasafusilladeofideas. ForEinsteinitwasjustabeginning-hewouldgoontocreatethegeneraltheoryofrelativityandtopioneerquantummechanics.WhileNewtoncameupwithonesystemforexplainingtheworldEinsteinthuscameupwithtwo.Unfortunatelyhisdiscoveries-relativityandquantumtheory-contradictoneanother.Bothcannotbetrueeverywherealthoughbothareremarkablyaccurateintheirrespectivedomainsoftheverylargeandtheverysmall.Einsteinwouldspendthelastyearsofhislifeattemptingtoreconcilethetwotheoriesandfailing.49ButthennooneelsehassucceededinfixingtheproblemseitherandEinsteinwasperhapstheonewhosawthemmostclearly. WhenEinsteinwasawardedaNobelprizein1921itwasforthefirstofhispapersof1905whichprovedtheexistenceofphotons-particlesoflight.50UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.Einsteinhoweverbeganfromadifferentpremisebyconsideringtheso-called"black-bodyexperiment". UpuntilthatpapercompletedonMarch17thandpublishedinAnnalenderPhysikasweretheother1905paperslighthadbeensupposedtobeawavesincethisexplainstheinterferencepatternscreatedwhenitpassesthroughagrating.
Backwhenwewerekidsthehoursspentwithfriendsweretoonumeroustocount.Thereweremarathontelephoneconversationsall-nightstudyingandgigglingsessions.Evenafterboyfriendsenteredthepictureourbestfriendsremainedirreplaceable.Andtimewasthemeansbywhichwenurturedthosefriendships.Nowasadultwomenweneverseemtohaveenoughtimeforanything.Husbandskidscareersandavocations-allrequireattention;toooftenmakingtimeforourfriendscomeslastonthelistofpriorities.Andyetironicallyweneedourfriendsasmuchaseverinadulthood.Afriendshipnetworkisabsolutelycrucialforourwell-beingasadults.Wehavetodothehardworkofbuildingandsustainingthenetwork.Herearesomeimportantwaysforaccomplishingthis. Letgoofyourlesscentralfriendships. Manyofourfriendshipswerenevermeanttolastalifetime.It’snaturalthatsomefriendshipshavetimelimits.Furthermorenoweveryonehasabusysocialcalendarsopullbackfromsomepeoplethatyoudon’treallywanttodrawclosetoandgivethemostpromisingfriendshipafairchancetogrow. 41Bewillingto"dropeverything"whenyou’retrulyneeded. Youmaygetacallfromafriendwhoisreallydepressedoveracertainproblemwhenyouarejustsittingdowntoenjoyaromanticdinnerwithyourhusband.Thisisjustoneofthoseinstanceswhenafriend’sneedsmatteredmore. 42Takeadvantageofthemails. Nearlyallofushavepalslivingfaraway-friendswemissverymuch.Giventhelimitedtimeavailableforvisitsandthehighpriceofphonecallswritingisafinewaytokeepintouch-andmakesbothsenderandreceiverfeelgood. 43Riskexpressingnegativefeelings. Whentimetogetheristoughtocomebyit’snaturaltowantthemoodduringthattimetobeupbeat.Andmanypeoplefearthatotherswillthinklessofyouifyouexpressthenegativefeelingslikeangerandhurt. 44Don’tmakeyourfriends’problemsyourown. Sharingyourfriend’sgriefisthewayyoushowdeepfriendship. Neverunderestimatethevalueofloyalty. Loyaltyhasalwaysbeenratedasoneofthemostdesiredqualitiesinfriends.Trueloyaltycanbeafairlysubtlething.Somepeoplefeelitmeansthatnomatterwhatyourfriendwillalwaystakeyourside.Butrealloyaltyisbeingacceptingthepersonnotnecessarilyofcertainactionsyourfriendmighttake. 