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Though some people have suggested that women should return to housework in order to leave more jo...
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Text2 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-1980whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshorttern. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-in-tensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Fromthetextwecanseethatthewriterseems
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 8
Laurawhowasinfirst-yearhighhadgonetothesamepublicschoolthatherbrothersnowattendedbutthisyearshewasapupilatGreenValleyAcademyasmallcountrydayschoolontheoutskirtsofthecity. 41._____. TheyknewLaurawassmartofcoursebutsomeoftheotherBaltimoreprivateschoolsforgirlswereexcellentandhadlowertuitionsandeventhepublichighschoolswereallright.LotsofnicekidswhosefathershadtwiceasbiganincomeasHenryWadewenttothem. 42._____. Youeitherspoiledherormadeherbitter.TheseargumentswerecogentEmilyWadeadmittedbuttheysimplydidn’tapplyinLaura’scase. 43._____. MoreoveritwasEmily’stheorythatchildrenlearnedloveaswellasdisciplinebyfamilyexample;ifyoudidallyoucouldforthemkeepingtheirbestinterestsinmindtheywouldn’tletyoudowninacrisis. 44._____. HowtruethathadbeenthoughtEmilydrivingslowlybecauseshehadaquarterhourtospareandshemightaswellgiveLauratimetostudy.HermindwentbacktothatblackmomentamonthbeforewhenshehadmetHenryforlunchinarestaurantandhehadtoldherthathewasoutofajob. 45._____. Hewasprettysurehecouldgetanotherandabetterposition;therewasafirmthathadbeenmakingoverturestohimandonlyasenseofloyaltytohisoldfirmhadmadehimignorethemuptothispoint.Butthemanhe’dhavetoseewasoutoftownandwouldn’tbebackuntilthefirstoftheyear.Thentoohe’djusthadaletterfromhisbrotherinOhio;itseemedthatthewholefamilyouttherewasshottohell.Hisbrotherwhowasaschoolteacherwasbrokehisstomachulcersweretroublinghimoneofhischildrenhadtohaveaseriousoperationandhiswifewasabouttohavetwins. A.ItwasaverygoodschoolandaveryexpensiveoneandmostoftheWades’friendsthoughttheywerebeingratherfancyinsendingLaurathere. B.Nothingwastoogoodforthatchild. C.Besidesyouweren’tdoingagirlafavorwhenyouencouragedhertodeveloptasteshecouldn’taffordtogratify. D.Thebranchsalesofficehehadbeenmanaginghadbeenabsorbedbyalargerfirmanditswholestaffwasoutinthecoldwithoutsomuchasamonth’ssalarytotidethemover. E.Andeventshadcertainlyprovedhertheory. F.TheymadeherthinkoftheballerinadressandofallthepureproudfilmybeautyoftheworldthatbelongedbytighttoLaura. G.Christmashasbeencommercializedoutofitsrealmeaning. 42
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 12
Text2 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-1980whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshorttern. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-in-tensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthattheretailpriceofpetrolwillgoupdramaticallyif
Directions: Writeanessayof160--200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethepicturebriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3supportyourviewwithanexample/examples. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 20
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 18
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave1jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkwere3formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake4forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild-bearingyears.5delayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lowerproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome7theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat8thesecircumstancesfamilieswould9theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment’theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob15herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomen16leavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestion20womenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
Text4 CanelectricitycausecancerInasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpowertheveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecadeagrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettlingtosaytheleastsinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfieldswhicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectricalfrompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictoryithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimateortheworstkindofparanoia. NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.IntheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreviewreleasedindraftformlatelastweektheEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence"suggestsacasuallink"betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields--thosehavingverylongwave-lengthsandleukemialymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogensitdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas"apossiblebutnotprovencauseofcancerinhumans." Thereportisnoreasontopanicoreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerriskitisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministrationandtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded. Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawireitgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyearsscientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmfulprimarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligaussoraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerslinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeterbutthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate. HowcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdangerTheconsensususedtobethattheycouldnotandfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiationlikeX-raysthatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"Ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions. Butepidemiologicalstudieswhichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdatadonotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissuesamechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound. ThePentagonisfarfrompersuaded.Inablistering33-pagecritiqueoftheEPAreportAirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink."Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthatelectromagneticfieldspresentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer"theAirForceconcludes"ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport."ThePentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipmentfromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensebuiltintoeverywarshipandplane. Itcanbeinferredfromphysicalphenomenon
Text1 Educationisnotanendbutameanstoanend.Inotherwordswedonoteducatechildrenonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem.Ourpurposeistofitthemforlife.Lifeisvaried;soiseducation.Assoonaswerealizethefactwewillunderstandthatitisveryimportanttochooseapropersystemofeducation. Insomecountrieswithadvancedindustriestheyhavefreeeducationforall.Underthissystempeoplenomatterwhethertheyarerichorpoorcleverorfoolishhaveachancetobeeducatedatuniversitiesorcolleges.Theyhaveforsometimethoughtbyfreeeducationforalltheycansolvealltheproblemsofasocietyandbuildaperfectnation.Butwecanalreadyseethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough.Wefindinsuchcountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversitydegreesthantherearejobsforthemtofill.Asaresultoftheirdegreestheyrefusetodowhattheythinkis"low"work.Infacttoworkwithone’shandsisthoughttobedirtyandshamefulinsuchcountries. Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttounderstandthattheworkofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantasthatofaprofessor.Wecanlivewithouteducationbutweshoulddieifnoneofusgrowcrops.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetsandtooktherubbishawayfromourhousesweshouldgetterriblediseasesinourtowns.Iftherewerenoservicepeoplebecauseeveryonewasashamedtodosuchworktheprofessorswouldhavetowastemuchoftheirtimedoinghousework. Ontheotherhandifallthefarmerswerecompletelyuneducatedtheirproductionwouldremainlow.Asthepopulationgrowslargerandlargerinthemodernworldwewoulddieifwedidnothaveenoughfood. Infactwhenwesayallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourselvesforlifeitmeansthatallmustbeeducated:firstlytorealizethateveryonecandowhateverjobissuitedtohisbrainandability;secondlytounderstandthatalljobsarenecessarytosocietyandthatitishadtobeashamedofone’sownworkortolookdownuponsomeoneelse’s;thirdlytomasterallthenecessaryknow-howtodoone’sjobwell.Onlysucheducationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety. Allofusmustbeeducatedtounderstandorrealizethat
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 10
Text2 CouldthebadolddaysofeconomicdeclinebeabouttoreturnSinceOPECagreedtosupply-cutsinMarchthepriceofcrudeoilhasjumpedtoalmost$26abarrelupfromlessthan$10lastDecember.Thisneartriplingofoilpricescallsupscarymemoriesofthe1973oilshockwhenpricesquadrupledand1979-1980whentheyalsoalmosttripled.Bothpreviousshocksresultedindouble-digitinflationandglobaleconomicdecline.Sowherearetheheadlineswarningofgloomanddoomthistime