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肺的募穴所属的经脉是
肺经
任脉
脾经
肝经
胃经
中府是
募穴
在肺经上
任脉的经穴
在前臂
肺经的终止穴
肺的募穴为
肺俞
尺泽
云门
中府
肺的募穴所属的经脉是
肺经
任脉
胃经
脾经
肾经
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SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadthetipsontopoftheworldfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA～Fforeachnumberedsubheading41～45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points41.WhatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreakerSportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK.42.HowwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletesThemostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy.43.HavewereachedthelimitofhumanperformanceNobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond.44.WillweeverreachanabsolutelimitTheoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears.45.InfuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewwaysAsrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 41
发热午后热甚身热不扬属于
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadthetipsontopoftheworldfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA～Fforeachnumberedsubheading41～45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points41.WhatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreakerSportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK.42.HowwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletesThemostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy.43.HavewereachedthelimitofhumanperformanceNobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond.44.WillweeverreachanabsolutelimitTheoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears.45.InfuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewwaysAsrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 43
气滞作痛的特点是
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
根据人与天地相应的观点下列除哪项外均对人体产生影响
Text2"Wemustn’tdelayanylonger..swallowingisdifficult...andbreathingthat’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo..wemustn’tdelayanylonger."ThesewerethewordsofDutchman.CeesVanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating.VanWendel’slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasiaalthoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment.ShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersDr.WilfredVanOijenCeesVanWendel’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion:"Wellit’snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’saverydifferentthing."Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasiasaysthat"Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily--there’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion."Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices--specialhospitalwhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunderspresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople:It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable."Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalfighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywant’todie:"Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot"But"whynot"isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendel’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthe-caseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. HowmanycountriesinEuropepermiteuthanasia
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Text3Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup.Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals.Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork!Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals.Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse.Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. WhichofthefollowingisTRUEaccordingtopara.5
