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Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
康有为以孔子的名义宣传维新变法的思想说明
Thephilosophyofeducationisnotapoorrelationofgeneralphilosophyeventhoughitisoftensotreatedevenbyphilosophers.Itisultimatelythemostsignificantphaseofphilosophy.46Foritisthroughtheprocessesofeducationthatknowledgeisobtainedwhiletheseducationalprocessesdonotterminateinmereacquisitionofknowledgeandrelatedformsofskill.Theyattempttointegratetheknowledgegainedintoenduringdispositionsandattitudes.Itisnottoomuchtosaythateducationistheoutstandingmeansbywhichunionofknowledgeandthevaluesthatactuallyworkinactualconductisbroughtabout.47Thedifferencebetweeneducationalpracticesthatareinfluencedbyawell-thought-outphilosophyandpracticesthatarenotsoinfluencedisthatbetweeneducationconductedwithsomeclearideaoftheendsinthewayofrulingattitudesofdesireandpurposethataretobecreatedandaneducationthatisconductedblindlyunderthecontrolofcustomsandtraditionsthathavenotbeenexaminedorinresponsetoimmediatesocialpressures.48Thisdifferencedoesnotcomeaboutbecauseofanyinherentsacrednessinwhatiscalledphilosophybutbecauseanyefforttoclarifytheendstobeattainedisasfarasitgoesphilosophical. Theneedforsuchsystematicclarificationisespeciallyurgentatthepresenttime.Applicationsofnaturalsciencehavemadeanenormousdifferenceinhumanrelations.Theyhaverevolutionizedthemeansofproductionanddistributionofcommoditiesandservices.Theyhaveeffectedanequallygreatchangeincommunicationandallthemeansforinfluencingthepublicopinionuponwhichpoliticalactiondepends.49Theseapplicationsdecidemorethananyotherforceorsetofforcestheconditionsunderwhichhumanbeingslivetogetherandunderwhichtheyactenjoyandsuffer.Moreovertheyhaveproducedcommunitiesthatareinastateofrapidchange.Wherevertheeffectoftheapplicationsofsciencehasbeenfelthumanrelationshaveceasedtobestatic.Oldformshavebeeninvadedandoftenunderminedinthefamilyinpoliticsandeveninmoralandreligioushabitsaswellasinthenarrowerfieldofeconomicarrangements.Almostallcurrentsocialproblemshavetheirsourcehere.50Finallyendsandvaluesthatwereformedinthepre-scientificperiodandtheinstitutionsofgreatpowerthatwereformedinthesameperiodretaintheirinfluence.Humanlifebothindividuallyandcollectivelyisdisturbedconfusedandconflicting.
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. TheEPAwarnsusthatunlesstheriseintheearth’’stemperaturewererestrained
人生的自我价值必须与社会价值相结合并通过社会价值表现出来所谓人生的社会价值就是
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. WhichofthepointsbelowisNOTgiveninthenewsreport
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
民族区域自治制度的核心是
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunitsonemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity. Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Neverthelesstheword’’amateur’’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityandinparticularmaynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcenturywithitsconsequentrequirementofalongermorecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.ThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytrainingandcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom. AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearchbutalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thusinthenineteenthcenturylocalgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownfight;butinthetwentiethcenturylocalstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporateandreflectonthewidergeologicalpicture.Amateursontheotherhandhavecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateursaresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofreferringfirstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopmentseparatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocietieswhereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway. AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcenturyitsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerallyhoweverthenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience. Thegrowthofspecializationin19thcenturymightbemoreclearlyseeninsciencessuchas______.