TheoilpricewasgivenanotherpushupthisweekwhenIraqsuspendedoilexports.Strengtheningeconomicgrowthatthesametimeaswintergripsthenorthernhemispherecouldpushthepricehigherstillintheshorttern. Yettherearegoodreasonstoexpecttheeconomicconsequencesnowtobelessseverethaninthe1970s.Inmostcountriesthecostofcrudeoilnowaccountsforasmallershareofthepriceofpetrolthanitdidinthe1970s.InEuropetaxesaccountforuptofour-fifthsoftheretailpricesoevenquitebigchangesinthepriceofcrudehaveamoremutedeffectonpumppricesthaninthepast. Richeconomiesarealsolessdependentonoilthantheywereandsolesssensitivetoswingsintheoilprice.Energyconservationashifttootherfuelsandadeclineintheimportanceofheavyenergy-in-tensiveindustrieshavereducedoilconsumption.Softwareconsultancyandmobiletelephonesusefarlessoilthansteelorcarproduction.ForeachdollarofGDPinconstantpricesricheconomiesnowusenearly50%lessoilthanin1973.TheOECDestimatesinitslatestEconomicOutlookthatifoilpricesaveraged$22abarrelforafullyearcomparedwith$13in1998thiswouldincreasetheoilimportbillinricheconomiesbyOnly0.25～0.5%ofGDP.Thatislessthanone-quarteroftheincomelossin1974or1980.Ontheotherhandoil-importingemergingeconomies--towhichheavyindustryhasshifted--havebecomemoreenergy-intensiveandsocouldbemoreseriouslysqueezed. Onemorereasonnottolosesleepover.Theriseinoilpricesisthatunliketherisesinthe1970sithasnotoccurredagainstthebackgroundofgeneralcommoditypriceinflationandglobalexcessdemand.Asizableportionoftheworldisonlyjustemergingfromeconomicdecline.TheEconomist’scommoditypriceindexisbroadlyunchangingfromayearago.In1973commoditypricesjumpedby70%andin1979byalmost30%. TheestimatesinEconomicOutlookshowthatinrichcountries
Psychologicallytherearetwodangerstobeguardedagainstinoldageoneoftheseistoogreatanabsorptioninthepast.46Oneshouldnotliveinmemoriesinregretsforthegoodolddaysorinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One’sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefutureandtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.Thisisnotalwayseasy;one’sownpastisgraduallyincreasingweight.Itiseasytothinktooneselfthatone’semotionsusedtobemorevividthantheyareandone’smindmorekeen.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgottenanditisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue. Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouthinthehopeoffindingstrengthinitsvitality.Whenyourchildrenaregrownuptheywanttolivetheirownlivesandifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedinthemasyouwerewhentheywereyoungyouarelikelytobecomeaburdentothemunlesstheyareunusuallyinsensible.47Idon’tmeanthatoneshouldbewithoutinterestinthembutone’sinterestshouldbecontemplativeandifpossiblephilanthropicbutnottooemotional.Animalsbecomeindifferenttotheiryoungassoonastheiryoungcanlookafterthemselvesbuthumanbeingsowingtothelengthofinfancyfindthislesseasy. 48Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsleading.tosuitableactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitfulandthatthewisdomboreofexperiencecanbeusedwithoutbecomingaburden.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakesbothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyouandbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.49Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterestsyoumayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillhelptheminmaterialwaysasbymakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpersyoumustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany. Someoldpeoplearetroubledbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisjustificationforthisfeeling.50Youngmenwhohavereasontofeartheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrowsandhasdonewhateverworkitwasinhimtodothefearofdeathissome-whatignoble. 48Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsleading.tosuitableactivities.
Psychologicallytherearetwodangerstobeguardedagainstinoldageoneoftheseistoogreatanabsorptioninthepast.46Oneshouldnotliveinmemoriesinregretsforthegoodolddaysorinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One’sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefutureandtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.Thisisnotalwayseasy;one’sownpastisgraduallyincreasingweight.Itiseasytothinktooneselfthatone’semotionsusedtobemorevividthantheyareandone’smindmorekeen.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgottenanditisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue. Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouthinthehopeoffindingstrengthinitsvitality.Whenyourchildrenaregrownuptheywanttolivetheirownlivesandifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedinthemasyouwerewhentheywereyoungyouarelikelytobecomeaburdentothemunlesstheyareunusuallyinsensible.47Idon’tmeanthatoneshouldbewithoutinterestinthembutone’sinterestshouldbecontemplativeandifpossiblephilanthropicbutnottooemotional.Animalsbecomeindifferenttotheiryoungassoonastheiryoungcanlookafterthemselvesbuthumanbeingsowingtothelengthofinfancyfindthislesseasy. 48Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsleading.tosuitableactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitfulandthatthewisdomboreofexperiencecanbeusedwithoutbecomingaburden.