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在刑法理论上，将引用刑法分则的其他条款来说明基本犯罪特征的罪状表达方式称做( )。
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刑事责任的时间在我国刑法理论上一般可分为应当
刑法理论上通常将犯罪实体分为一般实体同类实体与
简单实体
直接实体
复杂实体
次要实体
在追诉期限内又犯罪的前罪的追诉期限从犯后罪之日起计算这在刑法理论上称为
时效中断
时效继续
时效延长
时效阻断
刑法总则第101条规定本法总则适用于其他有刑罚规定的法律但是其他法律有特别规定的除外意味着
关于某一犯罪与刑罚问题，其他法律没有特别规定的，适用刑法总则的规定
关于某一犯罪与刑罚问题，其他刑事单行条例有特别规定的，排斥适用刑法总则的规定
关于某一犯罪与刑罚问题，刑法分则有特别规定的，排斥适用刑法总则的规定
关于某一犯罪与刑罚问题，刑法总则的规定与刑法分则的规定发生竞合时，优先适用分则的规定
刑法理论上把犯罪故意区分为直接故意和间接故意区分标准是
犯罪故意的认识因素不同
犯罪故意的意志因素不同
犯罪故意的罪过形式
犯罪故意的认识因素与意志因素的不同
某甲以暴力抗拒税务人员依法征税的行为触犯了两个刑法条文两个罪名实际上只构成抗税罪一个罪这种情况在刑法
想象竞合犯
法规竞合
结合犯
吸收犯
任意共同犯罪的特点有对其定罪量刑时不仅要引用刑法分则条文还要引用刑法总则有关共同犯罪的规定
在刑法理论上将引用刑法分则的其他条款来说明基本犯罪特征的罪状表达方式称作
简单罪状
叙明罪状
空白罪状
引证罪状
一行为触犯数个刑法条文数个罪名实际上只构成一罪的情况在刑法理论上称为
想象竞合犯
法规竞合
结合犯
吸收犯
犯罪过失在刑法理论上也分为两类
在追诉期限内又犯罪的前罪追诉的期限从犯后罪之日起计算这在刑法理论上称为
时效延长
时效继续
时效中断
时效中止
我国刑法理论上把犯罪故意区分为两种类型即
刑法理论上所指的结果犯指
走私罪
故意杀人罪
伪证罪
侮辱罪
刑法理论上所说的处断的一罪是指
想象竞合犯
牵连犯
连续犯
吸收犯
在刑法理论上根据犯罪构成在形态方面的特点将犯罪构成分为
基本的犯罪构成和修正的犯罪构成
标准的犯罪构成和派生的犯罪构成
简单的犯罪构成和复杂的犯罪构成
叙述的犯罪构成和空白的犯罪构成
在刑法理论上实质的一罪包括
继续犯
连续犯
结果加重犯
想象竞合犯
在刑法理论上下列选项中哪些行为属于牵连犯但根据刑法的规定应按数罪并罚处理
挪用公款进行非法活动构成其他犯罪的
因受贿而徇私枉法的
以暴力威胁方法抗拒缉私的
为骗取保险金而故意杀害被保险人的
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Text4Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler.Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess.Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections.Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone.Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution.Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful.Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving.Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! Overthepastfewdecadesthecommoninterestshowninappliedmathematicsis
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
Text3Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeathWemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedropper’sshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow.Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies.Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused.Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpractice’generatesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult.WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNature’swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebothmanandtheecosystemcouldlivemuchhappier.SomakingthehumanSocietyDarwinistisnotconformingtoNaturebutlivinginpeacebothmilitarilyandeconomicallywithothermanis. TolearnlessonsfromNaturetheauthoradvocatesthathumansshould
Text4Overthepastfewdecadestherehasbeenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofmathematicalanalysisbothforsolvingeverydayproblemsandfortheoreticaldevelopmentsofmanydisciplines.Forexampleeconomicsbiologygeographyandmedicinehaveallseenaconsiderableincreaseintheuseofquantitativetechniques.Twentyyearsagoappliedmathematicsmeanttheapplicationofmathematicstoproblemsinmechanicsandlittleelse--nowappliedmathematicsorasmanypeopleprefertocallitapplicablemathematicscouldrefertotheuseofmathematicsinmanyvariedareas.Theoneunifyingthemethattheseapplicationshaveisthatofmathematicalmodelingbywhichwemeantheconstructionofamathematicalmodeltodescribethesituationunderstudy.Thisprocessofchangingareallifeproblemintoamathematicaloneisnotatalleasywehastentoaddalthoughoneoftheoverallaimsofthisbookistoimproveyourabilityasamathematicalmodeler.Therehavebeenmanybookswrittenduringthepastdecadeonthetopicofmathematicalmodeling;allthesebookshavebeendevotedtoexplaininganddevelopingmathematicalmodelsbutverylittlespacehasbeengiventohowtoconstructmathematicalmodelsthatishowtotakearealproblemandconvertitintoamathematicalone.Althoughweappreciatethatwemightnotyethavethebestmethodsforteachinghowtotacklerealproblemswedoatleastregardthismasteryofmodelformulationasacrucialstepandmuchofthisbookisdevotedtoattemptingtomakeyoumoreproficientinthisprocess.Ourbasicconceptisthatappliedmathematiciansbecomebettermodelersthroughmoreandmoreexperienceoftacklingrealproblems.Soinordertogetthemostoutofthisbookwestressthatyoumustmakeapositiveefforttotacklethemanyproblemsposedbeforelookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Tohelpyoutogainconfidenceintheartofmodelingwehavedividedthebookintofourdistinctsections.Inthefirstsectionwedescribethreedifferentexamplesofhowmathematicalanalysishasbeenusedtosolvepracticalproblems.Thesearealltrueaccountsofhowmathematicalanalysishashelpedtoprovidesolutions.Wearenotexpectingyoutodomuchatthisstageexcepttoreadthroughthecasestudiescarefullypayingparticularattentiontothewayinwhichtheproblemshavebeentackled--theprocessoftranslatingtheproblemintoamathematicalone.Thesecondsectionconsistsofaseriesofrealproblemstogetherwithpossiblesolutionsandrelatedproblems.Eachproblemhasaclearstatementandweverymuchencourageyoutotrytosolvetheseproblemsinthefirstplacewithoutlookingatthesolutionswehavegiven.Theproblemsrequireforsolutiondifferentlevelsofmathematicsandyoumightfindyouhavenotyetcoveredsomeofthemathematicaltopicsrequired.Ingeneralwehavetriedtoorderthemsothatthelevelofmathematicsrequiredinthesolutionsincreaseasyoumovethroughtheproblems.Rememberthatweareonlygivingoursolutionsandparticularlyifyoudon’tlookatoursolutionyoumightwellhaveacompletelydifferentapproachwhichmightprovideabettersolution.Hereinthethirdsectionwetrytogiveyousomeadviceastohowtoapproachthetacklingofrealproblemsolvingandwegivesomegeneralconceptsinvolvedinmathematicalmodeling.Itmustthoughagainbestressedthatweareallconvincedthatexperienceistheall-importantingredientneededforconfidenceinmodelformulation.IfyouhavejustreadSectionsIand11withoutmakingatleastattemptsatyourownsolutionstosomeoftheproblemssetyouwillnothavegainedanyrealexperienceintacklingrealproblemsandthissectionwillnotreallybeofmuchhelp.OntheotherhandifyouhavetakentheproblemsolvingseriouslyinSectionⅡyoumightfindthegeneraladvicegivenherehelpful.Providedyouhavegainedsomeconfidenceintacklingrealproblemsolvingintheearlierpartsyouwillbeabletodabblewiththoseproblemsinthissectionwhichappealtoyou.Don’tfeelyoumustworksystematicallythroughthissectionbutlookforproblemsyouwanttosolve--thesearetheonesthatyouwillhavemostsuccessinsolving.Wehopethatthisbookwillatleastpointyouinthisdirection.Weareawarethatthisisnotafinalizedprecisesortoftextbutthenusingmathematicsinpracticalproblemsolvingisnotapreciseart.Itisfullofpitfallsariddifficulties;butdon’tdespairyouwillfindgreatexcitementandsatisfactionwhenyouhavehadyourfirstsuccessatrealproblemsolving! SectionⅢwillbeofnohelpunlessthereader
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes.BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean.Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhich’isnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite"string"ismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms.ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstruments’upanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutants"Beasleyexplains."Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours."TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekite’stethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost."Baselysays"NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain"TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays.BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipment’spowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic." WhatdoesthewordWhichinline3ofthethirdparagraphreferto