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. TheasocialpersonalityofAmericansresultsfrom
Whatoursocietysuffersfrommosttodayistheabsenceofconsensusaboutwhatitandlifeinitoughttobe.Suchconsensuscannotbegainedfromsociety’’spresentstageorfromfantasiesaboutwhatitoughttobe.Forthatthepresentistoocloseandtoodiversifiedandthefuturetoouncertaintomakebelievableclaimsaboutit.AconsensusinthepresenthencecanbeachievedonlythroughasharedunderstandingofthepastasHomer’’sepics史诗informedthosewholivedcenturieslaterwhatitmeanttobeGreekandbywhatimagesandidealstheyweretolivetheirlivesandorganizetheirsocieties. Mostsocietiesderiveconsensusfromalonghistoryalanguagealltheirownacommonreligioncommonancestry.Themythsbywhichtheylivearebasedonallofthese.ButtheUnitedStatesisacountryofimmigrantscomingfromagreatvarietyofnations.Latelyithasbeenemphasizedthatanasocialnarcissistic自我陶醉的personalityhasbecomecharacteristicofAmericansandthatitisthistypeofpersonalitythatmakesforthelackofwell-beingbecauseitpreventsusfromachievingconsensusthatwouldcounteractatendencytowithdrawintoprivateworlds.InhisstudyofnarcissismChristopherLaschsaysthatmodernmantorturedbyself-consciousnessturnstonewtherapiesnottofreehimselfofhispersonalworriesbuttofindmeaningandpurposeinlifetofindsomethingtolivefor.Thereiswidespreaddistressbecausenationalmoralehasdeclinedandwehavelostanearliersenseofnationalvisionandpurpose. Contrarytorigidreligionsorpoliticalbeliefsasarefoundintotalitarian极权主义的societiesourcultureisoneofgreatindividualdifferencesatleastinprincipleandintheory.Butthisleadstodisunityevenchaos.Americansbelieveinthevalueofdiversitybutjustbecauseoursisasocietybasedonindividualdiversityitneedsconsensusaboutsomedominatingideasmorethansocietiesbasedonuniformoriginoftheircitizens.Henceifwearetohaveconsensusitmustbebasedonamyth―avision―aboutacommonexperienceaconquestthatmadeusAmericansasthemythabouttheconquestofTroyformedtheGreeks.Onlyacommonmythcanofferrelieffromthefearthatlifeiswithoutmeaningorpurpose.Mythspermitustoexamineourplaceintheworldbycomparingittoasharedidea.Mythsaresharedfantasiesthatformthetiethatbindstheindividualtoothermembersofhisgroup.Suchmythshelptowardofffeelingsofisolationguiltanxietyandpurposelessness―inshorttheycombatisolationandthebreakdownofsocialstandardsandvalues. Homer’’sepicsmentionedinParagraph1exemplifiesthefactthat
新时期爱国主义的主题是
Thephilosophyofeducationisnotapoorrelationofgeneralphilosophyeventhoughitisoftensotreatedevenbyphilosophers.Itisultimatelythemostsignificantphaseofphilosophy.46Foritisthroughtheprocessesofeducationthatknowledgeisobtainedwhiletheseducationalprocessesdonotterminateinmereacquisitionofknowledgeandrelatedformsofskill.Theyattempttointegratetheknowledgegainedintoenduringdispositionsandattitudes.Itisnottoomuchtosaythateducationistheoutstandingmeansbywhichunionofknowledgeandthevaluesthatactuallyworkinactualconductisbroughtabout.47Thedifferencebetweeneducationalpracticesthatareinfluencedbyawell-thought-outphilosophyandpracticesthatarenotsoinfluencedisthatbetweeneducationconductedwithsomeclearideaoftheendsinthewayofrulingattitudesofdesireandpurposethataretobecreatedandaneducationthatisconductedblindlyunderthecontrolofcustomsandtraditionsthathavenotbeenexaminedorinresponsetoimmediatesocialpressures.48Thisdifferencedoesnotcomeaboutbecauseofanyinherentsacrednessinwhatiscalledphilosophybutbecauseanyefforttoclarifytheendstobeattainedisasfarasitgoesphilosophical. Theneedforsuchsystematicclarificationisespeciallyurgentatthepresenttime.Applicationsofnaturalsciencehavemadeanenormousdifferenceinhumanrelations.Theyhaverevolutionizedthemeansofproductionanddistributionofcommoditiesandservices.Theyhaveeffectedanequallygreatchangeincommunicationandallthemeansforinfluencingthepublicopinionuponwhichpoliticalactiondepends.49Theseapplicationsdecidemorethananyotherforceorsetofforcestheconditionsunderwhichhumanbeingslivetogetherandunderwhichtheyactenjoyandsuffer.Moreovertheyhaveproducedcommunitiesthatareinastateofrapidchange.Wherevertheeffectoftheapplicationsofsciencehasbeenfelthumanrelationshaveceasedtobestatic.Oldformshavebeeninvadedandoftenunderminedinthefamilyinpoliticsandeveninmoralandreligioushabitsaswellasinthenarrowerfieldofeconomicarrangements.Almostallcurrentsocialproblemshavetheirsourcehere.50Finallyendsandvaluesthatwereformedinthepre-scientificperiodandtheinstitutionsofgreatpowerthatwereformedinthesameperiodretaintheirinfluence.Humanlifebothindividuallyandcollectivelyisdisturbedconfusedandconflicting.
