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[A] The take-up of EVs—which run entirely on electricity stored in rechargeable batteries—is seen...
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[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
BGPEVPN的路由类型描述正确的是
完成VLAN到VxLAN的映射及转发
负责完成服务主机侧的OVS、EVS、SR-IOV的VLAN配置
负责打通物理网络的东西流量和东西向流量
负责完成安全组、QoS、端口安全的管理
目前最具影响力的国际性评估专业准则是
《国际评估准则》（IVS）
《评估与估价指南》（RedBook）
《专业评估执业统一准则》（USPAP）
《欧洲评估准则》（EVS）
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
目前最具影响力的国际性评估准则是
《国际评估准则》 （I VS）
《欧洲评估准则》 （EVS）
《专业评估执业统一准则》 （USPAP）
英国皇家特许测量师学会（RI CS） 评估准则
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
SDN解决方案中支持哪几种Overlay模式
NVE部署在TOR
NVE部署在EOR
NVE部署在OVS
NVE部署在EVS
SS4型电力机车上采用的真空接触器型号为EVS630／1-110DC额定工作电压为
220V
380V
1000V
1140V
SDN解决方案中NVE模块功能是什么
完成VLAN到VxLAN 的映射及转发
负责完成服务主机侧的 OVS、EVS、SR-IOV 的 VLAN 配置
负责打通物理网络的东西流量和东西向流量
负责完成安全组、 QoS、 端口安全的管理
[A]Thetake-upofEVs—whichrunentirelyonelectricit
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TheearlyretirementofexperiencedworkersisseriouslyharmingtheU.S.economyaccordingtoanewreportfromtheHudsonInstituteapublicpolicyresearchorganization.Currentlymanyolderexperiencedworkersretireatanearlyage.Accordingtotherecentlyissuedstatistics79percentofqualifiedworkersbegincollectingretirementbenefitsatage62;ifthattrendcontinuestherewillbealaborshortagethatwillhindertheeconomicgrowthinthetwenty-firstcentury. OlderAmericansconstituteanincreasingproportionofthepopulationaccordingtotheU.S.CensusBureauandthepopulationofthoseoverage65willgrowby60%between2001and2020.Duringthesameperiodthegroupaged18to44willincreasebyonly4%.KeepingolderskilledworkersemployedevenparttimewouldincreaseU.S.economicoutputandstrengthenthetaxbase;butwithoutsignificantpolicyreformsmassiveearlyretirementamongbabyboomersseemsmorelikely. Retirementatage62isaneconomicallyrationaldecisiontoday.SocialSecurityandMedicaidearningslimitsandtaxpenaltiessubjectourmostexperiencedworkerstomarginaltaxratesashighas67%.SocialSecurityformulasencourageearlyretirement.Althoughincomesusuallyrisewithadditionalyearsofworkanypayincreasesafterthe35-yearmarkresultinhighersocialSecuritytaxesbutonlysmallincreasesinbenefits. HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneededbuttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401kandKeoghretirementplanstheongoingstockmarketonWallStreetandthelikelihoodoflargeinheritancesthereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations. TheHudsonInstituteadvocatesreforminggovernmentpoliciesthatnowdiscourageworkandsavingsespeciallyforolderworker.Amongthereport’srecommendations.TaxhalfofallSocialSecuritybenefitsregardlessofotherincome;provide80%largerbenefitsforeachyearbeyond65;andpermitworkersnearingretirementtonegotiatecompensationpackagesthatmayincludealowersalarybutwithgreaterhealthcarebenefits.Howeveritmaytakerealandfruitfulplanningtofindtherightsolutiontotheearlyretirementofolderexperiencedworkers;anymeasurestakenmustbeallowedtoprolongtheserviceabilityofolderexperiencedworkers. Towardstheissuewhatthewriterismostconcernedaboutwillbe
Companieshaveembarkedonwhatlookslikethebeginningsofare-runofthemergersandacquisitionsM&Awavethatdefinedthesecondbubblyhalfofthe1990s.Thatperiodreadersmightrecallwascharacterizedbyacollectivesplurgethatsawthecreationofsomeofthemostindebtedcompaniesinhistorymanyofwhichlaterwentbankruptorwerethemselvesbrokenup.WildbiddingfortelecomsinternetandmediaassetsnottomentionthemadnessthatwasDaimler’s$40billionmotoringtakeoverin1998-1999ofChryslerortheTime-Warner/AOLmega-mergerin2000helpedtogivemergersathoroughlybadname.AconsensusemergedthatM&Awasagreatwayforinvestmentbankstoreaprichfeesandasurewayforambitiousmanagerstobetrayinvestorsbytrashingthevalueoftheirshares. NowM&Aisback.ItsreturnisaglobalphenomenonbutitisperhapsmoststrikinginEuropewheresofarthisyeartherehasbeenastreamofdealsworthmorethan$600billionintotalaround40%higherthaninthesameperiodof2004.ThelatesteffortcamethisweekwhenFrance’sSaint-Gobainabuilding-materialsfirmunveiledthedetailsofits￡3.6billion$6.5billionhostilebidforBPBaBritishrival.Inthefirsthalfoftheyearcross-borderactivitywasupthreefoldoverthesameperiodlastyear.EvenFranceTelecomwhichwasleftalmostbankruptattheendofthelastmergerwaverecentlyboughtAmenaaSpanishmobileoperator. Shareholder’sapprovalofallthesedealsraisesaninterestingquestionforcompanieseverywhereareinvestorsrighttothinkthatthesemergersaremorelikelytosucceedthanearlieronesTherearetwoanswers.Thefirstisthatpastmergersmayhavebeenjudgedtooharshly.ThesecondisthatthepresentrashofEuropeandealsdoeslookmorerationalbut-andthecaveatiscrucial-onlysofar.Thepatternmaynothold. M&A’spoorreputationstemsnotonlyfromthestringofspectacularfailuresinthe1990sbutalsofromstudiesthatshowedvaluedestructionforacquiringshareholdersin80%ofdeals.Butmorerecentstudiesbyeconomistshaveintroducedanoteofcaution.Investorsshouldlookatthenumberofdealsthatsucceedorfailtypicallymeasuredbytheimpactonthesharepriceratherthanasyoumightthinkweighingthembysize.ForexamplenoonedoubtsthattheDaimler-Chryslermergerdestroyedvalue.ThecombinedmarketvalueofthetwofirmsisstillbelowthatofDaimleralonebeforethedeal.ThissingledealaccountedforhalfofallGermanM&Aactivitybyvaluein1998and1999andprobablydominatedpeople’sthinkingaboutmergerstothesamedegree.Throwinafewothersuchmonstersanditisnowonderthatbroadstudieshavetendedtofindthatmergersareabadidea.Thetruepictureismorecomplicated. Theconclusionreachedbygeneralresearchesisthatmergersarenot