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakesbothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyouandbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.49Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterestsyoumayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillhelptheminmaterialwaysasbymakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpersyoumustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany. Someoldpeoplearetroubledbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisjustificationforthisfeeling.50Youngmenwhohavereasontofeartheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrowsandhasdonewhateverworkitwasinhimtodothefearofdeathissome-whatignoble. 50Youngmenwhohavereasontofeartheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 16
Laurawhowasinfirst-yearhighhadgonetothesamepublicschoolthatherbrothersnowattendedbutthisyearshewasapupilatGreenValleyAcademyasmallcountrydayschoolontheoutskirtsofthecity. 41._____. TheyknewLaurawassmartofcoursebutsomeoftheotherBaltimoreprivateschoolsforgirlswereexcellentandhadlowertuitionsandeventhepublichighschoolswereallright.LotsofnicekidswhosefathershadtwiceasbiganincomeasHenryWadewenttothem. 42._____. Youeitherspoiledherormadeherbitter.TheseargumentswerecogentEmilyWadeadmittedbuttheysimplydidn’tapplyinLaura’scase. 43._____. MoreoveritwasEmily’stheorythatchildrenlearnedloveaswellasdisciplinebyfamilyexample;ifyoudidallyoucouldforthemkeepingtheirbestinterestsinmindtheywouldn’tletyoudowninacrisis. 44._____. HowtruethathadbeenthoughtEmilydrivingslowlybecauseshehadaquarterhourtospareandshemightaswellgiveLauratimetostudy.HermindwentbacktothatblackmomentamonthbeforewhenshehadmetHenryforlunchinarestaurantandhehadtoldherthathewasoutofajob. 45._____. Hewasprettysurehecouldgetanotherandabetterposition;therewasafirmthathadbeenmakingoverturestohimandonlyasenseofloyaltytohisoldfirmhadmadehimignorethemuptothispoint.Butthemanhe’dhavetoseewasoutoftownandwouldn’tbebackuntilthefirstoftheyear.Thentoohe’djusthadaletterfromhisbrotherinOhio;itseemedthatthewholefamilyouttherewasshottohell.Hisbrotherwhowasaschoolteacherwasbrokehisstomachulcersweretroublinghimoneofhischildrenhadtohaveaseriousoperationandhiswifewasabouttohavetwins. A.ItwasaverygoodschoolandaveryexpensiveoneandmostoftheWades’friendsthoughttheywerebeingratherfancyinsendingLaurathere. B.Nothingwastoogoodforthatchild. C.Besidesyouweren’tdoingagirlafavorwhenyouencouragedhertodeveloptasteshecouldn’taffordtogratify. D.Thebranchsalesofficehehadbeenmanaginghadbeenabsorbedbyalargerfirmanditswholestaffwasoutinthecoldwithoutsomuchasamonth’ssalarytotidethemover. E.Andeventshadcertainlyprovedhertheory. F.TheymadeherthinkoftheballerinadressandofallthepureproudfilmybeautyoftheworldthatbelongedbytighttoLaura. G.Christmashasbeencommercializedoutofitsrealmeaning. 44
Text4 CanelectricitycausecancerInasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpowertheveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecadeagrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettlingtosaytheleastsinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfieldswhicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectricalfrompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictoryithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimateortheworstkindofparanoia. NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.IntheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreviewreleasedindraftformlatelastweektheEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence"suggestsacasuallink"betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields--thosehavingverylongwave-lengthsandleukemialymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogensitdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas"apossiblebutnotprovencauseofcancerinhumans." Thereportisnoreasontopanicoreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerriskitisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministrationandtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded. Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawireitgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyearsscientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmfulprimarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligaussoraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerslinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeterbutthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate. HowcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdangerTheconsensususedtobethattheycouldnotandfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiationlikeX-raysthatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"Ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions. Butepidemiologicalstudieswhichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdatadonotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissuesamechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound. ThePentagonisfarfrompersuaded.Inablistering33-pagecritiqueoftheEPAreportAirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink."Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthatelectromagneticfieldspresentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer"theAirForceconcludes"ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport."ThePentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipmentfromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensebuiltintoeverywarshipandplane. TheviewpointoftheEPAis
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave1jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkwere3formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake4forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild-bearingyears.5delayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lowerproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome7theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat8thesecircumstancesfamilieswould9theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment’theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob15herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomen16leavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestion20womenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave1jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkwere3formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake4forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild-bearingyears.5delayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lowerproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome7theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat8thesecircumstancesfamilieswould9theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment’theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob15herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomen16leavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestion20womenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave1jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkwere3formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake4forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild-bearingyears.5delayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lowerproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome7theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat8thesecircumstancesfamilieswould9theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment’theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob15herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomen16leavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestion20womenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Cigarettescanseriouslydamageyourcountryside.Fannedby112km/hSantaAnawindsfiresweptacross4250hectaresnearthemountaincommunityofAlpineCalifornia.Morethan650peoplewere1immediatelyfromtheirhomes.As800firefighters2tocontroltheconflagrationalargedestructivefire大火3ofsmoke4over9000mandsentcloudsof5driftingacrossSanDiegonearly50kmaway.A6ofairtankersacargoplanecarryingwaterorfuel运送水或燃料的飞机andhelicopters7waterandfire-retarding8overthearea.Firefightersbelievethe9wasstartedbya10discardedcigarette.California11rainingatthistimeofyearhadonly1mmofprecipitationrain;aquantityofraininaspecificareaataspecifictimeinDecembermaking12thestate’s13wintermonthin70years.Inthe1970’s14homesandranchesinthemountainsnearAlpinewere15bywildfire.Afterthat16residentMaryTituswroteherself17aboutwhattodoshouldanotherfire18forcehertoflee."Ihadalistof19IcouldtakeifIhadfiveminutesandalistofwhatIcouldtakeifIhad30minutes."Shesaid"Ihad30minutesIwas20 14
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave1jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkwere3formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake4forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild-bearingyears.5delayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lowerproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome7theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat8thesecircumstancesfamilieswould9theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment’theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob15herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomen16leavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestion20womenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