Comparisonsweredrawnbetweenthedevelopmentoftelevisioninthe20thcenturyandthediffusionofprintinginthe15thand16thcenturies.Yetmuchhadhappened________Aswasdiscussedbeforeitwasnot______the19thcenturythatthenewspaperbecamethedominantpre-electronic______followinginthewakeofthepamphletandthebookandinthe________oftheperiodical.Itwasduringthesametimethatthecommunicationsrevolution________upbeginningwithtransporttherailwayandleading________throughthetelegraphthetelephoneradioandmotionpictures________the20th-centuryworldofthemotorcarandtheairplane.Noteveryoneseesthatprocessin________Itisimportanttodoso. Itisgenerallyrecognized________thattheintroductionofthecomputerintheearly20thcentury________bytheinventionoftheintegratedcircuitduringthe1960sradicallychangedtheprocess________itsimpactonthemediawasnotimmediately________Astimewentbycomputersbecamesmallerandmorepowerfulandtheybecamepersonaltooaswellas________withdisplaybecomingsharperandstorage________increasing.Theywerethoughtoflikepeople________generationswiththedistancebetweengenerationsmuch________. Itwaswithinthecomputeragethattheterminformationsocietybegantobewidelyusedtodescribethe________withinwhichwenowlive.Thecommunicationsrevolutionhas________bothworkandleisureandhowwethinkandfeelbothaboutplaceandtimebuttherehavebeen________viewsaboutitseconomicpoliticalsocialandculturalimplications.Benefitshavebeenweighed________harmfuloutcomes.Andgeneralizationshaveproveddifficult.
实践是人的存在方式而实践区别于自然物质形态运动和动物本能活动的本质特征是
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Withrespecttogoldtheauthorfavorsthestatementthat
Specializationcanbeseenasaresponsetotheproblemofanincreasingaccumulationofscientificknowledge.Bysplittingupthesubjectmatterintosmallerunitsonemancouldcontinuetohandletheinformationanduseitasthebasisforfurtherresearch.Butspecializationwasonlyoneofaseriesofrelateddevelopmentsinscienceaffectingtheprocessofcommunication.Anotherwasthegrowingprofessionalizationofscientificactivity. Noclear-cutdistinctioncanbedrawnbetweenprofessionalsandamateursinscience:exceptionscanbefoundtoanyrule.Neverthelesstheword’’amateur’’doescarryaconnotationthatthepersonconcernedisnotfullyintegratedintothescientificcommunityandinparticularmaynotfullyshareitsvalues.Thegrowthofspecializationinthenineteenthcenturywithitsconsequentrequirementofalongermorecomplextrainingimpliedgreaterproblemsforamateurparticipationinscience.ThetrendwasnaturallymostobviousinthoseareasofsciencebasedespeciallyonamathematicalorlaboratorytrainingandcanbeillustratedintermsofthedevelopmentofgeologyintheUnitedKingdom. AcomparisonofBritishgeologicalpublicationsoverthelastcenturyandahalfrevealsnotsimplyanincreasingemphasisontheprimacyofresearchbutalsoachangingdefinitionofwhatconstitutesanacceptableresearchpaper.Thusinthenineteenthcenturylocalgeologicalstudiesrepresentedworthwhileresearchintheirownfight;butinthetwentiethcenturylocalstudieshaveincreasinglybecomeacceptabletoprofessionalsonlyiftheyincorporateandreflectonthewidergeologicalpicture.Amateursontheotherhandhavecontinuedtopursuelocalstudiesintheoldway.Theoverallresulthasbeentomakeentrancetoprofessionalgeologicaljournalsharderforamateursaresultthathasbeenreinforcedbythewidespreadintroductionofreferringfirstbynationaljournalsinthenineteenthcenturyandthenbyseverallocalgeologicaljournalsinthetwentiethcentury.Asalogicalconsequenceofthisdevelopmentseparatejournalshavenowappearedaimedmainlytowardseitherprofessionaloramateurreadership.Arathersimilarprocessofdifferentiationhasledtoprofessionalgeologistscomingtogethernationallywithinoneortwospecificsocietieswhereastheamateurshavetendedeithertoremaininlocalsocietiesortocometogethernationallyinadifferentway. AlthoughtheprocessofprofessionalizationandspecializationwasalreadywellunderwayinBritishgeologyduringthenineteenthcenturyitsfullconsequenceswerethusdelayeduntilthetwentiethcentury.Insciencegenerallyhoweverthenineteenthcenturymustbereckonedasthecrucialperiodforthischangeinthestructureofscience. Theauthorwritesofthedevelopmentofgeologytodemonstrate______.
Thephilosophyofeducationisnotapoorrelationofgeneralphilosophyeventhoughitisoftensotreatedevenbyphilosophers.Itisultimatelythemostsignificantphaseofphilosophy.46Foritisthroughtheprocessesofeducationthatknowledgeisobtainedwhiletheseducationalprocessesdonotterminateinmereacquisitionofknowledgeandrelatedformsofskill.Theyattempttointegratetheknowledgegainedintoenduringdispositionsandattitudes.Itisnottoomuchtosaythateducationistheoutstandingmeansbywhichunionofknowledgeandthevaluesthatactuallyworkinactualconductisbroughtabout.47Thedifferencebetweeneducationalpracticesthatareinfluencedbyawell-thought-outphilosophyandpracticesthatarenotsoinfluencedisthatbetweeneducationconductedwithsomeclearideaoftheendsinthewayofrulingattitudesofdesireandpurposethataretobecreatedandaneducationthatisconductedblindlyunderthecontrolofcustomsandtraditionsthathavenotbeenexaminedorinresponsetoimmediatesocialpressures.48Thisdifferencedoesnotcomeaboutbecauseofanyinherentsacrednessinwhatiscalledphilosophybutbecauseanyefforttoclarifytheendstobeattainedisasfarasitgoesphilosophical. Theneedforsuchsystematicclarificationisespeciallyurgentatthepresenttime.Applicationsofnaturalsciencehavemadeanenormousdifferenceinhumanrelations.Theyhaverevolutionizedthemeansofproductionanddistributionofcommoditiesandservices.Theyhaveeffectedanequallygreatchangeincommunicationandallthemeansforinfluencingthepublicopinionuponwhichpoliticalactiondepends.49Theseapplicationsdecidemorethananyotherforceorsetofforcestheconditionsunderwhichhumanbeingslivetogetherandunderwhichtheyactenjoyandsuffer.Moreovertheyhaveproducedcommunitiesthatareinastateofrapidchange.Wherevertheeffectoftheapplicationsofsciencehasbeenfelthumanrelationshaveceasedtobestatic.Oldformshavebeeninvadedandoftenunderminedinthefamilyinpoliticsandeveninmoralandreligioushabitsaswellasinthenarrowerfieldofeconomicarrangements.Almostallcurrentsocialproblemshavetheirsourcehere.50Finallyendsandvaluesthatwereformedinthepre-scientificperiodandtheinstitutionsofgreatpowerthatwereformedinthesameperiodretaintheirinfluence.Humanlifebothindividuallyandcollectivelyisdisturbedconfusedandconflicting. Thephilosophyofeducationisnotapoorrelationofgeneralphilosophyeventhoughitisoftensotreatedevenbyphilosophers.Itisultimatelythemostsignificantphaseofphilosophy.46Foritisthroughtheprocessesofeducationthatknowledgeisobtainedwhiletheseducationalprocessesdonotterminateinmereacquisitionofknowledgeandrelatedformsofskill.Theyattempttointegratetheknowledgegainedintoenduringdispositionsandattitudes.Itisnottoomuchtosaythateducationistheoutstandingmeansbywhichunionofknowledgeandthevaluesthatactuallyworkinactualconductisbroughtabout.47Thedifferencebetweeneducationalpracticesthatareinfluencedbyawell-thought-outphilosophyandpracticesthatarenotsoinfluencedisthatbetweeneducationconductedwithsomeclearideaoftheendsinthewayofrulingattitudesofdesireandpurposethataretobecreatedandaneducationthatisconductedblindlyunderthecontrolofcustomsandtraditionsthathavenotbeenexaminedorinresponsetoimmediatesocialpressures.48Thisdifferencedoesnotcomeaboutbecauseofanyinherentsacrednessinwhatiscalledphilosophybutbecauseanyefforttoclarifytheendstobeattainedisasfarasitgoesphilosophical. Theneedforsuchsystematicclarificationisespeciallyurgentatthepresenttime.Applicationsofnaturalsciencehavemadeanenormousdifferenceinhumanrelations.Theyhaverevolutionizedthemeansofproductionanddistributionofcommoditiesandservices.Theyhaveeffectedanequallygreatchangeincommunicationandallthemeansforinfluencingthepublicopinionuponwhichpoliticalactiondepends.49Theseapplicationsdecidemorethananyotherforceorsetofforcestheconditionsunderwhichhumanbeingslivetogetherandunderwhichtheyactenjoyandsuffer.Moreovertheyhaveproducedcommunitiesthatareinastateofrapidchange.Wherevertheeffectoftheapplicationsofsciencehasbeenfelthumanrelationshaveceasedtobestatic.Oldformshavebeeninvadedandoftenunderminedinthefamilyinpoliticsandeveninmoralandreligioushabitsaswellasinthenarrowerfieldofeconomicarrangements.Almostallcurrentsocialproblemshavetheirsourcehere.50Finallyendsandvaluesthatwereformedinthepre-scientificperiodandtheinstitutionsofgreatpowerthatwereformedinthesameperiodretaintheirinfluence.Humanlifebothindividuallyandcollectivelyisdisturbedconfusedandconflicting.
Throughouthistorygoldhasbeenapreciousmaterialeagerlysoughtandcherished.Itwasprobablythefirstmetaltobeminedbecauseitisbeautifulandimperishablewhichwillalwaysexistorcannotwearoutandbecausebeautifulobjectscanbemadefromit-evenwithprimitivetools.Theamountofgoldknowntoancientpeoplesprobablytotalednotmuchmorethantheamountproducedeachyearbytheworld’’slargestgoldminelocatedintheWitwatersranddistrictofSouthAfrica.StoresofgolddiscoveredbyarchaeologistsinGreeceScythiaandEgyptaswellasthegoldfromIndiantreasuriesinMexicoandPerurepresentedyearsofpatientcollectionofsmallquantitiesfromstreamsandveins矿脉oftenbyslavelabor. Theessentialvalueofgoldhasalwaysbeenknownevenbeforegoldwasusedincoinage.Itremainstheonlyuniversallyrecognizedstandardofvalueininternationalmonetaryexchange.Mostoftheworld’’srefinedgoldisabsorbedbygovernmentsandcentralbankstoprovidebackingforpapercurrency.Buttheamountofgoldusedinartsandinindustryisincreasing.Inadditiontoitsuseforjewelrydecorativefinishesanddentistryitsspecialpropertieshaveledtomanyapplicationsinmodernscienceandtechnology.Surfacecoatingsofgoldprotectearthsatellitesfromheatandcorrosionandcertainelectricalcomponentsandcircuitsofspacecraftaremadeofgoldwhenextremereliabilityisrequired. GoldwasfirstproducedintheUnitedStatesfromthesouthernAppalachianregionbeginningabout1792.Thesedepositsthoughrichwererelativelysmallandwerequicklydepleted.ThediscoveryofgoldatSutter’’sMillinCaliforniasparkedthegoldrushof1849-50.Hundredsofminingcampssprangtolifeasnewdepositswerediscovered.Asaresulttheproductionofgoldincreasedrapidly. DuringWorldWarIandforsomeyearsthereafterannualproductiondeclinedtoabouttwomillionounces.Whenthepriceofgoldwasraisedin1934to$35anounceproductionincreasedrapidly.ShortlyafterthestartofWorldWarⅡgoldmineswereclosedandthegovernmentdidnotpermitthemtoreopenuntil1945.Sincethentheproductionofgoldhasnotexceededtwomillionouncesayear. ThelargestproducinggoldmineintheUnitedStatesistheHomestakeMineinSouthDakotawhichyieldsabout575000ouncesofgoldeachyear.Otherminesscatteredthroughoutvariouspartsoftheworldproduceevenlargeramountsofthishighlyprizedandeagerlysoughtyellowishmaterial. Todevelophisideastheauthoruses
Agreenhouseeffectwillraisetheearth’’stemperatureenoughbytheyear2100tocausedramaticclimatechangesincreasesealevelsanddisruptfoodproductionUnitedStatesscientistssaidthisweek. Theearth’’satmosphereisheatingataratethatcouldmeantemperaturerisesoftwodegreescentigradebythemiddleofthe21stcenturyandfivedegreescentigradebytheyear2100accordingtoareportissuedbytheUSgovernment’’sEnvironmentalProtectionAgencyEPA. SubstantialincreasesinglobalwarmingmayoccursoonerthanmostofuswouldliketobelievetheEPAsaid. Theagencysaidthefirsteffectsmightbefeltasearlyas1990becausetemperatureswouldberisingmorethanseventimesfastereachdecadebetweennowandtheyear2100thantheyhadbeenforthepast100years. TemperatureincreasesarelikelytobeaccompaniedbydramaticchangesinprecipitationandstormpatternsandariseinglobalaveragesealeveltheEPAreportsaid. Asaresulttheagencysaidagriculturalconditionswillbesignificantlyalteredenvironmentalandeconomicsystemspotentiallydisrupted. TheEPAreportsaidtheburningoffossilfuelswasdirectlyresponsibleformostoftheatmospherebuild-upofcarbondioxidebutthecurrentconcentrationissogreatthatevenaworldwidebanontheuseofsuchfuelswoulddelaythewarmingeffectforonlyafewyears. Awarmerclimatewillraisesealevelsbyheatingandexpandingtheworld’’soceansandcausingglacierstomelttheEPAsaid. Theagencyestimatedthatsealevelscouldriseanythingbetween48to380cminthenext120years. Anincreaseofeven48cmcouldfloodorcausestormdamagetomanyofthemajorportsoftheworlddisrupttransportationnetworksalterunderwaterecologysystemsandcausemajorshiftsinlanddevelopmentpatterns. Onestudycitedinthereportsuggestedthatiftheaverageglobaltemperatureroseby2.5degreescentigraderegionalclimaticconditionsmightbesimilartothoseduringthelastinterglacialperiod120000yearsago. Duringthisperiodoceanswerefivetosevenmetreshigherthantoday’’sfloodingtheshoresofEuropeandwesternSiberiaandmakingScandinaviaanisland. Theagencysaidthatwhilethewarmingtrendcouldhavesomebeneficialeffectssuchasreducingheatingcostsandimprovingclimateandgrowingseasonsinsomepartsoftheworldtherewouldbedifficultyinredirectingnationaleconomiestoadapttothenewclimatepatterns. TheEPAsaiditseemedunlikelythatthenationsoftheworldwouldreachaconsensusonsteptoreducecarbondioxideemissions.Insteaditurgedmoreresearchonthegreenhouseeffectandstressedtheneedforbetterplanningtocopewiththechangesthewarmingtrendisexpectedtoproduce. Asaresultoftherisingoftheearth’’stemperatureby2100
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