45Givethegiftoftimeasoftenastimeallows. Timeiswhatwedon’thavenearlyenoughof-andyetarmedwithalittleingenuitywecanmakeittogiveittoourfriends. Thelastbutnottheleastthingtokeepafriendshipaliveistosaytoyourfriends"Imissyouandloveyou."Sayingthatattheendofaphoneconversationoravisitorwritingitonabirthdaycardcansustainyourfriendshipforthetimesyouaren’ttogether. A]Buttakingonyourfriend’spaindoesn’tmakethatpaingoaway.There’sabigdifferencebetweenempathyorrecognizingafriend’spainandoveridentificationwhichmakesthesuffererfeelevenweaker-"ImustbeinworsepainthanIeventhoughtbecausethepersonI’mconfidinginissufferingsomuch!"Remembertroubledpeoplejustneedtheirfriendstostaygroundedintheirownfeelings. [B]Rememberhonestyisthekeytokeepingafriendshipreal.Sharingyourpainwillactuallydeepenafriendship. [C]Besidesletterscardsandpostcardshavethevirtueofbeingtangible-friendscanthemandrereadthemforyearstocome. [D]Thetrickisrememberingthatalittleisbetterthannoneandthatyoucandotwothingsatonce.Forinstanceifyoubothgoforaweeklyaerobicsgoonthesameday.Ifyoubothwanttogoonvocationschedulethesamedestination.[E]Carefullisteningclearwritingclosereadingplainspeakingandaccuratedescription-willbeinvaluable.Intomorrow’sfast-pacedbusinessenvironmenttherewillbepreciouslittletimetocorrectanymisunderstandings.Communicationsbreakdownmaywellbecomeafatalcorporatedisease. [F]Sometimesbecauseofourunbreakablecommitmentsorothercircumstanceswesimplycan’tgiveaneedyfriendthetimewe’dlike.Ifyoucan’tbethereatthatgivenmomentsaysomethinglike"IwishIcouldbewithyou-Icanhearthatyou’reinpain.MayIcallyoutomorrow"Besureyourfriendknowsshe’scaredabout. 42
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Thetermdisruptivetechnologyispopularbutiswidelymisused.Itrefersnotsimplytoaclevernewtechnologybuttoonethatunderminesanexistingtechnology-andwhichthereforemakeslifeverydifficultforthemanybusinesseswhichdependontheexistingwayofdoingthings.Twentyyearsagothepersonalcomputerwasaclassicexample.Itsweptasideanoldermainframe-basedstyleofcomputingandeventuallybroughtIBMoneoftheworld’smightiestfirmsatthetimetoitsknees.Thisweekhasbeenacoming-outpartyofsortsforanotherdisruptivetechnologyvoiceoverinternetprotocolVOIPwhichpromisestobeevenmoredisruptiveandofevengreaterbenefittoconsumersthanpersonalcomputers.VOIP’sleadingproponentisSkypeasmallfirmwhosesoftwareallowspeopletomakefreecallstootherSkypeusersovertheinternetandverycheapcallstotraditionaltelephones-allofwhichspellstroubleforincumbenttelecomsoperators.OnSeptember12theBaytheleadingonlineauction-houseannouncedthatitwasbuyingSkypefor$2.6billionplusanadditional$1.5billionifSkypehitscertainperformancetargetsincomingyears.Thisseemsavastsumtopayforacompanythathasonly$60minrevenuesandhasyettoturnaprofit.YeteBaywasnottheonlycompanyinterestedinbuyingSkype.MicrosoftYahoo!NewsCorporationandGooglewereallsaidtohavealsoconsideredtheidea.PerhapseBayratherlikesomeover-excitedbidderinoneofitsownauctionshaspaidtoomuch.ThecompanysaysitplanstouseSkype’stechnologytomakeiteasierforbuyersandsellerstocommunicateandtooffernewclicktocalladvertisementsbutmanyanalystsarescepticalthateBayisthebestownerofSkype.WhateverthemeritsofthedealhoweverthefussoverSkypeinrecentweekshashighlightedthesignificanceofVOIPandtheenormousthreatitposestoincumbenttelecomsoperators.FortheriseofSkypeandotherVOIPservicesmeansnothinglessthanthedeathofthetraditionaltelephonebusinessestablishedoveracenturyago.Skypeismerelythemostvisiblemanifestationofadramaticshiftinthetelecomsindustryasvoicecallingbecomesjustanotherdataservicedeliveredviahigh-speedinternetconnections.Skypewhichhasover54musershasreceivedthemostattentionbutotherfirmsroutingcallspartiallyorentirelyovertheinternethavealsosignedupmillionsofcustomers.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.