Companieshaveembarkedonwhatlookslikethebeginningsofare-runofthemergersandacquisitionsM&Awavethatdefinedthesecondbubblyhalfofthe1990s.Thatperiodreadersmightrecallwascharacterizedbyacollectivesplurgethatsawthecreationofsomeofthemostindebtedcompaniesinhistorymanyofwhichlaterwentbankruptorwerethemselvesbrokenup.WildbiddingfortelecomsinternetandmediaassetsnottomentionthemadnessthatwasDaimler’s$40billionmotoringtakeoverin1998-1999ofChryslerortheTime-Warner/AOLmega-mergerin2000helpedtogivemergersathoroughlybadname.AconsensusemergedthatM&Awasagreatwayforinvestmentbankstoreaprichfeesandasurewayforambitiousmanagerstobetrayinvestorsbytrashingthevalueoftheirshares. NowM&Aisback.ItsreturnisaglobalphenomenonbutitisperhapsmoststrikinginEuropewheresofarthisyeartherehasbeenastreamofdealsworthmorethan$600billionintotalaround40%higherthaninthesameperiodof2004.ThelatesteffortcamethisweekwhenFrance’sSaint-Gobainabuilding-materialsfirmunveiledthedetailsofits￡3.6billion$6.5billionhostilebidforBPBaBritishrival.Inthefirsthalfoftheyearcross-borderactivitywasupthreefoldoverthesameperiodlastyear.EvenFranceTelecomwhichwasleftalmostbankruptattheendofthelastmergerwaverecentlyboughtAmenaaSpanishmobileoperator. Shareholder’sapprovalofallthesedealsraisesaninterestingquestionforcompanieseverywhereareinvestorsrighttothinkthatthesemergersaremorelikelytosucceedthanearlieronesTherearetwoanswers.Thefirstisthatpastmergersmayhavebeenjudgedtooharshly.ThesecondisthatthepresentrashofEuropeandealsdoeslookmorerationalbut-andthecaveatiscrucial-onlysofar.Thepatternmaynothold. M&A’spoorreputationstemsnotonlyfromthestringofspectacularfailuresinthe1990sbutalsofromstudiesthatshowedvaluedestructionforacquiringshareholdersin80%ofdeals.Butmorerecentstudiesbyeconomistshaveintroducedanoteofcaution.Investorsshouldlookatthenumberofdealsthatsucceedorfailtypicallymeasuredbytheimpactonthesharepriceratherthanasyoumightthinkweighingthembysize.ForexamplenoonedoubtsthattheDaimler-Chryslermergerdestroyedvalue.ThecombinedmarketvalueofthetwofirmsisstillbelowthatofDaimleralonebeforethedeal.ThissingledealaccountedforhalfofallGermanM&Aactivitybyvaluein1998and1999andprobablydominatedpeople’sthinkingaboutmergerstothesamedegree.Throwinafewothersuchmonstersanditisnowonderthatbroadstudieshavetendedtofindthatmergersareabadidea.Thetruepictureismorecomplicated. Thepatterninthethirdparagraphmostprobablydenotes
AtfirstglanceMicrosoft’snewsearchengineBingdoesn’tlookallthatdifferentfromGoogle.There’sasearchbaracrossthetop;alistofresultsdownthemiddleofthepageflankedaboveandtotherightbyads;andasmatteringofcategoriestotheleftthatwillrefinethelistings.41______. Microsoftdescribesthechangeasafocusonbeinga"decisionengine"vs.asearchengine.JonTintergeneralmanagerofstrategicpartnershipsinMicrosoft’sonlineaudiencebusinessgroupsaidtheideaistoshiftworkfromconsumerstosearchenginesbyansweringmorequeriesonthesearchresultspagewithouthavingtoclickthroughtoaresult. 42______.Wanttoknowifaflight’sontimeSearchtheairlineandflightnumberandit’llanswerthatqueryatopthesearchresultsratherthanpullupalistofsitesandlinksthatcantellyou.WanttoknowwheretheUPSpackageyousentisThesearchresultspullupafieldforyoutoenteratrackingnumberratherthanmakingyouclickthroughtoUPS.comtodothat. "Taskanddecisionsessionsarethefocusofthenewengine"saidMr.Tinterasopposedtomoresimplenavigationalsearches. Thecompanyisfocusingonspecificimprovementsintheareasoftravelshoppingandproductslocalandhealth—allhighlycommercialareas.IthasfullyintegratedintothesearchengineFarecastarecentlyacquiredtravelsearchenginethat"predicts"thelikelihoodofflightpricesgoingupordown.43______. TheideabehindthechangesistogetpeopletothinkdifferentlyaboutsearchMr.Tintersaid. "Searchisahabit.Whenyoutalktopeopleyouhearalotofstatedsatisfactionbuttheydon’tbehavelikesatisfiedcustomers—andwethinkthat’swheretheopportunityis"hesaidcitingstatistics:44______. Butwhetherthechangeslookdifferentenoughtomakeconsumersswitchisn’tclear.Perhapsthat’swhyMicrosoftishelpingtheservicewhichwillbefulldeployedonJune3withan$80millionto$100millioncampaignfromJWT智威汤逊广告公司. 