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牡蛎散的组成是
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组成药物中含有龙骨牡蛎的方剂是
牡蛎散
金锁固精丸
桑螵蛸散
同冲汤
镇肝熄风汤
牡蛎散的药物组成中不含有
白术
黄芪
牡蛎
麻黄根
小麦
牡蛎散的组成是
牡蛎，麻黄根，白术，炙甘草
牡蛎，麻黄根，白术，浮小麦
牡蛎，麻黄根，黄芪，白术
牡蛎，麻黄根，黄芪，浮小麦
牡蛎，麻黄根，黄芪，炙甘草
桑螵蛸散的药物组成中无
当归
石菖蒲
人参
牡蛎
牡蛎散的组成是
黄芪,麻黄根,牡蛎,小麦
黄芪,麻黄根,牡蛎
黄芪,麻黄根,白术
黄芪,麻黄根,白术,防风
黄芪,白术,防风
牡蛎散的药物组成是
牡蛎、麻黄根、白术、炙甘草
牡蛎、麻黄根、白术、小麦
牡蛎、麻黄根、黄芪、白术
牡蛎、麻黄根、黄芪、小麦
牡蛎、麻黄根、黄芪、炙甘草
组成中含有龟版鳖甲牡蛎的方剂是
牡蛎散
大补阴丸
镇肝息风汤
青蒿鳖甲汤
大定风珠
组成药物中含有龙骨牡蛎的方剂是
牡蛎散
金锁固精丸
桑螵蛸散
固冲汤
牡蛎散的药物组成中无
白术
麻黄根
黄芪
牡蛎
组成药物中含有龙骨牡蛎的方剂是
牡蛎散
金锁固精丸
桑螵蛸散
固冲汤
镇肝熄风汤
组成药物中含有龙骨牡蛎的方剂是
牡蛎散
金锁固精丸
桑螵蛸散
同冲汤
镇肝熄风汤
牡蛎散组成中不包括
黄芪
牡蛎
麻黄根
小麦
炙甘草
蜀漆散的药物组成
蜀漆
干姜
龙骨
牡蛎
云母
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"Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfear"saysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230cmtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry." Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth. DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93460km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunter"isliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup." AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelongdistancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens. Manypeopleincludingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamos"thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart." Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There’sthisthingcalledthe’gigglefactor’inCongress"hesays."peopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence." TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds. Accordingtothetextnucleartippedmissilesandcannonball-sizesteelspheresPara.5
"Myownfeelingswentfromdisbelieftoexcitementtodownrightfear"saysCarlHergenrother23anArizonaundergraduatewhoverifiedalargeasteroidbarrelingtowardEarthwitha230cmtelescopeatopnearbyKittPeak."Itwasscarybecausetherewasthepossibilitythatwewereconfirmingthedemiseofsomecitysomewhereorsomestateorsmallcountry." Wellnotquite.EarlylastweekhiscelestialinterloperwhizzedbyEarthmissingtheplanetby450620km--ahairbreadthinastronomicalterms.PerhapshalfakilometeracrossitwasthelargestobjecteverobservedtopassthatclosetoEarth. DuncanSteelanAustralianastronomerhascalculatedthatiftheasteroidhadstruckEarthitwouldhavehitatsome93460km/h.Theresultingexplosionscientistsestimatewouldhavebeeninthe3000-to-12000-megatonrange.ThatsaysastronomerEugeneShoemakerapioneerasteroidandcomethunter"isliketakingalloftheU.S.andSovietnuclearweaponsputtingtheminonepileandblowingthemallup." AndwhatifonethemisfoundtobeonacollisioncoursewithEarthScientistsatthenationallaboratoriesatLivermoreCaliforniaandLosAlamosNewMexicohavedevisedanumberofingeniousplansthatgivenenoughwarningtimecouldprotectEarthfromathreateningNEO.Theirdefensiveweaponsofchoiceincludelongdistancemissileswithconventionalormorelikelynuclearwarheadsthatcouldbeusedeithertonudgeanasteroidintoasafeorbitorblastittosmithereens. Manypeopleincludingsomeastronomers--areunderstandablynervousaboutputtingastandbysquadronofnucleartippedmissilesinplace.Hencethelateststrategywhichinsomecaseswouldobviatetheneedforanucleardefense:propellingafusilladeofcannonball-sizesteelspheresatanapproachingasteroid.Inahigh-velocityencounterwithaspeedingNEOexplainsGregoryCanavanaseniorscientistatLosAlamos"thekineticenergyoftheballswouldchangeintoheatenergyandblowthethingapart." Someastronomersopposeanyimmediatedefensivepreparationscitingthehighcostsandlowoddsofalargeobject’sstrikingEarthinthecomingdecades.ButattheveryleastShoemakercontendsNEOdetectionshouldbeaccelerated."There’sthisthingcalledthe’gigglefactor’inCongress"hesays."peopleinCongressandalsoatthetoplevelinNASAstilldon’ttakeitseriously.Butweshouldmoveahead.It’samatterofprudence." TheworldhoweverstillseemslargelyunconcernedwiththedangerposedbylargebodieshurtlinginfromspacedespitethespectacletwoyearsagoofCometShoemaker-Levy9riddlingtheplanetJupiterwithmammothexplosions.Itremainstobeseenwhetherlastweek’srecordnear-misshaschangedanyminds. Whenmentioningthethe3000-to-12000-megatonrangePara.3thewriteristalkingabout
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextCarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2. Thelevelofeconomicandindustrialdevelopmentenjoyedbyastateaffectstheforeignpolicygoalsitcanpursue.46Asageneralpropositionthemoredevelopedastateiseconomicallythemorelikelyitisthatitwillplayanactivistroleintheworldpoliticaleconomy.Richnationshaveintereststhatextendfarbeyondtheirbordersandtypicallycommandthemeansnecessarytopursueandprotectthem.47Notcoincidentallycountriesthatenjoyindustrialcapabilitiesandextensiveinvolvementininternationaltradealsotendtobemilitarilypowerfulinpartbecausemilitarymightisafunctionofeconomiccapabilities.FortwodecadesafterworldwartwotheUnitedStatesandtheSovietUnionstoodoutassuperpowerspreciselybecausetheybenefitedfromthatcombinationofeconomicandmilitarycapabilityincludingextensivearsenalsofnuclearweaponsandthemeanstodeliverthemanywherethatenabledbothtopracticeunrestrainedglobalism.Theirimperialreachandinterventionistbehaviorswereseeminglyunrestrainedbylimitedwealthorresources.Infactmajorpowershavebeeninvolvedinforeignconflictmorefrequentlythanminorpowers. Althougheconomicallyadvancednationsaremoreactivegloballythisdoesnotmeanthattheirprivilegedcircumstancesdictateadventuresomepolicies.Richnationsareusually"satisfied"onesthathavemuchtolosefromtheonsetofrevolutionarychangeorglobalinstability.48Forthisreasontheyusuallyperceivepreservationofthestatusquoasservingtheirinterestsbestandtheyoftenpracticeinternationaleconomicpoliciesdesignedtoprotectandexpandtheirenviedpositionatthepinnacleoftheglobalhierarchy. Levelsofproductivityandprosperityalsoaffecttheforeignpoliciesofthepoorstatesatthebottomofthehierarchy.49Somerespondtotheireconomicweaknessbycomplyingsubservientlywiththewishesoftherichonwhichtheydepend.Othersrebeldefiantlyandtheysometimessucceedinresistingmajorpowereffortstocontroltheirinternationalbehavior. Henceeffortstogeneralizeabouttheeconomicfoundationsofstates’internationalpoliticalbehavioroftenproveunrewarding.Levelsofeconomicdevelopmentvarywidelyamongstatesintheinternationalsystembuttheydonotbythemselvesdetermineforeignpolicies.50Insteadtheopportunitiesandconstraintsthatleadersperceiveintheirnation’sattributesratherthantheactuallevelofdevelopmentmaybethedeterminingsourceofstates’internationalconduct. Notcoincidentallycountriesthatenjoyindustrialcapabilitiesandextensiveinvolvementininternationaltradealsotendtobemilitarilypowerfulinpartbecausemilitarymightisafunctionofeconomiccapabilities.
