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试述小学教育在义务教育中的地位。
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小学教育在义务教育中的地位主要表现在_______________
小学教育在义务教育中的地位主要表现在______．
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基础性
强制性
小学教育在义务教育中的地位主要表现在
普及性
基础性
强制性
义务性
垄断性
简述小学教育在义务教育中的地位
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ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 14
A Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnessthein-credibleslaughterofmenwomenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotorcar!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen. Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotorcaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebe-hindasteering-wheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgotten. Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbe’consideredassevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotmotorcars. WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawayagainsttrafficaccidents
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 16
GrowingnumbersofscientiststhereforeseeAntarcticaasadistantearlywarningsensorwherepotentiallydangerousglobaltrendsmaybespottedbeforetheyshowuptothenorth.
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
C Statusesaremarveloushumaninventionsthatenableustogetalongwithoneanotherandtodeterminewherewe"fit"insociety.Aswegoaboutoureverydayliveswementallyattempttoplacepeopleintermoftheirstatuses.Forexamplewemustjudgewhetherthepeopleinlibraryisareaderoralibrarianwhetherthetelephonecallerisafriendorasalesmanwhethertheunfamiliarpersononourpropertyisathieforameterreaderandsoon. Thestatusesweassumeoftenvarywiththepeopleweencounterandchangethroughoutlife.Mostofuscanatveryhighspeedassumethestatusesthatvarioussituationsrequire.Muchofsocialinteractionconsistsofidentifyingandselectingamongappropriatestatusesandallowingotherpeopletoassumetheirstatusesinrelationtous.Thismeansthatwefitouractionstothoseofotherpeoplebasedonaconstantmentalprocessofappraisalandinterpretation.Althoughsomeofusfindthetaskmoredifficultthanothersmostofusperformitrathereffortlessly. Statuseshasbeencomparedtoready-madeclothes.Withincertainlimitsthebuyercanchoosestyleandfabric.ButanAmericanisnotfreetochoosethecostumeofaChinesepeasantorthatofaHinduprince.Wemustchoosefromamongtheclothingpresentedbyfitaswellasbyourpocket-boob.Havingmadeachoicefromminoradjustmentswetendtobelimitedtowhatthestoreschoiceamongthemislimited. Accordingtothewriterpeopleoftenassumedifferentstatuses
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 20
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Whyshouldpruningbedone
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 8
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 12
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 18
C Statusesaremarveloushumaninventionsthatenableustogetalongwithoneanotherandtodeterminewherewe"fit"insociety.Aswegoaboutoureverydayliveswementallyattempttoplacepeopleintermoftheirstatuses.Forexamplewemustjudgewhetherthepeopleinlibraryisareaderoralibrarianwhetherthetelephonecallerisafriendorasalesmanwhethertheunfamiliarpersononourpropertyisathieforameterreaderandsoon. Thestatusesweassumeoftenvarywiththepeopleweencounterandchangethroughoutlife.Mostofuscanatveryhighspeedassumethestatusesthatvarioussituationsrequire.Muchofsocialinteractionconsistsofidentifyingandselectingamongappropriatestatusesandallowingotherpeopletoassumetheirstatusesinrelationtous.Thismeansthatwefitouractionstothoseofotherpeoplebasedonaconstantmentalprocessofappraisalandinterpretation.Althoughsomeofusfindthetaskmoredifficultthanothersmostofusperformitrathereffortlessly. Statuseshasbeencomparedtoready-madeclothes.Withincertainlimitsthebuyercanchoosestyleandfabric.ButanAmericanisnotfreetochoosethecostumeofaChinesepeasantorthatofaHinduprince.Wemustchoosefromamongtheclothingpresentedbyfitaswellasbyourpocket-boob.Havingmadeachoicefromminoradjustmentswetendtobelimitedtowhatthestoreschoiceamongthemislimited. Inthelastsentenceofthesecondparagraphthepronounitrefersto
E Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnowcausessnowblindnenss.Yetdarkglassesornottheyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyesandevensnowblindnesswhenex-posedtoseveralhoursof"snowlight". TheUnitedStatesarmyhasnowdeterminedthatglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroopsinasnow-coveredcountry.Ratheraman’seyesfrequentlyfindnothingtofocusoninabroadexpanseofbarrensnow-coveredterrain.Sohisgazecontinuallyshiftsandjumpsbackandforthovertheentirelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingnothinghourafterhourtheeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecomesoreandtheeyemusclesache.Natureoffsetsthisirritationbyproducingmoreandfluidwhichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballinincreasingquantityuntilvisionblursthenisobservedandtheresultistotaleventhoughtemporarysnowblindness. Experimentsledthearmytoasimplemethodofovercomingthisproblem.Scoutsaheadofamainbodyoftroopsaretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushescreatingadottedlineastheycrosscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape.Eventhescoutsthemselvesthrowlightweightdarkcoloredobjectsaheadonwhichtheytoocanfocus.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.Theirgazeisarrested.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtoseestopscouringthesnow-blanketedlanscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatimethemencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnowblindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingasolidwhiteterrainisovercome. Thescoutsshakesnowfromevergreenbushesinorderto
D Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation通货膨胀Leftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques. Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife."TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves." Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings. Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandlesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast. Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.Afterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofit WhichofthefollowingisNOTmentionedasawaytomeasurethetime
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
A Fromthehealthpointofviewwearelivinginamarvelousage.Weareimmunizedfrombirthagainstmanyofthemostdangerousdiseases.Alargenumberofoncefatalillnessescannowbecuredbymoderndrugsandsurgery.Itisalmostcertainthatonedayremedieswillbefoundforthemoststubbornremainingdiseases.Theexpectationoflifehasincreasedenormously.Butthoughthepossibilityoflivingalongandhappylifeisgreaterthaneverbeforeeverydaywewitnessthein-credibleslaughterofmenwomenandchildrenontheroads.Manversusthemotorcar!Itisanever-endingbattlewhichmanislosing.Thousandsofpeopleovertheworldarekilledorhorriblykilledeachyearandwearequietlysittingbackandlettingithappen. Ithasbeenrightlysaidthatwhenamanissittingbehindasteeringwheelhiscarbecomestheextensionofhispersonality.Thereisnodoubtthatthemotorcaroftenbringsoutaman’sveryworstqualities.Peoplewhoarenormallyquietandpleasantmaybecomeunrecognizablewhentheyarebe-hindasteering-wheel.Theysweartheyareill-manneredandaggressivewillfulastwo-year-oldsandutterlyselfish.Alltheirhiddenfrustrationsdisappointmentsandjealousiesseemtobebroughttothesurfacebytheactofdriving. Thesurprisingthingisthatsocietysmilessobenignlyonthemotoristandseemstocondonehisbehaviour.Everythingisdoneforhisconvenience.Citiesareallowedtobecomealmostuninhabitablebecauseofheavytraffic;townsaremadeuglybyhugecarparks;thecountrysideisdesecratedbyroadnetworks;andthemassannualslaughterbecomesnothingmorethanastatistictobeconvenientlyforgotten. Itishightimeaworldcodewerecreatedtoreducethissenselesswasteofhumanlife.Withregardtodrivingthelawsofsomecountriesarenotoriouslylaxandeventhestrictestarenotstrictenough.Acodewhichwasuniversallyacceptedcouldonlyhaveadramaticallybeneficialeffectontheaccidentrate.Hereareafewexamplesofsomeofthethingsthatmightbedone.Thedrivingtestshouldbestandardizedandmadefarmoredifficultthanitis;allthedriversshouldbemadetotakeatesteverythreeyearsorso;theageatwhichyoungpeopleareallowedtodriveanyvehicleshouldberaisedtoatleast21;allvehiclesshouldbeputthroughstringentannualtestsforsafety.Eventhesmallestamountofalcoholinthebloodcanimpairaperson’sdrivingability.Presentdrinkinganddrivinglawswheretheyexistshouldbemademuchstricter.Maximumandminimumspeedlimitsshouldbeimposedonallroads.GovernmentsshouldlaydownsafetyspecificationsformanufacturersashasbeendoneintheUSA.Alladvertisingstressingpowerandperformanceshouldbebanned.Thesemeasuresmaysoundinordinatelyharsh.Butsurelynothingshouldbe’consideredassevereifitresultsinreducingtheannualtollofhumanlife.Afteralltheworldisforhumanbeingsnotmotorcars. Whatdoestheauthorthinkofsocietytowardmotorists
D Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation通货膨胀Leftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques. Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife."TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves." Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings. Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandlesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast. Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.Afterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofit Thepurposeofthepassageis