Text4 CanelectricitycausecancerInasocietythatliterallyrunsonelectricpowertheveryideaseemspreposterous.Butformorethanadecadeagrowingbandofscientistsandjournalistshaspointedtostudiesthatseemtolinkexposuretoelectromagneticfieldswithincreasedriskofleukemiaandothermalignancies.Theimplicationsareunsettlingtosaytheleastsinceeveryonecomesintocontactwithsuchfieldswhicharegeneratedbyeverythingelectricalfrompowerlinesandantennastopersonalcomputersandmicro-waveovens.Becauseevidenceonthesubjectisinconclusiveandoftencontradictoryithasbeenhardtodecidewhetherconcernaboutthehealtheffectsofelectricityislegitimateortheworstkindofparanoia. NowthealarmistshavegainedsomequalifiedsupportfromtheUSEnvironmentalProtectionAgency.IntheexecutivesummaryofanewscientificreviewreleasedindraftformlatelastweektheEPAhasputforwardwhatamountstothemostseriousgovernmentwarningtodate.Theagencytentativelyconcludesthatscientificevidence"suggestsacasuallink"betweenextremelylow-frequencyelectromagneticfields--thosehavingverylongwave-lengthsandleukemialymphomaandbraincancer.WhilethereportfallsshortofclassifyingELFfieldsasprobablecarcinogensitdoesidentifythecommon60-hertzmagneticfieldas"apossiblebutnotprovencauseofcancerinhumans." Thereportisnoreasontopanicoreventolostsleep.Ifthereisacancerriskitisasmallone.TheevidenceisstillsocontroversialthatthedraftstirredagreatdealofdebatewithintheBushAdministrationandtheEPAreleaseditoverstrongobjectionsfromthePentagonandtheWhiteHouse.Butnownoonecandenythattheissuemustbetakenseriouslyandthatmuchmoreresearchisneeded. Attheheartofthedebateisasimpleandwell-understoodphysicalphenomenon:Whenanelectriccurrentpassesthroughawireitgeneratesanelectromagneticfieldthatexertsforcesonsurroundingobjects.Formanyyearsscientistsdismissedanysuggestionthatsuchforcesmightbeharmfulprimarilybecausetheyaresoextraordinarilyweak.TheELFmagneticfieldgeneratedbyavideoterminalmeasuresonlyafewmilligaussoraboutone-hundredththestrengthoftheearth’sownmagneticfield.Theelectricfieldssurroundingapowerslinecanbeashighas10kilovoltspermeterbutthecorrespondingfieldinducedinhumancellswillbeonlyabout1millivoltpermeter.Thisisfarlessthantheelectricfieldsthatthecellsthemselvesgenerate. HowcouldsuchminusculeforcesposeahealthdangerTheconsensususedtobethattheycouldnotandfordecadesscientistsconcentratedonmorepowerfulkindsofradiationlikeX-raysthatpacksufficientwalloptoknockelectronsoutofthemoleculesthatmakeupthehumanbody.Such"Ionizing"radiationshavebeenclearlylinkedtoincreasedcancerrisksandthereareregulationstocontrolemissions. Butepidemiologicalstudieswhichfindstatisticalassociationsbetweensetsofdatadonotprovecauseandeffect.ThoughthereisabodyoflaboratoryworkshowingthatexposuretoELFfieldscanhavebiologicaleffectsonanimaltissuesamechanismbywhichthoseeffectscouldleadtocancerousgrowthshasneverbeenfound. ThePentagonisfarfrompersuaded.Inablistering33-pagecritiqueoftheEPAreportAirForcescientistschargeitsauthorswithhaving"biasedtheentiredocument"towardprovingalink."Ourreviewersareconvincedthatthereisnosuggestionthatelectromagneticfieldspresentintheenvironmentinduceorpromotecancer"theAirForceconcludes"ItisastonishingthattheEPAwouldlenditsimprimaturonthisreport."ThePentagon’sconcernisunderstandable.Thereishardlyaunitofthemodernmilitarythatdoesnotdependontheheavyuseofsomekindofelectronicequipmentfromhugeground-basedradartowerstothedefensebuiltintoeverywarshipandplane. Whatdoyouthinkordinarycitizensmaydofasterreadingthedifferentarguments
Text3 Inrecentyearsrailroadshavebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70%ofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90%ofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarders. Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistancessuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. ThevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyoneRailCompany/Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20%to30%morethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratereliefbuttheprocessisexpensivetime-consumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases. Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainst"captive"shippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaverageratetheyargueshipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosoleavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribebutinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace"asksMartinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers. Many"captive"shippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionhidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebillMany"captive"shippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket. Whatismanycaptiveshippers'attitudetowardstheconsolidationintherailindustry