45______. Findingwordslikethatthesedays"isgettingharderandharder"saidPaolaNorambuenaseniordirector-headofverbalidentityatInterbrand.SheaddedthatlinguisticallyBinghadalotofapplications."It’sthesoundoffound." [A]BrandingshopInterbrandhelpedconceivethenameBingwhichwaschosenbecauseitwasmemorableeasytospellaroundtheworldandcouldbeusedasaverbasMicrosofthopestoconvertpeoplefrom"Googleit"to"Bingit." [B]Butforcertaintypesofqueriesthesitetrumpsitscompetitors—specificallymarketleaderGoogle. [C]MicrosoftsaysthatifitssearchenginebringsmorerelevantresultsthanGoogleorYahoo!thenpeoplewilleventuallymigratetothe"best"product.Thatmaynotbetrue.Googlehasbecomeahabitformorethantwo-thirdsOfthepeoplewhousesearchenginesintheU.S. [D]Forexamplesearchfor"weather"andBingwilluseyourIPaddresstofigureoutyourlocationanddisplayaforecastatthetopoftheresults. [E]Two-thirdsofpeoplesaythey’resatisfiedwithsearchbut15%ofthetimesearchqueriesgoabandonedwithoutanswer."Ican’tthinkofanotherindustrywhereyou’dhave15%abandonmentandtwo-thirdsofcustomerssayingthey’resatisfied." [F]Creatinganewsearchengineisatremendousriskatthisstagebecauseit’sremarkablyexpensivetobuildandmarketonethathasanychanceinthemassmarket. [G]AndithasmadeimprovementstoitsmapsfunctionsJettingusersomitthenavigationalminutiae细节oflocalstreetsthatoftenclutterotherservices’directions. 43
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 45
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 11
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 13
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 5
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 1
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 43
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 3
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs. Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions. Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.Amoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharm"Itiswrongtohit"wouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers. 47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs.
AtfirstglanceMicrosoft’snewsearchengineBingdoesn’tlookallthatdifferentfromGoogle.There’sasearchbaracrossthetop;alistofresultsdownthemiddleofthepageflankedaboveandtotherightbyads;andasmatteringofcategoriestotheleftthatwillrefinethelistings.41______. Microsoftdescribesthechangeasafocusonbeinga"decisionengine"vs.asearchengine.JonTintergeneralmanagerofstrategicpartnershipsinMicrosoft’sonlineaudiencebusinessgroupsaidtheideaistoshiftworkfromconsumerstosearchenginesbyansweringmorequeriesonthesearchresultspagewithouthavingtoclickthroughtoaresult. 42______.Wanttoknowifaflight’sontimeSearchtheairlineandflightnumberandit’llanswerthatqueryatopthesearchresultsratherthanpullupalistofsitesandlinksthatcantellyou.WanttoknowwheretheUPSpackageyousentisThesearchresultspullupafieldforyoutoenteratrackingnumberratherthanmakingyouclickthroughtoUPS.comtodothat. "Taskanddecisionsessionsarethefocusofthenewengine"saidMr.Tinterasopposedtomoresimplenavigationalsearches. Thecompanyisfocusingonspecificimprovementsintheareasoftravelshoppingandproductslocalandhealth—allhighlycommercialareas.IthasfullyintegratedintothesearchengineFarecastarecentlyacquiredtravelsearchenginethat"predicts"thelikelihoodofflightpricesgoingupordown.43______. TheideabehindthechangesistogetpeopletothinkdifferentlyaboutsearchMr.Tintersaid. "Searchisahabit.Whenyoutalktopeopleyouhearalotofstatedsatisfactionbuttheydon’tbehavelikesatisfiedcustomers—andwethinkthat’swheretheopportunityis"hesaidcitingstatistics:44______. Butwhetherthechangeslookdifferentenoughtomakeconsumersswitchisn’tclear.Perhapsthat’swhyMicrosoftishelpingtheservicewhichwillbefulldeployedonJune3withan$80millionto$100millioncampaignfromJWT智威汤逊广告公司. 45______. Findingwordslikethatthesedays"isgettingharderandharder"saidPaolaNorambuenaseniordirector-headofverbalidentityatInterbrand.SheaddedthatlinguisticallyBinghadalotofapplications."It’sthesoundoffound." [A]BrandingshopInterbrandhelpedconceivethenameBingwhichwaschosenbecauseitwasmemorableeasytospellaroundtheworldandcouldbeusedasaverbasMicrosofthopestoconvertpeoplefrom"Googleit"to"Bingit." [B]Butforcertaintypesofqueriesthesitetrumpsitscompetitors—specificallymarketleaderGoogle. [C]MicrosoftsaysthatifitssearchenginebringsmorerelevantresultsthanGoogleorYahoo!thenpeoplewilleventuallymigratetothe"best"product.Thatmaynotbetrue.Googlehasbecomeahabitformorethantwo-thirdsOfthepeoplewhousesearchenginesintheU.S. [D]Forexamplesearchfor"weather"andBingwilluseyourIPaddresstofigureoutyourlocationanddisplayaforecastatthetopoftheresults. [E]Two-thirdsofpeoplesaythey’resatisfiedwithsearchbut15%ofthetimesearchqueriesgoabandonedwithoutanswer."Ican’tthinkofanotherindustrywhereyou’dhave15%abandonmentandtwo-thirdsofcustomerssayingthey’resatisfied." [F]Creatinganewsearchengineisatremendousriskatthisstagebecauseit’sremarkablyexpensivetobuildandmarketonethathasanychanceinthemassmarket. [G]AndithasmadeimprovementstoitsmapsfunctionsJettingusersomitthenavigationalminutiae细节oflocalstreetsthatoftenclutterotherservices’directions. 41