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text4SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot.Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter.WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Amanishappywhen
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
PartBDirections:Youaregoingtoreadthetipsontopoftheworldfollowedbyalistofexamples.ChoosethebestexamplefromthelistA～Fforeachnumberedsubheading41～45.Thereisoneextraexamplewhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10points41.WhatdoyouneedinordertobearecordbreakerSportsexpertsagreethatthesinglemostimportantfactorincreatingachampionisgeneticmake-up:thepossessionofgenesthatimpartaninnateabilitytostrideleapburnenergyefficientlyorsucklotsofoxygenfromtheair.Thegreatathletesaregenuinestatisticaloutliers...physiologicalfreakssayssportsscientistCraigSharpofBrunelUniversityinMiddlesexUK.42.HowwillwefindorcreatethenextgenerationofchampionathletesThemostlikelywayistowidenoursearchtofindsomeonewithageneticmake-upthatallowshimorhertosurpassotherathletes.WhenEastAfricanrunnersbegancompetinginternationallyforexampleitbecameapparentthattheirlightframesmakethemuniquelyeconomicalintheiruseofenergy.43.HavewereachedthelimitofhumanperformanceNobutrecordsarebeingbrokenbyevernarrowermargins.Whenstatisticiansplothowthebestperformanceinagiveneventchangesovertimetheyseethegraphlevelingoff.Andtheshortertheeventthesmallerarethesliversoftimebeingshavedoff.SoalthoughPaulaRadcliffehasslicedwholesecondsoffthemarathonworldrecordsprintersareimprovingbymerehundredthsofasecond.44.WillweeverreachanabsolutelimitTheoreticallyanabsolutetimetohowfarorfastthehumanbodycangodoesbut"whereitiswedon’tknow"saysMillar.Perhapstheonlywaywecanrecognizetheultimateperformancewillberetrospectivelyafterarecordhasstoodforyears.45.InfuturewillathletessimplytesttheirlimitsinnewwaysAsrecordsbecomeharderandhardertobreakwemaystartcomparingathletesbyotherstandardssuchasthenumberofgoldmedalsortheirperformanceovertime.LanceArmstrong’ssixconsecutivewinsintheTourdeFranceforexamplemayneverbesurpassed."Theelitemightbedefinedbyhowmanytimestheywin"saysMillar: A.Someexpertshavetriedtocalculatetheabsolutelimitofperformance.Theytakethehighestvaluefobeachcrucialphysiologicalfactoreverrecordedinanathletesuchasthemaximumoxygenuptakethegreatestefficiencywithwhichenergyisburnedandthebeststamina.Thentheyfigureouthowfastsomeonemightgoifthesewereallcombinedinonebody.Bythesecalculationswemayonedayseeasub-twohourmarathonorevenathree-and-a-half-minutemile.Buttheprobabilityoffindingsomeonewiththeseexceptionalabilitiesisprettylow. B.Ontopofthishowevertrainingandtechniquearevital.Theyallowathletestosculptmusclesforexamplesothattheyburnlessenergywhileachievingthesamespeedsasothers.State-of-the-arttechnologycanbeessentialparticularlyinsportsthatrelyonspecializedequipmentsuchastennisorpolevaulting.Chancealsoplaysapart:cooltemperaturesorwindmightaddthatextrapushforarunnerorlongjumper.Ultimatelyarecord-breakingperformancedependsonbringingallofthesefactorstogetherontherightday. C.Noteverysportcanbeaccuratelymeasuredofcourse.Runningandjumpingcanbequantifiedwithstickorstopwatchbutfootballandtennisperformancesaremuchhardertogauge. D.Psychologyisvital.Athletesneedenormousfocusanddrivetowin.Manypeoplethinkthatthemainbarriertobreakingthefour-minutemilewasapsychologicalone:onceRogerBannisterdiditin1954severalothersclockedsub-four-minutetimesshortlyafterwards.Sometimesbreakingarecordinvolvestakingariskinaneventsuchasbreakingfromthepackwithafulllaptogoandthattakesacertainstate. E.Oncescientistshaveidentifiedthegenesthatconferageneticadvantageinsportathletesmightalsobescreenedtopickouttheoneswithmostgeneticpotential."Thereareallsortsofpeopleoutthereandwedon’tknowwhattheycando"saysexerciseandsportsscientistCarlFosteroftheUniversityofWisconsininLaCrosse.Becausetherewardsaregrowingandcompetitionisbecomingmoreintenseathletesarebeingdrivenmoreandmoretowardsdrugstogaintheedge.Expertspredictthatthenextgenerationofchampionswillincludemany’lopedones.Theyareparticularlyfearfulof"genedoping"inwhichathletesboosttheperformanceofkeygenes. F.Athletesmightalsoinventnewsportstotestthemselves.Theemergenceofthetriathloninthe1970swasfuelledbyrunnersswimmersandcyclistslookingforanewchallenge;itmadeitsdebutasanOlympiceventin2000. 45
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared.Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo.Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained.Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved.HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow.Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. ThedisappearancesofplanesandshipsintheBermudaTriangleareprobablycausedby
Text3Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup.Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals.Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork!Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals.Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse.Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. Itisimpliedinthepassagethat
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem.Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled.Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife.Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsItisimpossibletomeasuretheimportanceofEdisonbyaddingupthespecificinventionswithwhichhisnameisassociated.Far-reachingasmanyofthemhavebeen.intheireffectuponmoderncivilizationthetotaleffectofEdison’scareersurpassesthesumofallofthem.Hedidnotmerelymak6theincandescentlampandthephonographandinnumerableotherdevicespracticableforgeneraluse;46itwasgiventohimtodemonstratethepowerofappliedsciencesoconcretelysounderstandablysoconvincinglythathealteredthementalityofmankind.Inhislifetimelargelybecauseofhissuccessestherecameintowidestacceptancetherevolutionaryconceptionthatmancouldbytheriseofhisintelligenceinventanewmodeoflivingonthisplanet;thehumanspiritwhichinallpreviousageshadregardedtheconditionsoflifeasessentiallyunchangingandbeyondmanscontrolconfidentlyandperhapssomewhatnaivelyadoptedtheconvictionthatanythingcouldbe’changedand-everythingcouldbecontrolled.Thisideaofprogressisinthescaleofhistoryaverynewidea.Itseemsfirsttohavetakenpossessionofafewmindsintheseventeenthandeighteenthcenturiesasanaccompanimentofthegreatadvancesinpurescience.Itgainedgreatercurrencyinthefirsthalfofthenineteenthcenturywhenindustrialcivilizationbegantobetransformedbytheapplicationofsteampower.47Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested.Itwasonlyattheendofthecenturywiththeperfectingoftheelectriclightbulbthetelephonethephonographandthelikethattheordinarymanbegantofellthatsciencecouldactuallybenefithim.48EdisonsuppliedthehomelydemonstrationswhichinsuredthepopularacceptanceofscienceandclinchedthepopularargumentwhichhadbegunwithDarwinabouttheplaceofscienceinman’soutlookuponlife.Thushebecamethesupremepropagandistofscienceandhisnamethegreatsymbolofanalmostblindfaithinitspossibilities.ThirtyyearsagowhenIwasaschoolboytheancientconservatismofmanwasstillthenormalinheritanceofeverychild.Webegantohaveelectriclightsandtelephonesandtosehomelesscarriagesbutourattitudewasamixtureofwonderfearanddoubt.PerhapsthesewouldworkPerhapstheywouldnotexplode.Perhapsitwouldbeamusingtoplaywiththem.49Todayevery’schoolboynotonlytakesalltheexistinginventionsasmuchforgrantedaswetookhorsesanddogsforgranted.butalsoheisentirelyconvincedthatallotherdesirablethingscanandwillbeinvented.Inmyyouththelonelyinventorwhocouldnotobtainahearingwasstillthestockfigureoftheimagination.Todaytheonlypeoplewhoarenotabsolutelysurethattelevisionisperfectedaretheinventorsthemselves.50NootherpersonplayedsogreatapartasEdisoninthischangeinhumanexpectationandfinallybythecumulativeeffectofhiswidelydistributedinventionsplusacombinationofthemodempublicitytechniqueandtheancientmyth-makingfacultyofmenhewasliftedinthepopularimaginationtoaplacewherehewaslookeduponnotonlyasthesymbolbutasthecreatorofanewage. Butthesechangesimpressiveastheywerecreatedsomuchhumanmiserybythecrudeandcruelmannerinwhichtheywereexploitedthatallthroughthecenturymeninstinctivelyfearedandopposedtheprogressofmachinesandofthesciencesonwhichtheyrested
Text2"Wemustn’tdelayanylonger..swallowingisdifficult...andbreathingthat’salsodifficult.Thosemusclesareweakeningtoo..wemustn’tdelayanylonger."ThesewerethewordsofDutchman.CeesVanWendeldeJoodeaskinghisdoctortohelphimdie.AffectedwithaseriousdiseaseVanWendelwasnolongerabletospeakclearlyandheknewtherewasnohopeofrecoveryandthathisconditionwasrapidlydeteriorating.VanWendel’slastthreemonthsoflifebeforebeinggivenafinallethalinjectionbyhisdoctorwerefilmedandfirstshownontelevisionlastyearintheNetherlands.Theprogrammehassincebeenboughtby20countriesandeachtimeitisshownitstartsanationwidedebateonthesubject.TheNetherlandsistheonlycountryinEuropewhichpermitseuthanasiaalthoughitisnottechnicallylegalthere.HoweverdoctorswhocarryouteuthanasiaunderstrictguidelinesintroducedbytheDutchParliamenttwoyearsagoareusuallynotprosecuted.Theguidelinesdemandthatthepatientisexperiencingextremesufferingthatthereisnochanceofacureandthatthepatienthasmaderepeatedrequestsforeuthanasia.Inadditiontothisaseconddoctormustconfirmthatthesecriteriahavebeenmetandthedeathmustbereportedtothepolicedepartment.ShoulddoctorsbeallowedtotakethelivesofothersDr.WilfredVanOijenCeesVanWendel’sdoctorexplainshowhelooksatthequestion:"Wellit’snotasifI’mplanningtomurderacrowdofpeoplewithamachinegun.InthatcasekillingistheworstthingIcanimagine.Butthat’sentirelydifferentfrommyworkasadoctor.IcareforpeopleandItrytoensurethattheydon’tsuffertoomuch.That’saverydifferentthing."Manypeoplethougharetotallyagainstthepracticeofeuthanasia.Dr.AndrewFergusonChairmanoftheorganizationHealthcareOpposedtoEuthanasiasaysthat"Inthevastmajorityofeuthanasiacaseswhatthepatientisactuallyaskingforissomethingelse.Theymaywantahealthprofessionaltoopenupcommunicationforthemwiththeirlovedonesorfamily--there’snearlyalwaysanotherquestionbehindthequestion."Britainalsohasastrongtraditionofhospices--specialhospitalwhichcareonlyforthedyingandtheirspecialneeds.CicelySaunderspresidentoftheNationalHospiceCouncilandafoundermemberofthehospicemovementarguesthateuthanasiadoesn’ttakeintoaccountthattherearewaysofcaringforthedying.Sheisalsoconcernedthatallowingeuthanasiawouldunderminetheneedforcareandconsiderationofawiderangeofpeople:It’sveryeasyinsocietynowfortheelderlythedisabledandthedependenttofeelthattheyareburdensandthereforethattheyoughttooptout.Ithinkthatanythingthatlegallyallowstheshorteningoflifedoesmakethosepeoplemorevulnerable."Manyfindthisprohibitionofanindividual’srighttodiepaternalistic.Althoughtheyagreethatlifeisimportantandshouldberespectedtheyfeelthatthequalityoflifeshouldnotbeignored.Dr.VanOijenbelievesthatpeoplehavethefundamentalfighttochooseforthemselvesiftheywant’todie:"Whatthosepeoplewhoopposeeuthanasiaaretellingmeisthatdyingpeoplehaven’ttheright.Andthatwhenpeopleareveryillweareallafraidoftheirdeath.Buttherearesituationswheredeathisafriend.Andinthosecaseswhynot"But"whynot"isaquestionwhichmightcausestrongemotion.ThefilmshowingCeesVanWendel’sdeathwasbothmovingandsensitive.Hisdoctorwasclearlyafamilyfriend;hiswifehadonlyherhusband’sinterestsatheart.Somehoweverwouldarguethatitwouldbedangeroustousethisparticularexampletosupportthe-caseforeuthanasia.Notallpatientswouldreceivesuchahighlevelofindividualcareandattention. WheneuthanasiaiscarriedoutintheNetherlandsthedoctor