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos. Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious. Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities. Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened. HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstruggles"allthenoondaybrightnessofhumangenius"asheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse. Iftherewerepushtodirectorganizedcomplexitychancesofintelligenceevolutionwould
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. Itcaninferredfromthe2ndparagraphthat
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. 45
OneofyourpenfriendsJohnwillbevisitingyourcity.Howeverforsomereasonsyoucannotmeethimattheairportontime.Writealetteraskinghimtowaitforyouattheairportandtellhimhowtorecognizeyou.Yourlettershouldbenolessthan100words.Youdon’tneedtowritetheaddress.Don’tsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.UseRogerinstead.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshortterminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001shortterminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrent"accommodative"monetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshortterminterestratesofaround4%. Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Certainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrong:unemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Thephrasecurrent’accommodative’monetarystancePara.3denotes
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos. Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious. Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities. Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened. HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstruggles"allthenoondaybrightnessofhumangenius"asheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse. ItisthebeliefoforthodoxbiologythatDarwinianevolutionism
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. 43
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
Comeonmyfellowwhitefolkswehavesomethingtoconfess.Outwithitfriendsthebiggestsecretknowntowhitessincetheinventionofpowderedrouge:welfareisawhiteprogram.Thenumbersgolikethis:61%ofthepopulationreceivingwelfarelistedas"means-testedcashassistance"bytheCensusBureauisidentifiedaswhitewhileonly33%isidentifiedasblack.ThesenumbersnotwithstandingtheRepublicanversionof"politicalcorrectness"hasgivenus"welfarecheat"asanewtermforAfricanAmericansincetheearlydaysofRonaldReagan. Ourconfessionsurelystands:whitefolkshavebeengobblingupthewelfarebudgetwhileblamingsomeoneelse.Butit’sworsethanthat.IfwelookatSocialSecuritywhichisanotherformofwelfarealthoughitisoftenmistakenforanindividualinsuranceprogramthenwhitesaretheoneswhoarecrowdingthetrough.Wereceivealmosttwiceasmuchpercapitaforanaggregateadvantagetoourraceof＄10billionayear--muchmorethanthe＄3.9billionadvantageAfricanAmericangainfromtheirdisproportionateshareofwelfare.Onesadreason:whitesliveanaverageofsixyearslongerthanAfricanAmericansmeaningthatyoungblackworkershelpsubsidizeahugeandgrowing"over-class"ofwhiteretirees.Idonotseeourconfessionbringingmuchrelief.There’sareasonforresentmentthoughithasmoretodowithclassthanwithrace.Whitepeoplearepoortooandinnumbersfarexceedinganyofourmoregenerouslypigmentedsocialgroups.Andpovertyasdefinedbythegovernmentisavastunderestimationoftheeconomicterrorthatpersistsatincomes--suchas＄20000oreven＄40000andabove--thatweliketothinkofasmiddleclass. Theproblemisnotthatwelfareistoogeneroustoblacksbutthatsocialwelfareingeneralistoostingytoallconcerned.Naturallywhitesintheswelling"nearpoor"categoryresentthenotionofwholeracessupposedlyfrolickingattheirexpense.Whitesnearpoorandmiddleclassneedhelptoo--asdothemanyAfricanAmericans. Sowewhitefolkshaveachoice.Wecankeeppretendingthatwelfareisblackprogramandaschemefortransferringourearningstothepocketsofshiftlessdark-skinnedpeople.Orwecanclearourthroatsblushprettilyandadmitthatwearehurtingtoo--forcashassistancewhenwe’redownandoutforhealthinsuranceforcollegeaidandalltherest.RacialscapegoatinghasitscharmsIwilladmit:thesurgeofrighteousangereventhefun--forthoseinclined--ofwearingsheetsandburningcrosses.Buttherearebetternoblersourcesofwhiteprideitseemstome.Rememberthis:onlywecantrulydeeplyblush. Theauthorismostcriticalofthewhites’