Text1 Educationisnotanendbutameanstoanend.Inotherwordswedonoteducatechildrenonlyfortheaimofeducatingthem.Ourpurposeistofitthemforlife.Lifeisvaried;soiseducation.Assoonaswerealizethefactwewillunderstandthatitisveryimportanttochooseapropersystemofeducation. Insomecountrieswithadvancedindustriestheyhavefreeeducationforall.Underthissystempeoplenomatterwhethertheyarerichorpoorcleverorfoolishhaveachancetobeeducatedatuniversitiesorcolleges.Theyhaveforsometimethoughtbyfreeeducationforalltheycansolvealltheproblemsofasocietyandbuildaperfectnation.Butwecanalreadyseethatfreeeducationforallisnotenough.Wefindinsuchcountriesafarlargernumberofpeoplewithuniversitydegreesthantherearejobsforthemtofill.Asaresultoftheirdegreestheyrefusetodowhattheythinkis"low"work.Infacttoworkwithone’shandsisthoughttobedirtyandshamefulinsuchcountries. Butwehaveonlytothinkamomenttounderstandthattheworkofacompletelyuneducatedfarmerisasimportantasthatofaprofessor.Wecanlivewithouteducationbutweshoulddieifnoneofusgrowcrops.Ifnoonecleanedourstreetsandtooktherubbishawayfromourhousesweshouldgetterriblediseasesinourtowns.Iftherewerenoservicepeoplebecauseeveryonewasashamedtodosuchworktheprofessorswouldhavetowastemuchoftheirtimedoinghousework. Ontheotherhandifallthefarmerswerecompletelyuneducatedtheirproductionwouldremainlow.Asthepopulationgrowslargerandlargerinthemodernworldwewoulddieifwedidnothaveenoughfood. Infactwhenwesayallofusmustbeeducatedtofitourselvesforlifeitmeansthatallmustbeeducated:firstlytorealizethateveryonecandowhateverjobissuitedtohisbrainandability;secondlytounderstandthatalljobsarenecessarytosocietyandthatitishadtobeashamedofone’sownworkortolookdownuponsomeoneelse’s;thirdlytomasterallthenecessaryknow-howtodoone’sjobwell.Onlysucheducationcanbecalledvaluabletosociety. Freeeducationforallisnotenoughbecause
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave1jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkwere3formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake4forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild-bearingyears.5delayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lowerproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome7theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat8thesecircumstancesfamilieswould9theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment’theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob15herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomen16leavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestion20womenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Psychologicallytherearetwodangerstobeguardedagainstinoldageoneoftheseistoogreatanabsorptioninthepast.46Oneshouldnotliveinmemoriesinregretsforthegoodolddaysorinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One’sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefutureandtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.Thisisnotalwayseasy;one’sownpastisgraduallyincreasingweight.Itiseasytothinktooneselfthatone’semotionsusedtobemorevividthantheyareandone’smindmorekeen.Ifthisistrueitshouldbeforgottenanditisforgottenitwillprobablynotbetrue. Theotherthingtobeavoidedisclingingtoyouthinthehopeoffindingstrengthinitsvitality.Whenyourchildrenaregrownuptheywanttolivetheirownlivesandifyoucontinuetobeasinterestedinthemasyouwerewhentheywereyoungyouarelikelytobecomeaburdentothemunlesstheyareunusuallyinsensible.47Idon’tmeanthatoneshouldbewithoutinterestinthembutone’sinterestshouldbecontemplativeandifpossiblephilanthropicbutnottooemotional.Animalsbecomeindifferenttotheiryoungassoonastheiryoungcanlookafterthemselvesbuthumanbeingsowingtothelengthofinfancyfindthislesseasy. 48Ithinkthatasuccessfuloldageiseasiestforthosewhohavestrongimpersonalinterestsleading.tosuitableactivities.Itisinthisspherethatlongexperienceisreallyfruitfulandthatthewisdomboreofexperiencecanbeusedwithoutbecomingaburden.Itisnousetellinggrown-upchildrennottomakemistakesbothbecausetheywillnotbelieveyouandbecausemistakesareanessentialpartofeducation.49Butifyouareoneofthosewhoareincapableofimpersonalinterestsyoumayfindthatyourlifewillbeemptyunlessyouconcernyourselfwithyourchildrenandgrandchildren.Inthatcaseyoumustrealizethatwhileyoucanstillhelptheminmaterialwaysasbymakingthemanallowanceorknittingthemjumpersyoumustnotexpectthattheywillenjoyyourcompany. Someoldpeoplearetroubledbythefearofdeath.Intheyoungthereisjustificationforthisfeeling.50Youngmenwhohavereasontofeartheywillbekilledinbattlemayjustifiablyfeelbitterinthethoughtthattheyhavebeencheatedofthebestthingsthatlifehastooffer.Butinanoldmanwhohasknownhumanjoysandsorrowsandhasdonewhateverworkitwasinhimtodothefearofdeathissome-whatignoble. 46Oneshouldnotliveinmemoriesinregretsforthegoodolddaysorinsadnessaboutfriendswhoaredead.One’sthoughtsmustbedirectedtothefutureandtothingsaboutwhichthereissomethingtobedone.