Text3Latelysocialscientistshavebeguntoaskifcultureisfoundjustinhumansorifsomeanimalshaveculturetoo.WhenwespeakofculturewemeanawayoflifeagroupofpeoplehaveincommonCultureincludesthebeliefsandattitudeswelearn.Itisthepatternsofbehaviorthathelppeopletolivetogether.Itisalsothepatternsofbehaviorthatmakeonegroupofpeopledifferentfromanothergroup.Ourcultureletsusmakeupforhavinglostourstrengthclawslongteethandotherdefenses.InsteadWeusetoolscooperatewithoneanotherandcommunicateinlanguage.Buttheseaspectsofhumanbehavioror"culture"canalsobefoundinthelivesofcertainanimals.Weusedtothinkthattheabilitytousetoolswasthedividinglinebetweenhumanbeingsandotheranimals.Latelyhoweverwehavefoundthatthisisnotthecase.Chimpanzeescannotonlyusetoolsbutactuallymaketoolsthemselves.Thisisamajorstepupfromsimplypickingupahandyobjectandusingit.Forexamplechimpshavebeenseenstrippingtheleavesandtwigsoffabranchthenputtingitintoatermitenest.Whenthetermitesbiteatthestickthechimpremovesitandeatsthemofftheend--notunlikeouruseofafork!Forsometimewethoughtthatalthoughhumanbeingslearnedtheircultureanimalscouldn’tbetaughtsuchbehavior.Oreveniftheycouldlearntheywouldnotteachoneanotherinthe;aypeopledo.Thistoohasproventobeuntrue.AgroupofJapanesemonkeyswasstudiedattheKyotouniversityMonkeyCentreinJapan.Theyweregivensweetpotatoesbyscientistswhowantedtoattractthemtotheshoreofanisland.Onedayayoungfemalebegantowashhersweetpotatotogetridofthesand.Thispracticesoonspreadthroughoutthegroup.Itbecamelearnedbehaviornot’fromhumansbutfromothermonkeys.Nowalmostallmonkeyswhohavenotcomeintocontactwiththisgroupdonot.Thuswehavea"cultural"differenceamonganimals.Wehaveruledouttooluseandinventionaswaysoftellinganimalbehaviorfromhumanbehavior.Wehavealsoruledoutlearningandsharingofbehavior.Yetwestillhaveheldoutthelastfeature--language.Buteventheuseoflanguagecannolongerseparatehumanculturefromanimalculture.Attemptstoteachapestospeakhavefailed.Howeverthisisbecauseapesdonothavethepropervocalorgans.Butteachingthemlanguagehasbeenverysuccessfulifwearewillingtoacceptanotherformsratherthanjustthespokenword.TwopsychologiststrainedachimpanzeenamedWashoetouseStandardAmericanSignLanguage.Thisisthesamelanguageusedbydeafpeople.Inthislanguage"talk"ismadethroughgesturesandnotbyspellingoutwordswithindividualletters.BythetimeshewasfiveyearsoldWashoehadavocabularyof130signs.Alsoshecouldputthemtogetherinnewwaysthathadnotbeentaughtheroriginally.Thismeansshecouldcreatelanguageandnotjustcopyit.Shecreatesherownsentencesthathaverealmeaning.Thishasallowedtwo-waytalk.Itpermitsmorethanone-waycommandandresponse.Ofcoursetherearelimitstothecultureofanimals.Asfarasweknownoapehasformedsocialinstitutionssuchasreligionlaworeconomics.Alsosomechimpsmaybeabletolearnsignlanguage;butthisformoflanguageislimitedinitsabilitytocommunicateabstractideas.Yetwithaspokenlanguagewecancommunicateourentireculturetoanyoneelsewhoknowsthatlanguage.Perhapsthemostimportantthingwehavelearnedfromstudiesofotheranimalsisthatthelinedividingusfromthemisnotasclearasweusedtothink. Thepassagemainlytellsusabout
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared.Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo.Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained.Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved.HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow.Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. TomanypeopletheBermudaTriangleisreallyamysterybecause