46Arecentphenomenoninpresent-dayscienceandtechnologyistheincreasingtrendtowards"directed"or"programmed"research;i.e.researchwhosescopeandobjectivesarepredeterminedbyprivateorgovernmentorganizationsratherthanresearchersthemselves.Anyscientistworkingforsuchorganizationsandinvestigatinginagivenfieldthereforetendstodosoinaccordancewithaplanorprogramdesignedbeforehand. Atthebeginningofthecenturyhoweverthesituationwasquitedifferent.Atthattimetherewerenoindustrialresearchorganizationsinthemodernsense:thelaboratoryunitconsistedofafewscientistsatthemostassistedbyoneortwotechnicians.47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform. 48Asthecenturydevelopedtheincreasingmagnitudeandcomplexityoftheproblemstobesolvedmadeitimpossibleinmanycasesfortheindividualscientisttodealwiththehugemassofnewdatatechniquesandequipmentthatwererequiredforcarryingoutresearchaccuratelyandefficiently.Theincreasingscaleandscopeoftheexperimentsneededtotestnewhypothesesanddevelopnewtechniquesandindustrialprocessesledtothesettingupofresearchgroupsorteamsusinghighly-complicatedequipmentinelaborately-designedlaboratories.49Owingtothelargesumsofmoneyinvolveditwasthenfeltessentialtodirectthesehumanandmaterialresourcesintospecificchannelswithclearly-definedobjectives.Inthiswayitwasconsideredthatthequickestandmostpracticalresultscouldbeobtained.Thisthenwasprogrammedprogrammaticresearch Oneoftheeffectsofthisorganizedandstandardizedinvestigationistocausethescientisttobecomeincreasinglyinvolvedinappliedresearchdevelopmentespeciallyinthebranchesofsciencewhichseemmostlikelytohaveindustrialapplications.Privateindustryandevengovernmentdepartmentstendtoconcentrateonimmediateresultsandshowcomparativelylittleinterestinlong-rangeinvestigations.50Inconsequencethereisasteadyshiftofscientistsfromthepuretotheappliedfieldwheretherearemorejobsavailablefrequentlymorehighly-paidandwithbettertechnicalfacilitiesthanjobsconnectedwithpureresearchinauniversity. Owingtotheinterdependencebetweenpureandappliedscienceitiseasytoseethatthissystemifextendedtoofarcarriesconsiderabledangersforthefutureofscience--andnotonlypuresciencebutappliedscienceaswell.409words 47Neverthelessthescientistoftenworkingwithinadequateequipmentinunsuitableroomswasfreetochooseanysubjectforinvestigationhelikedsincetherewasnopredeterminedprogramtowhichhehadtoconform.
TheearlyretirementofexperiencedworkersisseriouslyharmingtheU.S.economyaccordingtoanewreportfromtheHudsonInstituteapublicpolicyresearchorganization.Currentlymanyolderexperiencedworkersretireatanearlyage.Accordingtotherecentlyissuedstatistics79percentofqualifiedworkersbegincollectingretirementbenefitsatage62;ifthattrendcontinuestherewillbealaborshortagethatwillhindertheeconomicgrowthinthetwenty-firstcentury. OlderAmericansconstituteanincreasingproportionofthepopulationaccordingtotheU.S.CensusBureauandthepopulationofthoseoverage65willgrowby60%between2001and2020.Duringthesameperiodthegroupaged18to44willincreasebyonly4%.KeepingolderskilledworkersemployedevenparttimewouldincreaseU.S.economicoutputandstrengthenthetaxbase;butwithoutsignificantpolicyreformsmassiveearlyretirementamongbabyboomersseemsmorelikely. Retirementatage62isaneconomicallyrationaldecisiontoday.SocialSecurityandMedicaidearningslimitsandtaxpenaltiessubjectourmostexperiencedworkerstomarginaltaxratesashighas67%.SocialSecurityformulasencourageearlyretirement.Althoughincomesusuallyrisewithadditionalyearsofworkanypayincreasesafterthe35-yearmarkresultinhighersocialSecuritytaxesbutonlysmallincreasesinbenefits. HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneededbuttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401kandKeoghretirementplanstheongoingstockmarketonWallStreetandthelikelihoodoflargeinheritancesthereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations. TheHudsonInstituteadvocatesreforminggovernmentpoliciesthatnowdiscourageworkandsavingsespeciallyforolderworker.Amongthereport’srecommendations.TaxhalfofallSocialSecuritybenefitsregardlessofotherincome;provide80%largerbenefitsforeachyearbeyond65;andpermitworkersnearingretirementtonegotiatecompensationpackagesthatmayincludealowersalarybutwithgreaterhealthcarebenefits.Howeveritmaytakerealandfruitfulplanningtofindtherightsolutiontotheearlyretirementofolderexperiencedworkers;anymeasurestakenmustbeallowedtoprolongtheserviceabilityofolderexperiencedworkers. AccordingtoHudsonInstituteresearcherstheeffectoftheearlyretirementofqualifiedworkersintheU.S.economyis