E Manypeoplebelievetheglarefromsnowcausessnowblindnenss.Yetdarkglassesornottheyfindthemselvessufferingfromheadachesandwateringeyesandevensnowblindnesswhenex-posedtoseveralhoursof"snowlight". TheUnitedStatesarmyhasnowdeterminedthatglarefromsnowdoesnotcausesnowblindnessintroopsinasnow-coveredcountry.Ratheraman’seyesfrequentlyfindnothingtofocusoninabroadexpanseofbarrensnow-coveredterrain.Sohisgazecontinuallyshiftsandjumpsbackandforthovertheentirelandscapeinsearchofsomethingtolookat.Findingnothinghourafterhourtheeyesneverstopsearchingandtheeyeballsbecomesoreandtheeyemusclesache.Natureoffsetsthisirritationbyproducingmoreandfluidwhichcoverstheeyeball.Thefluidcoverstheeyeballinincreasingquantityuntilvisionblursthenisobservedandtheresultistotaleventhoughtemporarysnowblindness. Experimentsledthearmytoasimplemethodofovercomingthisproblem.Scoutsaheadofamainbodyoftroopsaretrainedtoshakesnowfromevergreenbushescreatingadottedlineastheycrosscompletelysnow-coveredlandscape.Eventhescoutsthemselvesthrowlightweightdarkcoloredobjectsaheadonwhichtheytoocanfocus.Themenfollowingcanthenseesomething.Theirgazeisarrested.Theireyesfocusonabushandhavingfoundsomethingtoseestopscouringthesnow-blanketedlanscape.Byfocusingtheirattentionononeobjectatatimethemencancrossthesnowwithoutbecominghopelesslysnowblindorlost.Inthiswaytheproblemofcrossingasolidwhiteterrainisovercome. Whentheeyesaresoretearsareproducedto
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Whyisaspecialmaterialpaintedonthetree
Afooltakesinallthelumberofeverysortthathecomesacrosssothattheknowledgewhichmightbeusefultohimgetscrowdedoutoratbestjumbledupwithalotofotherthingssothathehasdifficultyinlayinghishanduponit.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 2
Directions: WriteanessaytidedHowtoMakeFriends 1everyoneneedsfriends; 2describehowtomakefriends; 3whatshouldusdo. Youshouldwriteabout200words.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 4
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 6
D Howshouldoneinvestasumofmoneyinthesedaysofinflation通货膨胀Leftinabankitwillhardlykeepitsvaluehoweverhightheinterestrateis.OnlyabravemanoraveryrichonedarestobuyandsellontheStockMarket.Todayitseemsthatoneofthebestwaystoprotectyoursavingsandevenincreaseyourwealthistobuybeautifulobjectsfromthepast.HereIamgoingtooffersomeadviceoncollectingantiqueclockswhichIpersonallyconsiderareamongthemostinterestingofantiques. Isometimeswonderwhatabeingfromanotherplanetmightreportbackaboutourwayoflife."TheplanetEarthisruledbyamysteriouscreaturethatsitsorstandsinaroomandmakesastrangetickingsound.Ithasafacewithtwelveblackmarksandtwohands.Mencandonothingwithoutitspermissionanditfastensitsyoungroundpeople’swristssothateverywheremengotheyarestillunderitscontrol.ThiscreatureistherealmasterofEarthandmenareitsslaves." Whetherornotweareslavesoftimetodaydependsonourcultureandpersonalitybutitisbelievedthatmanyyearsagokingskeptspecialslavestotellthetime.Certainmenwereverycleveratmeasuringthetimeofdayaccordingtothebeatingoftheirownhearts.Theyweremadetostandinafixedplaceandeveryhourorsowouldshoutthetime.Soitseemsthatthefirstclockswerehumanbeings. Howevermenquicklyfoundmoreconvenientandreliablewaysoftellingthetime.Theylearnedtousetheshadowscastbythesun.Theymarkedthehoursoncandlesusedsandinhour-glassesandinventedwater-clocks.Indeedanyseriousstudentofantiquesshouldspendasmuchtimeaspossiblevisitingpalacesstatelyhomesandmuseumstoseesomeofthefinestexamplesofclocksfromthepast. Antiqueclockscouldbeveryexpensivebutoneofthejoysofcollectingclocksisthatitisstillpossibletofindquitecheaponesforyourownhome.Afterallifyouaregoingtoberuledbythetimewhynotinvestinairantiqueclockandperhapsmakeafutureprofit Accordingtothepassagecollectingantiqueclocks
DuringthesummerholidayIthinkIshoulddosomething61.______meaningfulinsteadtouring.SoIgotajobatafast-food62.______restaurantandworkedthereascleaner.Iworked7hoursaday63.______forthreeweeks.Thejobwashardandboredandseemedendless.64.______ItmademesotiredthatInearlystoppedithalfway.65.______AfterallIstucktoitwithdeterminations.EverydayIstarted66.______offforworkearlyinthemorningandwenttohomelateinthe67.______evening.FinallyIfinishedthejobafterthenewschoolterm68.______began.NowIunderstandthatlabormeans.Ithinkitisreally69.______asuccessfulexperiencewhichisworthrememberingforever.70.______
Sostartlingwouldhisresultsappeartotheuninitiatethatuntiltheylearnedtheprocessesbywhichhehadarrivedatthemtheymightwellconsiderhimasanecromancer.