Soonafterhisappointmentassecretary-generaloftheUnitedNationsin1997KofiAnnanlamentedthathewasbeingaccusedoffailingtoreformtheworldbodyinsixweeks.ButwhatareyoucomplainingaboutaskedtheRussianambassador.You’vehadmoretimethanGod.AhMr.AnnanquippedbackbutGodhadonebigadvantage.HeworkedalonewithoutaGeneralAssemblyaSecurityCounciland[all]thecommittees.RecountingthatanecdotetojournalistsinNewYorkthisweekMr.AnnansoughttoexplainwhyadraftdeclarationonUNreformandtacklingworldpovertyduetobeendorsedbysome150headsofstateandgovernmentataworldsummitinthecityonSeptember14th-16thhadturnedintosuchapaleshadowoftheproposalsthathehimselfhadputforwardinMarch.With191memberstateshesighedit’snoteasytogetanagreement.MostcountriesputtheblameontheUnitedStatesintheformofitsabrasivenewambassadorJohnBoltonforinsistingattheendofAugustonhundredsoflast-minuteamendmentsandaline-by-linerenegotiationofatextmostothershadthoughtwasalmostsettled.Butagroupofmiddle-incomedevelopingnationsincludingPakistanCubaIranEgyptSyriaandVenezuelaalsocameupwithplentyoflast-minutechangesoftheirown.Theriskofhavingnodocumentatallandthusnothingfortheworld’sleaderstocometoNewYorkforwasavertedonlybymarathonall-nightandall-weekendtalks.The35-pagefinaldocumentisnotwhollydevoidofsubstance.ItcallsforthecreationofaPeacebuildingCommissiontosupervisethereconstructionofcountriesafterwars;thereplacementofthediscreditedUNCommissiononHumanRightsbyasupposedlytougherHumanRightsCouncil;therecognitionofanewresponsibilitytoprotectpeoplesfromgenocideandotheratrocitieswhennationalauthoritiesfailtotakeactionincludingifnecessarybyforce;andanearlyreformoftheSecurityCouncil.Althoughmuchpareddownalltheseproposalshaveatleastsurvived.Othershavenot.Eithertheyprovedsocontentiousthattheywereomittedaltogethersuchasthesectionsondisarmamentandnon-proliferationandtheInternationalCriminalCourtortheywerewatereddowntolittlemorethanemptyplatitudes.Theimportantsectiononcollectivesecurityandtheuseofforcenolongerevenmentionsthevexedissueofpre-emptivestrikes;meanwhilethesectiononterrorismcondemnsitinallitsformsandmanifestationscommittedbywhomeverwhereverandforwhateverpurposesbutfailstoprovidethecleardefinitiontheAmericanswanted.BothMr.AnnanandmoresurprisinglyGeorgeBushhaveneverthelesssoughttoputagoodfaceonthingswithMr.AnnandescribingthesummitdocumentasanimportantstepforwardandMr.BushsayingtheUNhadtakenthefirststepstowardsreform.Mr.AnnanandMr.Boltonaredeterminedtogoalotfurther.ItisnowuptotheGeneralAssemblytofleshoutthedocument’sskeletonproposalsandproposenewones.Butitschancesofsuccessappearslim.Accordingtothetextemptyplatitudesmightbefoundinthesectionon______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
JohnBattelleisSiliconValley’sBobWoodward.OneofthefoundersofWiredmagazinehehashungaroundGoogleforsolongthathehascometobeascloseasanyoutsidercantoactuallybeinganinsider.CertainlyGoogle’sfoundersSergeyBrinandLarryPageanditschiefexecutiveEricSchmidtbelievethatitissafertotalktoMr.Battellethannottodoso.TheresultisahighlyreadableaccountofGoogle’sastonishingrise-thesteepestincorporatehistory-fromitsoriginsinStanfordUniversitytoitscontroversialstockmarketdebutanditscurrentstruggletobecomeagrown-upcompanywhilestayingtruetoitsyouthfullybrashmottoDon’tbeevil.Mr.BattellemakesthereaderwarmtoGoogle’srulingtriumvirate-theirclevernessandtheirgoodintentions-andfearfortheirfutureastheytakeontheworld.Googleisoneofthemostinterestingcompaniesaroundatthemoment.IthasadecentshotatdisplacingMicrosoftasthenextgreatnear-monopolyoftheinformationage.Itsambition-toorganisealltheworld’sinformationnotjusttheinformationontheworldwideweb-isepicanditscommercialpowerisfrighteningBeyondthisGoogleisinterestingforthesamereasonthatsecretivedictatorshipsandHollywoodcelebritiesareinteresting-forbeingopaquecolourfulandsimplyitself.ThebookdisappointsonlywhenMr.Battellebeginstryingtoexplainthewiderrelevanceofinternetsearchanditspossiblefuturedevelopment.ThereisalottosayonthissubjectbutMr.Battelleishurriedandoverlychattyproducinglaundrylistsofgeekyconceptswithoutreallyhavingthoughtanyofthemthroughproperly.Thisisnotafatalflaw.Readonlythemiddlechaptersandyouhaveagreatbook.Accordingtothetexttheauthor’sattitudetowardMr.Battelle’sworkis______.
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareandbusiness-processoutsourcingfirmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza.TherewouldhavebeennochanceofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket.Fornewlyrichoftenveryrich-non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland.WhoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwallssaysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1&initsfirsttwomonths.ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas.Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNairandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisteefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun.ItcanbeinferredfromthesecondparagraphthattherecentrapiddevelopmentofIndianmodernartiscloselyassociatedwith______.
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareandbusiness-processoutsourcingfirmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza.TherewouldhavebeennochanceofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket.Fornewlyrichoftenveryrich-non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland.WhoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwallssaysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1&initsfirsttwomonths.ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas.Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNairandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisteefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun.Theauthor’snarrativeinthetextcenterson______.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo-andLinne’shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3hair. Modern4arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan’slofty5andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7thatchimpsarehumans’nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9itisherethatthe10mustoriginate. Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek’sNature12thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13answerstoage-oldquestions14thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalyssisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
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