In1879RichardHenryPrattfoundedtheCarlisleIndianSchoolaremarkable40-yearchapterinthiscountry’sfailedsocialpolicyregardingNativeAmericans.Pratt’sfaithcouldbesimplydescribedas:"KilltheIndianSavetheMan!"toeradicateanymanifestationsoftheirnativeculture.Whenfourdecadesofforcibleeducationendedin1918itwasn’tclearwhatPratt’sexperimenthadkilledandwhatithadsaved.Buttherewasoneindisputablynotablelegacy--theCarlislefootballteam.Intheearly20thcenturytheCarlisleIndiansascendedtothepinnacle顶点ofthecollegiategame.InthoseyearsitbegantoengagealltheIvyfootballpowersonthegridiron运动场.Andfrom1911to1913includingtheseasoninwhichthelegendaryJimThorpereturnedfromtheOlympicstoscore25touchdownsCarlislehada38-3recordincludinga27-6routofWestPoint. WashingtonPostsportswriterSallyJenkinshasproducedafascinatingnewbook"TheRealAllAmericans":TheTeamThatChangedaGameaPeopleaNationDoubleday.$24.95thatexaminestheCarlislelegendinwonderfuldetail.AttheturnofthecenturyfootballwasexplodingonthecollegesceneparticularlyattheIvyeliteswherethesonsofthegentrycouldpreparefortherigorsofleadershiponthegridiron.Theypreferredtheirfootballbrutal.ConverselytheCarlisleteamwasundermannedandseriouslyundersized. ButCarlislewasblessedwithgiftedathletesandawizardofacoachPopWarner.BecauseCarlislecouldn’tmatchthebruteforceofitsrivalsWarnercreatedanentirelynewbrandoffootballrelyingonspeeddeceptionandguile.Inthat1903HarvardgameCarlisleusedthehiddenballtricktoscoreonthesecond-halfkickoff.Whilethereturnmanpretendedtocradletheballanotherplayerhadittuckedintoapocketsewninsidethebackofhisjerseyandranunmolested103yardsforatouchdown. Carlisledevelopednewblockingtechniquesthatcompensatedforitssizedisadvantage:thespiralthrowthatputthelongpasswithitspremium优势onspeedintotheoffenseandarepertoireoffakes;reversesandmisdirectionthatremainacentralpartofthegame.Ittookbrainstoconcocttheschemesandintelligencetoexecutethem.Theseinnovationsdidnotgounrecognized.AfterCarlisletrouncedArmyin1912TheNewYorkTimeshailedtheconquerorsfromCarlisleforplaying"themostperfectbrandoffootballeverseeninAmerica." Stilltodaythiscountrycelebratesfootballlikenoothersport.Jenkinsdoesamarvelousjobofmakinganintimateconnectionbetweenourbelovedmoderngameandtheunlikelyteamthatacenturyagohelpedmakeitwhatitistoday. Wecaninferfromthetextthat
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. Whatistheauthor’sattitudetowardstheestablishmentoftheschoolinLambeth
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 9
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingistrueaboutthenewschool
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 15
In1879RichardHenryPrattfoundedtheCarlisleIndianSchoolaremarkable40-yearchapterinthiscountry’sfailedsocialpolicyregardingNativeAmericans.Pratt’sfaithcouldbesimplydescribedas:"KilltheIndianSavetheMan!"toeradicateanymanifestationsoftheirnativeculture.Whenfourdecadesofforcibleeducationendedin1918itwasn’tclearwhatPratt’sexperimenthadkilledandwhatithadsaved.Buttherewasoneindisputablynotablelegacy--theCarlislefootballteam.Intheearly20thcenturytheCarlisleIndiansascendedtothepinnacle顶点ofthecollegiategame.InthoseyearsitbegantoengagealltheIvyfootballpowersonthegridiron运动场.Andfrom1911to1913includingtheseasoninwhichthelegendaryJimThorpereturnedfromtheOlympicstoscore25touchdownsCarlislehada38-3recordincludinga27-6routofWestPoint. WashingtonPostsportswriterSallyJenkinshasproducedafascinatingnewbook"TheRealAllAmericans":TheTeamThatChangedaGameaPeopleaNationDoubleday.$24.95thatexaminestheCarlislelegendinwonderfuldetail.AttheturnofthecenturyfootballwasexplodingonthecollegesceneparticularlyattheIvyeliteswherethesonsofthegentrycouldpreparefortherigorsofleadershiponthegridiron.Theypreferredtheirfootballbrutal.ConverselytheCarlisleteamwasundermannedandseriouslyundersized. ButCarlislewasblessedwithgiftedathletesandawizardofacoachPopWarner.BecauseCarlislecouldn’tmatchthebruteforceofitsrivalsWarnercreatedanentirelynewbrandoffootballrelyingonspeeddeceptionandguile.Inthat1903HarvardgameCarlisleusedthehiddenballtricktoscoreonthesecond-halfkickoff.Whilethereturnmanpretendedtocradletheballanotherplayerhadittuckedintoapocketsewninsidethebackofhisjerseyandranunmolested103yardsforatouchdown. Carlisledevelopednewblockingtechniquesthatcompensatedforitssizedisadvantage:thespiralthrowthatputthelongpasswithitspremium优势onspeedintotheoffenseandarepertoireoffakes;reversesandmisdirectionthatremainacentralpartofthegame.Ittookbrainstoconcocttheschemesandintelligencetoexecutethem.Theseinnovationsdidnotgounrecognized.AfterCarlisletrouncedArmyin1912TheNewYorkTimeshailedtheconquerorsfromCarlisleforplaying"themostperfectbrandoffootballeverseeninAmerica." Stilltodaythiscountrycelebratesfootballlikenoothersport.Jenkinsdoesamarvelousjobofmakinganintimateconnectionbetweenourbelovedmoderngameandtheunlikelyteamthatacenturyagohelpedmakeitwhatitistoday. AccordingtotheauthorthenewblockingtechniquesdevelopedbyCarlisle