ItwasthenightofthefullmoonatimewhichalwaysdrivesJava’syoungpeoplemadwithexcitement. Fireworkswerelitlongbeforethemoon1.Thebignoisebroughtpeopleout2thewarmnighttoenjoytheinterestingscene.Everywheretherewerethepaperremainsof3fire-workslyingontheground.Littleboys4moreandcoveredtheirearsastheywaited5fortheexplosions. Themoonappearedabovethehorizon地平线:huge6ballhighabovethecityandthe7filledwithpeopleasJavabegantoenjoyoneoftheyear’sgreatest8:’theNightoftheFullMoon’afestival节日thatisespeciallypopular9youngpeople. MoreandmoreyoungJavanese.10togetherandwalkedslowlythroughthe11jokingandchattingtheymovedtowardsthemountain12thecity.Theycontinuedtoclimb13theyreachedtheoldtemple寺庙atthe14ofthemountain. Aftertheywere15thetempletheydranktheirwaterandatetheirmoon-cakes—delicioushome-madeones16ofdriedfruitandnuts.Outsideonthemountainyoungpeople.17cross-leggedincircleschattingandtellingeachotherjokes.And18intheirhundredsmoreyoungpeoplecontinuedtomaketheirwayupthemountainto19thebrightlyshiningmoon. Bymidnightthefireworkshadstoppedshootingupfromthe20cityinthevalleybelowthem.Butduringthenightthesoundcontinuedtobeheardfromthedistance. 10
B Treesshouldonlybepruned修剪whenthereisagoodandclearreasonfordoingsoandfortunatelythenumberofsuchreasonsissmall.Pruninginvolvescuttingawayofovergrownandunwantedbranchesandtheinexperiencedgardenercanbeencouragedbythethoughtthatmoredamageresultsfromdoingitunnecessarilythanfromleavingthetreestogrowintheirownways. Firstpruningmaybedonetomakesurethattreeshaveadesiredshapeorsize.Theobjectmaybetogetatreeoftherightheightandatthesametimetohelpthegrowthofsmallsidebrancheswhichwillthickenitsappearanceorgiveitaspecialshape.Secondlypruningmaybedonetomakethetreehealthier.Youmaycutoutdiseasedordeadwoodorbranchesthatarerubbingagainsteachotherandthuscausingwounds.Thehealthofatreemaybeencouragedbyremovingthebranchesthatarelockingupthecentreandsopreventingthefreemovementofair. Oneresultofpruningisthatanopenwouldisleftonthetreeandthisprovidesaneasyentryfordiseasesbutitisawoundthatwillheal愈合.Oftenthereisaracebetweenthehealingandthediseaseastowhetherthetreewillliveordieorthatthereisaperiodwhenthetreeisatrisk.Itshouldbetheaimofeverygardenertoreducetheriskasfaraspossible.Itisessentialtomaketheareawhichhasbeenprunedsmoothandcleanforhealingwillbesloweddownbyroughness.Youshouldallowthecutsurfacetdryforafewhoursandthenpaintitwithoneofthesubstancesavailablefromgardenshopsproducedespeciallyforthispurpose.Pruningisusuallydoneinwinterforthenyoucanseetheshapeofthetreeclearlywithouttheinterference妨碍fromtheleavesanditistooveryunlikelythatthecutsyoumakewillbleed.Ifthisdoeshappenitisofcourseimpossibletopaintthemproperly. Whatwastheauthor’spurposewhenwritingthispassage
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