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
PartBDirections:Inthefollowing articlesomesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45choosethemost suitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.There aretwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyoftheblanks. LongbeforemanlivedontheEarththerewerefishes reptilesbirdsinsectsandsomemammals.Althoughsomeoftheseanimalswere ancestorsofkindslivingtodayothersarenowextinctthatistheyhaveno descendantsalivenow.Neverthelessweknowagreatdealaboutmanyofthem becausetheirbonesandshellshavebeenpreservedintherocksasfossils. 41.______Thatkindofrockinwhichtheremainsarefound tellsusmuchaboutthenatureoftheoriginallandoftenoftheplantsthat grewonitandevenofitsclimate.Whenananimaldies thebodyitsbonesorshellmayoftenbecarriedawaybystreamsintolakes ortheseaandtheregetcoveredupbymud.Iftheanimallivedintheseaits bodywouldprobablysinkandbecoveredwithmud.Moreandmoremudwouldfall uponituntilthebonesorshellbecomeembeddedandpreserved.42．______Thusit followsthattheremustbemanykindsofmammalsbirdsandinsectsofwhichwe knownothing43．______Laterformsaremorecomplexand amongthesearethesea-liliesrelationsofthestar-fisheswhichhadlong armsandwereattachedbyalongstalktotheseabedortorocks.Therewere alsocrab-likecreatureswhosebodieswerecoveredwithahornysubstanceThe bodysegmentseachhadtwopairsoflegsonepairforwalkingonthesandy bottomtheotherforswimming.Theheadwasakindofshieldwithapairof compoundeyesoftenwiththousandsoflenses.Theywereusuallyaninchortwo longbutsomewere2feet.Theshellfishhavealong historyintherockandmanydifferentkindsareknown.Ofthesetheammonites areveryinterestingandimportant.Theyhaveashellcomposedofmanychambers eachrepresentingatemporaryhomeoftheanimal.Astheyounggrewlargerit grewanewchamberandsealedoffthepreviousone.Thousandsofthesecanbe seenintherocksontheDorsetCoast.Thefirstanimals withtruebackboneswerefishesfirstknownintherocksof375millionyears ago.About300millionyearsagotheamphibianstheanimalsabletoliveboth onlandandinwaterappeared.Theyweregiantsometimes8feetlongandmany ofthemlivedintheswampypoolsinwhichourcoalseamorlayerformed. 44．______About75millionyearsagotheAgeofReptileswasoverandmostofthe groupsdiedout.Themammalsquicklydevelopedandwecantracetheevolution ofmanyfamiliaranimalssuchastheelephantandhorse.45．______ [A]Thebestindexfossilstendtobemarinecreatures. Theseanimalsevolvedrapidlyandspreadoverlargeareasoftheworld. [B]Theamphibiansgaverisetothereptilesandfor nearly150millionyearstheseweretheprincipalformsoflifeonlandinthe seaandintheair.[C]Manyofthelatermammals thoughnowextinctwereknowntoprimitivemanandwerefeaturedbyhimincave paintingsandonbonecarvings.[D]Nearlyallofthe fossilsthatweknowwerepreservedinrocksformedbywateractionandmostof theseareofanimalsthatlivedinornearwater.[E]The earliestanimalswhoseremainshavebeenfoundwereallverysimplekindsand livedinthesea.[F]Manyfactorscaninfluencehow fossilsarepreservedinrocks.Remainsofanorganismmaybereplacedby mineralsdissolvedbyanacidicsolutiontoleaveonlytheirimpressionor simplyreducedtoamorestableform.[G]Fromthemwe cantelltheirsizeandshapehowtheywalkedthekindoffoodtheyate.Very occasionallytherocksshowimpressionofskinsothatapartfromcolorwe canbuildupareasonablyaccuratepictureofananimalthatdiedmillionsof yearsago.