Text3 Inrecentyearsrailroadshavebeencombiningwitheachothermergingintosupersystemscausingheightenedconcernsaboutmonopoly.Asrecentlyas1995thetopfourrailroadsaccountedforunder70%ofthetotalton-milesmovedbyrails.Nextyearafteraseriesofmergersiscompletedjustfourrailroadswillcontrolwellover90%ofallthefreightmovedbymajorrailcarders. Supportersofthenewsupersystemsarguethatthesemergerswillallowforsubstantialcostreductionsandbettercoordinatedservice.Anythreatofmonopolytheyargueisremovedbyfiercecompetitionfromtrucks.Butmanyshipperscomplainthatforheavybulkcommoditiestravelinglongdistancessuchascoalchemicalsandgraintruckingistoocostlyandtherailroadsthereforehavethembythethroat. ThevastconsolidationwithintherailindustrymeansthatmostshippersareservedbyonlyoneRailCompany/Railroadstypicallychargesuch"captive"shippers20%to30%morethantheydowhenanotherrailroadiscompetingforthebusiness.Shipperswhofeeltheyarebeingoverchargedhavetherighttoappealtothefederalgovernment’sSurfaceTransportationBoardforratereliefbuttheprocessisexpensivetime-consumingandwillworkonlyintrulyextremecases. Railroadsjustifyratediscriminationagainst"captive"shippersonthegroundsthatinthelongrunitreduceseveryone’scost.Ifrailroadschargedallcustomersthesameaverageratetheyargueshipperswhohavetheoptionofswitchingtotrucksorotherformsoftransportationwoulddosoleavingremainingcustomerstoshoulderthecostofkeepinguptheline.It’satheorytowhichmanyeconomistssubscribebutinpracticeitoftenleavesrailroadsinthepositionofdeterminingwhichcompanieswillflourishandwhichwillfail."Dowereallywantrailroadstobethearbitersofwhowinsandwholosesinthemarketplace"asksMartinBercoviciaWashingtonlawyerwhofrequentlyrepresentsshippers. Many"captive"shippersalsoworrytheywillsoonbehitwitharoundofhugerateincreases.Therailroadindustryasawholedespiteitsbrighteningfortunesstilldoesnotearnenoughtocoverthecostofthecapitalitmustinvesttokeepupwithitssurgingtraffic.YetrailroadscontinuetoborrowbillionstoacquireoneanotherwithWallStreetcheeringthemon.Considerthe$10.2billionhidbyNorfolkSouthernandCSXtoacquireConrailthisyear.Conrail’snetrailwayoperatingincomein1996wasjust$427millionlessthanhalfofthecarryingcostsofthetransaction.Who’sgoingtopayfortherestofthebillMany"captive"shippersfearthattheywillasNorfolkSouthernandCSXincreasetheirgriponthemarket. Itcanbeinferredfromparagraph3that
Thoughsomepeoplehavesuggestedthatwomenshouldreturntohouseworkinordertoleave1jobsformentheideahasbeenrejectedbybothwomenandmeninpublic2polls. Latelysomeunionofficialshavesuggestedthattoomanywomenareemployedintypesofworkwere3formenandthatwomenshouldstepasidetomake4forunemployedyoungmen.Theyarguethatwomenespeciallywomenintheirchild-bearingyears.5delayeconomicdevelopmentandresult6lowerproductivitypoorqualityandinefficiency. Tosolvetheproblemtheysuggestedthatworkingwomenstayathome7theirhusbandsorbrothersweregivendoublewages.Theyarguethat8thesecircumstancesfamilieswould9theirsamelevelofincomeandwomencouldrunthehouseand10childrenmuchbetter. Thesuggestion11hasbeenflatlyrejectedby9outof10people12. Someotherpeoplehavesuggestedanotherway13"phasedemployment’theory.Thetheorysuggeststhatawomanworkertake14fromherjobwhensheissevenmonthspregnantandstayoffthejob15herbabyreachestheageof3.Itsuggeststhatwomen16leavereceive75percentoftheir17salaryandbeallowedtoreturntoworkafterthethree-yearperiod.Thiswill18childrenwomentheirfamiliesandthesocietyandit19seemstobemoreacceptablethanthesuggestion20womenreturntotheirhomesforever. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
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