Directions:Lastmonthyouboughtapairofleathershoesfromashop.Butnowyoufindthattheshoesareinbadquality.Writealettertothemanageroftheshoptoexplain 1yourcomplain 2theproblemwiththeshoesand 3yourrequest. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.10points
Itisdifficulttooverstatehowthereformssince1978haveimprovedthelifeoftheaveragecitizeninChina.AccordingtoChina’sOfficeonPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentwellover100millionindividualshaverisenoutofdestitutionandnowliveabovetheofficialpovertylinesetatannualpercapitaincomebelow640whichequals$77.Atpresent42millionChinesestilllivebelowthepovertyline.Muchworkofcourseremainstobedoneinthisregard. InadditiontohelpingalleviatepovertytheeconomicreformsinChinahavebroughtoverallgainsaswellasthegainspercapitalincomeforbothurbanandruralresidentssuggest.Whilethereissomequestionontheveracityofdata. TheoverallqualityoflifefortheaveragecitizeninChinahasimproveddramaticallysincethereformin1978.Citizensnowhaveaccesstobetterservicesincrucialareassuchashealthcareand’education. 41.______. ThebetterlivesthatcitizensinChinanowleadisadirectresultofthedecisionbyChina’sleadershipin1978topursuethepathofeconomicreforminamoremarked-orienteddirection. DespitetheoverallimportanceofthedomesticeconomyindeterminingChina’seconomicfuturetherestillaretworeasonswhyChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpitscitizensleadbetterlives. 42.______. AsnotedabovegovernmentofficialsinChinareportthatroughly20%oftheincreaseinGDPduringthe1990’sisattributabletogrowthinexports. Stillexportsinsomekeysectorssuchastextilesandotherlabor-intensivesectorswouldexpand.Overallinlightoflong-termdynamiceffectstheChinesegovernmentpredictsthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwouldincreaseitsGDPby95.5billion$23.64billionor1.5percentby2005.Andwhileacknowledgingthatsome10millionjobswillbelostinagricultureautoandmachinerysectors. 43.______. Chinesefirmswillalsofaceamorestableexportenvironmentonelesssubjecttoanti-dumpingandspecialsafeguardprovisions.Thecountrywillbeabletoenjoystablemultilateralpreferentialtradepolicesinarules-basedmarket. 44.______. AsnotedaboveChina’stransitiontoamarket-orientedeconomyisnotcompleteandelementsofcentralizedplanningremain.AnditisquiteclearthatdespitetheimpressivegainsChinahasmadeeconomicallyoverthepast20yearsmanyintractableproblemsremainsuchastherestructuringofstate-ownedenterpriseshalfofwhicharelosingmoney.China’sindustriallandscapeislitteredwith"empty-shellenterprises"andstateofficialsroutinelyarguethatsome30%oftheworkforceinSOEsissuperfluous. China’sbankingsystemisinprecariouspositionaswellgivendecliningcapitaladequacyandthecontinuedrelianceofthestate-bankingsystemonpolicy-basedlendingasopposedtoexaminationofmarketcriteria.Toalargeextenttheseeconomicproblemsreflecttheinherentdifficultyoftryingtorecoverfrom30yearsofhorriblymisguidedeconomicpolicies. 45.______. [A]Millionsmorenowhaveelectricityandconsequentlyrefrigerationandtelephoneserviceaswell. [B]ThesecondandmoreimportantreasonthatChina’sentrytotheWTOwillhelpChina’scitizenryisthatitwillstrengthenthehandofpro-reformelementsinthegovernment. [C]ThebestwayoutofthiseconomicdilemmahoweverisforChinatocontinuetostrengthenitsreformeffortnottorestrict. [D]Inthelate-1990sandearly-2000sthefocuswasalsoonindustrialreformwhichinvolvedthepainfulclosingofunprofitablestate-ownedfactoriesandthedevelopmentofsocialsecuritysystems. [E]FirstasChina’slargestexportmarketafterHongKongtheUnitedStatesplaysaprimaryroleinenrichingChinesecompaniesprimarilynon-state-ownedentities. [F]Surprisinglymanyinternationalcompaniesnowspendalotofmoneyontraining. [G]ChineseeconomistspredictthatWTOmembershipwillcreate12millionjobsinothersectorssuchastextilestoysandfootwear. 41
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 7
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 17
Theideathatsomegroupsofpeoplemaybemoreintelligentthanothersisoneofthosehypothesesthatdarenotspeakitsname.ButGregoryCochranis1tosayitanyway.Heisthat2birdascientistwhoworksindependently3anyinstitution.Hehelpedpopularizetheideathatsomediseasesnot4thoughttohaveabacterialcausewereactuallyinfectionswhicharousedmuchcontroversywhenitwasfirstsuggested. 5hehowevermighttrembleatthe6ofwhatheisabouttodo.Togetherwithanothertwoscientistsheispublishingapaperwhichnotonly7thatonegroupofhumanityismoreintelligentthantheothersbutexplainstheprocessthathasbroughtthisabout.Thegroupin8areaparticularpeopleoriginatedfromcentralEurope.Theprocessisnaturalselection. ThisgroupgenerallydowellinIQtest912-15pointsabovethe10valueof100andhavecontributed11totheintellectualandculturallifeoftheWestasthe12oftheirelitesincludingseveralworld-renownedscientists13.Theyalsosuffermoreoftenthanmostpeoplefromanumberofnastygeneticdiseasessuchasbreastcancer.Thesefacts14havepreviouslybeenthoughtunrelated.Theformerhasbeen15tosocialeffectssuchasastrongtraditionof16education.Thelatterwasseenasaan17ofgeneticisolation.Dr.Cochransuggeststhattheintelligenceanddiseasesareintimately18.Hisargumentisthattheunusualhistoryofthesepeoplehas19themtouniqueevolutionarypressuresthathaveresultedinthis20stateofaffairs. 19