ThediscoveryoflifebeyondEarthwouldtransformnotonlyoursciencebutalsoourreligionsourbeliefsystemsandourentireworld-view.Forinasensethesearchforextraterrestriallifeisreallyasearchforourselves--whoweareandwhatourplaceisinthegrandsweepofthecosmos. Contrarytopopularbeliefspeculationthatwearenotaloneintheuniverseisasoldasphilosophyitself.TheessentialstepsinthereasoningwerebasedontheatomictheoryoftheancientGreekphilosopherDemocritus.Yetphilosophyisonethingfillinginthephysicaldetailsisanother.Althoughastronomersincreasinglysuspectthatbiofriendlyplanetsmaybeabundantintheuniversethechemicalstepsleadingtoliferemainlargelymysterious. Traditionallybiologistsbelievedthatlifeisafreak--theresultofazillion-to-oneaccidentalconcatenationofmolecules.Itfollowsthatthelikelihoodofitshappeningagainelsewhereinthecosmosisinfinitesimal.Thisviewpointderivesfromthesecondlawofthermodynamicswhichpredictsthattheuniverseisdying--slowlyandinexorablydegeneratingtowardastateoftotalchaos.Andsimilarreasoningappliestoevolution.AccordingtotheorthodoxviewDarwinianselectionisutterlyblind.Anyimpressionthatthetransitionfrommicrobestomanrepresentsprogressispurechauvinismofourpart.Thepathofevolutionismerelyarandomwalkthroughtherealmofpossibilities. Ifthisisrighttherecanbenodirectionalitynoinnatedriveforward;inparticularnopushtowardconsciousnessandintelligence.ShouldEarthbestruckbyanasteroiddestroyingallhigherlife-formsintelligentbeingswouldalmostcertainlynotarisenexttimearound.Thereishoweveracontraryview--onethatisgainingstrengthanddirectlychallengesorthodoxbiology.Itisthatcomplexitycanemergespontaneouslythroughaprocessofself-organization.Ifmatterandenergyhaveaninbuilttendencytoamplifyandchannelorganizedcomplexitytheoddsagainsttheformationoflifeandthesubsequentevolutionofintelligencecouldbedrasticallyshortened. HistoricallyBertrandRussellarguedthatauniverseunderadeathsentencefromthesecondlawofthermodynamicsrenderedhumanlifeultimatelyfutile.Allourachievementsallourstruggles"allthenoondaybrightnessofhumangenius"asheputitwouldinthefinalanalysiscountfornothingiftheverycosmositselfisdoomed.ButwhatifinspiteofthesecondlawofthermodynamicstherecanbesystematicprogressalongsidedecayForthosewhohopeforadeepermeaningorpurposebeneathphysicalexistencethepresenceofextraterrestriallife-formswouldprovideaspectacularboostimplyingthatweliveinauniversethatisinsomesensegettingbetterandbetterratherthanworseandworse. Thewriterorganizeshisideasinthetextmainlyby
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshortterminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001shortterminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrent"accommodative"monetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshortterminterestratesofaround4%. Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Certainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrong:unemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothistext
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