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1On5thDecember1945fivebombersfromaUnitedStatesNavalAirStationleftFortLauderdaleFloridaonaroutinetrainingflightovertheAtlanticOceaneastofFlorida.AshorttimelaterthebasereceivedradiomessagesfromthebombersFlight19sayingthattheywerelost.Thenradiocontactwasbroken.Theflightdidn’treturnandtheplanesthatweresenttolookforthebombersalsofailtoreturn.Amassivesearchoperationwasmountedbutnotraceofthemissingplanesortheirpilotswasfound.Theyhadsimplyandinexplicablydisappeared.Thiseventwassufficienttoconfirminmanypeople’smindsthattheso-called"Devil’sTriangle"or"BermudaTriangle"--asectionoftheNorthAtlanticboundedroughlybyBermudaFloridaandPuertoRico--reallywashauntedandinsomemysteriouswaywasresponsibleforthelossofshipsandplanes.Inallinthisarea3900000squarekilometresofopenseamorethan50shipsand20planeshavemysteriouslydisappeared.TheseincludetheU.S.NavyshipCyclopsin1918andthemerchantvesselMarineSulphurQueenin1963.InthesameyeartwoU.S.AirForceKC135planesalsodisappearedwithouttrace.Inotherwordsitisnotonlysmallboatsandplanesthathavevanishedintheareabutthemostmodernandbestequippedtoo.Perhapsthemostdramaticshippinglossin’theareawastheU.S.NavynuclearsubmarineScorpion.ThisvessellikeothersbeforeherdisappearedwithoutexplanationinMay1968.Somemonthslatershewasfoundonthebottomoftheoceanbutthereasonforherlosshasnotbeenproperlyexplained.Manytheoriesabouttheareahavebeenproposedandwholebookshavebeenwrittenonthesubject.Ithasbeensuggestedforexamplethatthedisappearancesarecausedbyunknownmagneticforcesfromouterspaceorfromthebottomofthesea.ThereisalsoatheoryaboutunderwatervolcanicactionthataffectsshippingandanotherthatsuggeststhelostcontinentofAtlantiswhichaccordingtolegendliessomewherebeneaththeAtlanticisinvolved.HoweverothersstatethatitismorelikelythatthereisnothingspecialaboutthisimaginarytriangleofwaterandthatitisaproductofSensationalJournalism.AfterallshipsBoatsandplanesarelostatseainallpartsoftheworldduetoweathermechanicalfailureorhumanerrorandseveralofthelossesaremysterious.TheMarieCelesteanAmericancargoboatforexamplewasfoundin1872offthecoastofPortugalinperfectorderbutwithnocrewonboard.Theirdisappearanceshasneverbeenexplained.DidsomeofthemmutinyandthenescapeWereallthecrewkilledbysomeunknownagentDidtheytrytoescapefromsomedangerorotherWeshallprobablyneverknow.Howeverregardlessofthetheorieswhichexistaboutthe"BermudaTriangle"shipsboatsandplanescontinuetotraveldailythroughtheareawithgreatfrequencyandithasnotbeenprovedthatahigherpercentageofaccidentsandlossesoccurinthissectionoftheNorthAtlanticthaninotherareasoftheworld’soceans. WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTTRUEaccordingtothepassage
Inthispartyouareaskedtowritealetterofapplicationforthepositionasdirectorofabigcomputertrainingcenter.Trytomaketheletterinterestingandshowthatyouhaveenthusiasmforthejob.Alsostateyourqualificationforthejobandyourworkexperience.Yourlettershouldbenolessthan100wordswriteitneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.Don’tsignyournameoraddressattheendoftheletteruseLiMinginstead.10points
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsManyteachersbelievethattheresponsibilitiesforlearningliewiththestudent.1alongreadingassignmentisgiveninstructorsexpectstudentstobefamiliarwiththe2inthereadingeveniftheydonotdiscussitinclassortakeanexamination.The3studentisconsideredtobe4whoismotivatedtolearnforthesakeof5nottheoneinterestedonlyingettinghighgrades.Sometimeshomeworkisreturned6briefwrittencommentsbutwithoutagrade.Evenifagradeisnotgiventhestudentis7forlearningthematerialassigned.Whenresearchis8theprofessorexpectsthestudenttotakeitactivelyandtocompleteitwith9guidance.Itisthe10responsibilitytofindbooksmagazinesandarticlesinthelibrary.Professorsdonothavethetimetoexplain11auniversitylibraryworks;theyexpectstudents12graduatestudentstobeabletoexhaustthereference13inthelibrary.Professorwillhelpstudentswhoneeditbut14thattheirstudentsshouldnotbe15dependentonthem.IntheUnitedStatesprofessorshavemanyotherduties16teachingsuchasadministrativeorresearchwork.17thetimethataprofessorcanspendwithastudentoutsideofclassis18.Ifastudenthasproblemswithclassroomworkthestudentshouldeither19aprofessorduringofficehours20makeanappointment. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Text4SofarasIknowMissHannahArendtwasthefirstpersontodefinetheessentialdifferencebetweenworkandlabor.Tobehappyamanmustfeelfirstlyfreeandsecondlyimportant.Hecannotbereallyhappyifheiscompelledbysocietytodowhathedoesnotenjoydoingorifwhatheenjoysdoingisignoredbysocietyasofnovalueorimportance.Inasocietywhereslaveryinthestrictsensehasbeenabolishedthesignthatwhatamandoesisofsocialvalueisthatheispaidmoneytodoitbutalaborertodaycanrightlybecalledawageslave.Amanisalaborerifthejobsocietyoffershimisofnointeresttohimselfbutheiscompelledtotakeitbythenecessityofearningalivingandsupportinghisfamily.Theantithesistolaborisplay.Whenweplayagameweenjoywhatwearedoingotherwiseweshouldnotplayitbutitisapurelyprivateactivity;societycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornot.Betweenlaborandplaystandswork.Amanisaworkerifheispersonallyinterestedinthejobwhichsocietypayshimtodo;whatfromthepointofviewofsocietyisnecessarylaborisfromhisownpointofviewvoluntaryplay.Whetherajobistobeclassifiedaslabororworkdependsnotonthejobitselfbutonthetastesoftheindividualwhoundertakesit.Thedifferencedoesnotforexamplecoincidewiththedifferencebetweenamanualandamentaljob;agardener:oracobblermaybeaworkerabankclerkalaborer.Whichameanscanbeseenfromhisattitudetowardleisure.Toaworkerleisuremeanssimplythehoursheneedstorelaxandrestinordertoworkefficiently.Heisthereforemorelikelytotaketoolittleleisurethantoomuch;workersdieofcoronariesandforgettheirwives’birthdays.Tothelaborerontheotherhandleisuremeansfreedomfromcompulsionsothatitisnaturalforhimtoimaginethatthefewerhourshehastospendlaboringandthemorehoursheisfreetoplaythebetter.WhatpercentageofthepopulationinamodemtechnologicalsocietyarelikemyselfinthefortunatepositionofbeingworkersAtaguessIwouldsaysixteenpercentandIdonotthinkthatfigureislikelytogetbiggerinthefuture.Technologyandthedivisionoflaborhavedonetwothings:byeliminatinginmanyfieldstheneedforspecialstrengthorskilltheyhavemadeaverylargenumberofpaidoccupationswhichformerlywereenjoyableworkintoboringlaborandbyincreasingproductivitytheyhavereducedthenumberofnecessarylaboringhours.Itisalreadypossibletoimagineasocietyinwhichthemajorityofthepopulationthatistosayitslaborerswillhavealmostasmuchleisureasinearliertimeswasenjoyedbythearistocracy.Whenonerecallshowaristocraciesinthepastactuallybehavedtheprospectisnotcheerful.Indeedtheproblemofdealingwithboredommaybeevenmoredifficultforsuchafuturemasssocietythanitwasforaristocracies.Thelatterforexampleritualizedtheirtime;therewasaseasontoshootgrouseaseasontospendintownetc.Themassesaremorelikelytoreplaceanunchangingritualbyfashionwhichitwillbeintheeconomicinterestofcertainpeopletochangeasoftenaspossible.Againthemassescannotgoinforhuntingforverysoontherewouldbenoanimalslefttohunt.Forotheraristocraticamusementslikegamblingduelingandwarfareitmaybeonlytooeasytofindequivalentsindangerousdrivingdrag-takingandsenselessactsofviolence.Workersseldomcommitactsofviolencebecausetheycanputtheiraggressionintotheirworkbeitphysicalliketheworkofasmithormentalliketheworkofascientistoranartist.Theroleofaggressioninmentalworkisaptlyexpressedbythephrase"gettingone’steethintoaproblem". Whatdoesthesentencesocietycouldnotcarelesswhetherweplayitornotmean
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