TheearlyretirementofexperiencedworkersisseriouslyharmingtheU.S.economyaccordingtoanewreportfromtheHudsonInstituteapublicpolicyresearchorganization.Currentlymanyolderexperiencedworkersretireatanearlyage.Accordingtotherecentlyissuedstatistics79percentofqualifiedworkersbegincollectingretirementbenefitsatage62;ifthattrendcontinuestherewillbealaborshortagethatwillhindertheeconomicgrowthinthetwenty-firstcentury. OlderAmericansconstituteanincreasingproportionofthepopulationaccordingtotheU.S.CensusBureauandthepopulationofthoseoverage65willgrowby60%between2001and2020.Duringthesameperiodthegroupaged18to44willincreasebyonly4%.KeepingolderskilledworkersemployedevenparttimewouldincreaseU.S.economicoutputandstrengthenthetaxbase;butwithoutsignificantpolicyreformsmassiveearlyretirementamongbabyboomersseemsmorelikely. Retirementatage62isaneconomicallyrationaldecisiontoday.SocialSecurityandMedicaidearningslimitsandtaxpenaltiessubjectourmostexperiencedworkerstomarginaltaxratesashighas67%.SocialSecurityformulasencourageearlyretirement.Althoughincomesusuallyrisewithadditionalyearsofworkanypayincreasesafterthe35-yearmarkresultinhighersocialSecuritytaxesbutonlysmallincreasesinbenefits. HudsonInstituteresearchersbelievethatfederaltaxandbenefitpoliciesareatfaultandreformsareurgentlyneededbuttheydisagreewiththepopularproposalthatmucholderAmericanswillhavetoworkbecauseSocialSecuritywillnotsupportthemandthatbabyboomersarenotsavingenoughforretirement.Accordingtotheincreasein401kandKeoghretirementplanstheongoingstockmarketonWallStreetandthelikelihoodoflargeinheritancesthereisevidencethatbabyboomerswillreachage65withgreaterfinancialassetsthanpreviousgenerations. TheHudsonInstituteadvocatesreforminggovernmentpoliciesthatnowdiscourageworkandsavingsespeciallyforolderworker.Amongthereport’srecommendations.TaxhalfofallSocialSecuritybenefitsregardlessofotherincome;provide80%largerbenefitsforeachyearbeyond65;andpermitworkersnearingretirementtonegotiatecompensationpackagesthatmayincludealowersalarybutwithgreaterhealthcarebenefits.Howeveritmaytakerealandfruitfulplanningtofindtherightsolutiontotheearlyretirementofolderexperiencedworkers;anymeasurestakenmustbeallowedtoprolongtheserviceabilityofolderexperiencedworkers. Thesecondparagraphiswrittenchieflytoshowthat
Childreninanysocietyareexpectedtolearntoconformtoanumberofsocialrulesandexpectationsiftheyaretobecomeparticipantsintheculture.46Amongtherulesthatchildreninoursocietyareexpectedtolearnarethatcertainclassesofadultssuchasteachersanddoctorsareaddressedbytitlesthatmalesandfemalesuseseparaterestroomfacilitiesandthatwomenbutnotmenweardresses.Theseareexamplesofsocialconventions.Intheabsenceofsuchasharednormtheactsareneitherrightnorwrong.Forthisreasonconventionsmaybesaidtobearbitrary.Forexample47wecouldjustaseasilyhavestudentsaddressteachersbyfirstnamesashavethemcallteachersbytheirlastnamesandformaltitlesofMr.orMs. Conventionshoweverserveanimportantfunctionbyprovidingpredictabilityandordertosociallife.48Withoutsocialconventionsitwouldbeimpossibletoorganizesocialinstitutionssuchasschoolsandsocietiesasorganizedsystemscouldnotexist.Thearbitrarinessofconventionsmakestheirimportancedifficultforchildrentofigureout.49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions. Incontrastwithissuesofconventionaremattersofmorality.Moralityreferstoissuesofhumanwelfarejusticeandrightsthatareafunctionoftheinherentfeaturesofinterpersonalrelations.Becauseofthistherightandwrongofmoralactionsarenotsimplydeterminedbysocialconsensusortheviewsofauthority.Forexampleitisnotpossibletohitanotherpersonwithforceandnothurttheotherperson.Similarlyitisnotpossibletostealsomethingvaluablefromsomeoneelseandnotcausethepersontoexperiencethesenseofloss.Amoraljudgmentaboutunprovokedharm"Itiswrongtohit"wouldnotbedependentontheexistenceofasociallyagreeduponruleorstandardbutcouldbegeneratedsolelyfromtheintrinsiceffectsoftheacti.e.hittinghurts.50Similaranalysescouldbedoneregardingabroaderrangeofissuesthatwouldextendbeyonddirectharmtoconcernsforwhatitmeanstobejustcompassionateandconsiderateoftherightsofothers. 49Itisnotuntilsometimeinadolescencethatchildrencometofullyunderstandthefunctionthatthesearbitraryconventionsservetoprovidepredictabilityandordertooursocialinteractions.