AMERICA’Scentralbanksentaclearmessagethisweek.ForthesecondconsecutivemeetingtheFederalOpenMarketCommitteethecentralbank’spolicy-makingcommitteeleftshortterminterestratesunchangedat1.75%.Butitsaidthattherisksfacingtheeconomyhadshiftedfromeconomicweaknesstoabalancebetweenweaknessandexcessivegrowth.Thisshiftsurprisednoone.Butithasconvincedmanypeoplethatinterestratesaresettoriseagain--andsoon. Judgingbypricesinfuturesmarketsinvestorsarebettingthatshort-terminterestratescouldstartrisingasearlyasMayandwillbe1.25percentagepointshigherbytheendoftheyear.Thatmaybeexcessive.EconomistsatGoldmanSachswholongarguedthatthecentralbankwoulddonothingthisyearnowexpectshort-termratestogouponly0.75%thisyearstartinginJune.ButvirtuallyeveryonereckonssomeFedtighteningisintheoffing. ThereasonAfteranunprecedented11rate-cutsin2001shortterminterestratesareabnormallylow.AsthesignsofrobustrecoverymultiplyanalystsexpecttheFedtotakebacksomeoftherate-cutsitusedasan"insurancepolicy"aftertheSeptember11thterroristattack.TheythinktherewillbeagradualmovefromtheFed’scurrent"accommodative"monetarystancetoamoreneutralpolicy.Andaneutralpolicymanyargueultimatelyimpliesshortterminterestratesofaround4%. Logicalenough.Buthigherratescouldstillbefurtheroffparticularlyiftherecoveryproveslessrobustthanmanyhope.Certainlyrecenteconomicindicatorshavebeenextraordinarilystrong:unemploymentfellforthesecondconsecutivemonthinFebruaryandindustrialproductionroseinbothJanuaryandFebruary.Themanufacturingsectorisgrowingafter18monthsofdecline.ThemostoptimisticWallStreetersnowexpectGDPtohaveexpandedbybetween5%and6%onanannualbasisinthefirstquarter. Butonestrongquarterdoesnotimplyasustainablerecovery.Intheshorttermthebounce-backisbeingdrivenbyadramaticrestockingofinventories.Butitcanbesustainedonlyifcorporateinvestmentrecoversandconsumerspendingstaysbuoyant.Withplentyofslackcapacityaroundandmanyfirmsstuckwithhugedebtsandlousyprofitsitishardtoseewheresurginginvestmentwillcomefrom.AnddespitefallingunemploymentAmerica’sconsumerscoulddisappointthebulls. Theseuncertaintiesalonesuggestthecentralbankwillbecautiousaboutraisinginterestrates.IndeedgiventhehugepressureoncorporateprofitstheFederalReservemightbehappytoseeconsumerpricesriseslightly.InshortwhileWallStreetfretsaboutwhenandhowmuchinterestrateswillgoup.Theanswermaywellbenotsoonandnotmuch. Thepurposeoftheauthorinwritingthistextisto
Directions: Youaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextabouthappiness.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA--Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstandlastparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1. [A]Variousdefinitionsandinterpretationsofhappiness. [B]Oneepisodeofenjoyinghappiness. [C]Somemisconceptionsabouthappiness. [D]Wheretoseekhappiness [E]Happinessisequivalenttotheabilitytorejoice. [F]Thecomplexityofhowtodefinehappiness. "Areyouhappy"IaskedmybrotherIanoneday."Yes.NodItdependswhatyoumean"hesaid. "Thentellme"Isaid"whenwasthelasttimeyouthinkyouwerehappy" "April1967"hesaid. Itservedmerightforputtingaseriousquestiontosomeonewhohasjokedhiswaythroughlife.ButIan’sanswerremindedmethatwhenwethinkabouthappinessweusuallythinkofsomethingextraordinaryapinnacleofsheerdelight--andthosepinnaclesseemtogetrarertheolderweget. 41．________________________. Forachildhappinesshasamagicalquality.Iremembermakinghide-outsinnewlycuthayplayingcopsandrobbersinthewoodsgettingaspeakingpartintheschoolplay.Ofcoursekidsalsoexperiencelowsbuttheirdelightatsuchpeaksofpleasureaswinningaraceorgettinganewbikeisunreserved.Intheteenageyearstheconceptofhappinesschanges.Suddenlyit’sconditionalonsuchthingsasexcitementlovepopularityandwhetherthatzitwillclearupbeforepromnightIcanstillfeeltheagonyofnotbeinginvitedtoapartythatalmosteveryoneelsewasgoingto.ButIalsorecalltheecstasyofbeingpluckedfromobscurityatanothereventtodancewithaJohnTravoltalook-alike.Inadulthoodthethingsthatbringprofoundjoy--birthlovemarriage--alsobringresponsibilityandtheriskofloss.Lovemaynotlastsexisn’talwaysgoodlovedonesdie.Foradultshappinessiscomplicated. 42．________________________. Mydictionarydefineshappyas"lucky"or"fortunate"butIthinkabetterdefinitionofhappinessis"thecapacityforenjoyment."Themorewecanenjoywhatwehavethehappierweare.It’seasytooverlookthepleasurewegetfromlovingandbeinglovedthecompanyoffriendsthefreedomtolivewherewepleaseevengoodhealth.Iaddedupmylittlemomentsofpleasureyesterday.FirsttherewassheerblisswhenIshutthelastlunchboxandhadthehousetomyself.ThenIspentanuninterruptedmorningwritingwhichIlove.WhenthekidscamehomeIenjoyedtheirnoiseafterthequietoftheday.LaterpeacedescendedagainandmyhusbandandIenjoyedanotherpleasure-intimacy.Sometimesjusttheknowledgethathewantsmecanbringmejoy.43．________________________. Youneverknowwherehappinesswillturnupnext.WhenIaskedfriendswhatmakesthemhappysomementionedseeminglyinsignificantmoments."Ihateshopping"onefriendsaid."Butthere’sthisclerkwhoalwayschatsandreallycheersmeup."Anotherfriendlovesthetelephone."EverytimeitringsIknowsomeoneisthinkingaboutme." 44．________________________. Igetathrillfromdriving.OnedayIstoppedtoletaschoolbusturnontoasideroad.Thedrivergrinnedandgavemeathumbs-upsign.Weweretwoalliesinaworldofmadmotorists.Itmademesmile.Weallexperiencemomentslikethese.Toofewofusregisterthenashappiness. 45．________________________. Psychologiststellusthattobehappyweneedablendofenjoyableleisuretimeandsatisfyingwork.Idoubtthatmygreat-grandmotherwhoraised14childrenandtookinwashinghadmuchofeither.Shedidhaveanet-workofclosefriendsandfamilyandmaybethisiswhatfulfilledher.Ifshewashappywithwhatshehadperhapsitwasbecauseshedidn’texpectlifetobeverydifferent.Weontheotherhandwithsomanychoicesandsuchpressuretosucceedineveryareahaveturnedhappinessintoonemorethingwe"gottahave."We’resoself-consciousaboutour"right"toitthatit’smakingusmiserable.Sowechaseitandequateitwithwealthandsuccesswithoutnoticingthatthepeoplewhohavethosethingsaren’tneeessaiilyhappier. Whilehappinessmaybemorecomplexforusthesolutionisthesameasever.Happinessisn’taboutwhathappenstous--it’sabouthowweperceivewhathappenstous.It’stheknackoffindingapositiveforeverynegativeandviewingasetbackasachallenge.It’snotwishingforwhatwedon’thavebutenjoyingwhatwedopossess. 41
PartCDirections:Readthefollowing textcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.Your translationshouldbewrittenclearly. Itishardtogetagriponfood.TheUN’sWorldHealth Organisationworriesaboutdiminishingsuppliesandincreasedpricesinpoor countries;recentriotsandnear-riotsinHaitiBangladeshandEgyptwere sparkedbythegrowingcostofwheatandrice.ButasPaulRobertsobservesin TheEndofFoodthedevelopedworldhaslivedthroughanearmiraculous periodduringwhichthethingsweateseemedtogrowonlymoreplentifulmore securemorenutritiousandsimplybetter.46．Inthesecondhalfofthe 20thcenturyworldoutputofcornwheatandcerealcropsmorethantripled. Yetthereisnotenoughtofeedtherichtheaspirationalandthepoorinthe world.Agoldenagehasbeentransformedquitesuddenlyintoaglobal crisis.MrRobertsinsiststhatmodernagribusiness isunsustainableandbecomingmoreso.Preciselyatthemomentinhistorywhen weneedtoshiftoursystemoffoodproductionintooverdriveouragricultural engineisbreakingdownhesays.Theindustryhastakencheapoilforgranted. Oilfuelstransportationandfarmmachineryandnaturalgasisthebasisof syntheticnitrogenproductionpriceshavetripledsince2002.Agriculture accountsforthree-quartersoffreshwateruseandwaterisbecomingan increasinglyscarceandexpensiveresource.Climatechangemakessomeold assumptionsaboutfarmingredundant.47．