SomethingextraordinaryishappeninginLondonthisweek:inLambethoneofthecity’spoorestboroughs区180childrenarestartingtheirsecondaryeducationinabrandnewschool.Thestate-fundedschoolwassetupbyparentswhowerefedupwiththequalityoflocaleducation.Incountrieswithmoreenlightenededucationsystemsthiswouldbeunremarkable.InBritainitisanamazingachievementbyabunchofdesperateanddeterminedpeopleafteryearsofstruggle. Britain’sschoolsareinamess.Averagestandardsarenotimprovingdespitebillionsinextraspendingandastubbornlylongtailofunderachieversstraggles拖后腿behind.Acoupleofyearsagoaconsensusemergedamongreformersthatcouncilshadtoomuchcontrolandparentstoolittle. OnemighthaveexpectedmorefromtheConservativeswhostoodforelectiononapledgetobringinschoolvouchers.YettheTorypolicygroupchargedwiththinkingdeepthoughtsaboutpublicservicespaidonlylipservicetoparentpowerinitsreport.Whereschoolsarefailingitsaidparentsorcharitiesshouldgettaxpayers’moneytoopennewones.Butonly2.9%areactuallyfailingonofficialdefinitions.Andanotherproposalthatchildreninfailingschoolsgetextrafundingiftheygoelsewherewassolackingindetailastobemeaningless. WorryaboutunderperformingschoolsishardlyconfinedtoBritain:inAmericainItalyinGermanyeveninonce-proudFranceeducationisahot-buttontopic.Yetanumberofcountriesseemtohavecrackedit.Althoughspecificproblemsdifferindifferentsocietiesparentalchoiceisattheheartofmostsuccessfulsolutions.Whatarethelessons Thefirstisthatifacriticalmassofparentswantsanewschoolandthereisawillingproviderlocalgovernmentshouldberequiredtofinanceitasgenerouslyasitdoesexistingstateschools.Thesecondisthatifacharitywantstoopenaschoolinthehopethatchildrenwillcomethentaxpayers’moneyshouldfollowanythatdo.Thirdrulesaboutwhatwhereandhowschoolsteachshouldberelaxedtoavoidstiflinginnovationanddiscouragingnewcomerswithbigideas.Inanyeventpublic-examinationresultswouldgiveparentstheinformationtheyneededtoenforcehighstandards. TheseproposalsmayseemradicalyetparentsintheNetherlandshavehadtherighttodemandnewschoolssince1917andthoseinSwedenhavebeenfreesince1992totaketheirgovernmentmoneytoanyschoolthatsatisfiesbasicgovernmentrules.IntheNetherlands70%ofchildrenareeducatedinprivateschoolsatthetaxpayers’expense;inSweden10%alreadyare.InbothcountriesstatespendingoneducationislowerperheadthaninBritainandresultsarebetter.Itdoesn’ttakeageniusIQ--justalittlepoliticalcourage--todrawthecorrectconclusion. Fromothercountries’successfulexperienceBritaincanlearnthat
AtfirstglanceMicrosoft’snewsearchengineBingdoesn’tlookallthatdifferentfromGoogle.There’sasearchbaracrossthetop;alistofresultsdownthemiddleofthepageflankedaboveandtotherightbyads;andasmatteringofcategoriestotheleftthatwillrefinethelistings.41______. Microsoftdescribesthechangeasafocusonbeinga"decisionengine"vs.asearchengine.JonTintergeneralmanagerofstrategicpartnershipsinMicrosoft’sonlineaudiencebusinessgroupsaidtheideaistoshiftworkfromconsumerstosearchenginesbyansweringmorequeriesonthesearchresultspagewithouthavingtoclickthroughtoaresult. 42______.Wanttoknowifaflight’sontimeSearchtheairlineandflightnumberandit’llanswerthatqueryatopthesearchresultsratherthanpullupalistofsitesandlinksthatcantellyou.WanttoknowwheretheUPSpackageyousentisThesearchresultspullupafieldforyoutoenteratrackingnumberratherthanmakingyouclickthroughtoUPS.comtodothat. "Taskanddecisionsessionsarethefocusofthenewengine"saidMr.Tinterasopposedtomoresimplenavigationalsearches. Thecompanyisfocusingonspecificimprovementsintheareasoftravelshoppingandproductslocalandhealth—allhighlycommercialareas.IthasfullyintegratedintothesearchengineFarecastarecentlyacquiredtravelsearchenginethat"predicts"thelikelihoodofflightpricesgoingupordown.43______. TheideabehindthechangesistogetpeopletothinkdifferentlyaboutsearchMr.Tintersaid. "Searchisahabit.Whenyoutalktopeopleyouhearalotofstatedsatisfactionbuttheydon’tbehavelikesatisfiedcustomers—andwethinkthat’swheretheopportunityis"hesaidcitingstatistics:44______. Butwhetherthechangeslookdifferentenoughtomakeconsumersswitchisn’tclear.Perhapsthat’swhyMicrosoftishelpingtheservicewhichwillbefulldeployedonJune3withan$80millionto$100millioncampaignfromJWT智威汤逊广告公司. 45______. Findingwordslikethatthesedays"isgettingharderandharder"saidPaolaNorambuenaseniordirector-headofverbalidentityatInterbrand.SheaddedthatlinguisticallyBinghadalotofapplications."It’sthesoundoffound." [A]BrandingshopInterbrandhelpedconceivethenameBingwhichwaschosenbecauseitwasmemorableeasytospellaroundtheworldandcouldbeusedasaverbasMicrosofthopestoconvertpeoplefrom"Googleit"to"Bingit." [B]Butforcertaintypesofqueriesthesitetrumpsitscompetitors—specificallymarketleaderGoogle. [C]MicrosoftsaysthatifitssearchenginebringsmorerelevantresultsthanGoogleorYahoo!thenpeoplewilleventuallymigratetothe"best"product.Thatmaynotbetrue.Googlehasbecomeahabitformorethantwo-thirdsOfthepeoplewhousesearchenginesintheU.S. [D]Forexamplesearchfor"weather"andBingwilluseyourIPaddresstofigureoutyourlocationanddisplayaforecastatthetopoftheresults. [E]Two-thirdsofpeoplesaythey’resatisfiedwithsearchbut15%ofthetimesearchqueriesgoabandonedwithoutanswer."Ican’tthinkofanotherindustrywhereyou’dhave15%abandonmentandtwo-thirdsofcustomerssayingthey’resatisfied." [F]Creatinganewsearchengineisatremendousriskatthisstagebecauseit’sremarkablyexpensivetobuildandmarketonethathasanychanceinthemassmarket. [G]AndithasmadeimprovementstoitsmapsfunctionsJettingusersomitthenavigationalminutiae细节oflocalstreetsthatoftenclutterotherservices’directions. 45
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