Acombinationofthesefactorshe sayswillultimatelyforceacompleterethinkingofthewaywemakefood. Foryearsgovernmentsubsidieshelddowngrainprices makingfoodcheaper.48．Waterwasalsoplentiful-ittakes1000tonnesof watertoproduceatonneofgrain-andaningeniousprocessknownasHaber-Bosch makessyntheticnitrogenfertilisereasilyavailabletograinfarmers. Ruthlessprice-cuttingatsupermarketsmeans consumershavegrownaccustomedtoeatingtoomuch.In thelate19thcenturyEuropeansalreadythoughtAmericansatethreeorfour timesmorethanwasnecessary.Themostdamagingconsequenceisthatby2000 31%ofAmericanadultswereobesewithanother16%definedasoverweight. Americanairlinesspend$275millionayearmoreonfuelsimplytolift theheavierpassengers.MrRobertsclaimsthateveryyearobesitycauses400000 prematuredeathsinAmerica.Foodhasbecomeasdeadlyastobacco. Afruitfulstartwouldbetohalvethesizeofportions inallAmericanrestaurantsbutmostconsumersarereluctantrethinkers. 49．Eatingorganicproductcouldbeapartialsolutionalthoughone studysuggeststhatthecostofavoidingintensivefarmchemicalswouldmeana 31%increaseinfoodprices.Governmentscientistsbelievethatgenetically modifiedcropsmightbetheonlywayoutofthecrisisbutamajorityof consumersarereluctanttolisten.Isthereamodelfor thefuture50．FashionablyMr.Robertsbelievesthatalocalsystembasedon easilyobtainableseasonalfoodsthatdonotneedtobetransportedhuge distanceswouldformpartofasolution.Theeconomicsandgreeneryofthis arefarfromproven.MrRobertscanfindonlyonecountrythathasmadeserious effortsinthisdirection:Cubahardlyacomfortingexample.Thecomingfood crisiswarnstheauthorisasintractableasglobalwarmingandnoless urgent.
TheworldreligionisderivedfromtheLatinnounreligionwhichdenotesboth1observanceofritualobligationsandaninwardspiritofreverence.Inmodernusagereligioncoversawidespectrumof2thatreflectstheenormousvarietyofwaysthetermcanbe3.Atoneextrememanycommittedbelievers4onlytheirowntraditionasareligionunderstandingexpressionssuchasworshipandprayertorefer5tothepracticesoftheirtradition.Theymay6usevagueoridealizingtermsindefiningreligion7trueloveofGodorthepathofenlightenment.Attheotherextremereligionmaybeequatedwith8fanaticismorwishfulthinking. Bydefiningreligionasasacredengagementwithwhatistakentobeaspiritualrealityitispossibletoconsidertheimportanceofreligioninhumanlifewithoutmaking9aboutwhatisreallyisoroughttobe.Religionisnotanobjectwithasinglefixedmeaningor10azonewithclearboundaries.Itisanaspectofhuman11thatmayintersectincorporateortranscendotheraspectsoflifeandsociety.Suchadefinitionavoidthedrawbacksof12theinvestigationofreligiontoWesternorbiblicalcategories13monotheismorchurchstructurewhicharenot14. Religioninthisunderstandingincludesacomplexofactivitiesthatcannotbe15toanysingleaspectofhumanexperience.Itisapartofindividuallifebutalsoof16dynamics.Religionincludesnotonlypatternsoflanguageandthought.Itissometimesan17partofaculture.Religiousexperiencemaybeexpressed18visualsymbolsdanceandperformanceelaboratephilosophicalsystemslegendaryandimaginativestoriesformal19anddetailedrulesofsomeways.Thereareasmanyformsofreligiousexpressionastherearehumancultural20. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
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