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
Text2TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution.Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit.MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw.Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues.OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Opponentsofthejurysystemaccusejurorsof
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes.BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean.Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhich’isnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite"string"ismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms.ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstruments’upanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutants"Beasleyexplains."Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours."TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekite’stethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost."Baselysays"NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain"TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays.BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipment’spowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic." WhichofthefollowingstatementsisNOTtrueaccordingtothefirsttwoparagraphsofthepassage
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1MorethantwocenturiesafterBenjaminFranklinusedonetostudylightningateamofatmosphericscientistshasfoundthatkitesareapotentresearchtoolforstudyingairconditionsathighaltitudes.BenBalsleyandJohnBriksattheUniversityofColoradohavedevelopedakiteandinstrumentpackagetosampletheatmosphereupto3.5kilometershighforuptotwodaysatatime.Thekiteischeaperandmoreflexiblethanballoonsandaircraftthetraditionalvehiclesforatmosphericresearch.Withintwoyearstheteamexpectstoflykitesupto10kilometershighandBrikshopestousethesetomeasurecarbondioxideandmethaneemissionsovertheBrazilianrainforestandthetransportofairpollutantsovertheAtlanticOcean.Thekiteisa15-square-meterParafoilmadeofMylarwhich’isnotonlystrongbutunlikenylonJoesnotabsorbwater.Thekite"string"ismadeofKevlarfamousforitsuseinbullet-proofvestswhichissostrongthat6kilometersofitweighsjust18kilogramsyetcanwithstandaloadingof430kilograms.ThemostinnovativecomponentofthesystemistheTRAMorTetheredRoverforAtmosphericMeasurementswhichcanmovethesamplinginstruments’upanddownthetetherwhilethekitemaintainsaconstantaltitude."Ourinstrumentsmeasuresuchthingsastemperaturepressurehumidityandconcentrationsofozoneandotherairpollutants"Beasleyexplains."Weneedtogetcontinuousmeasurementsoverthecourseofdaysfromvariousaltitudes.Conventionalfreeballoonmethodscansamplesuchparametersbuttheycannotstayinanyonepositionandarelimitedtoaltitudesoftwokilometers.Aircraftcansampleatanyaltitudebuttheyareveryexpensivetooperateandcannotremaininonepositionformorethanfourhours."TheTRAMwhichisactuallyakite-likeaerofoilconnectedbysmallwheelstothekite’stethercanbeoperatedfromtheground.Itwillmoveupanddownthetetherormaintainagivenaltitudewhiletheinstrumentssampletheair."Animportantcostofballoonsamplingistheinstrumentpackagewhichtypicallycostsabout$1000andisalwayslost."Baselysays"NowwecanusetheinstrumentsontheTRAMandnotonlygetmoredatabutreuseitagainandagain"TheTRAMwithitsinstrumentsincludingtheradiotelemetrylinktothescientistsonthegroundweighs6kilogramsincludingbatteriesthatcanpoweritfortwodays.BaselyandhiscolleaguesarecontinuingtoimprovethekiteandTRMAandexpanditscapacitiesbutBaselynotesthatitdoeshaveitslimitations:"Thekitecanonlyliftabout10kilogramsandthismeanstheequipment’spowerrequirementsmustbelowtoo.Weneedlocationswithsteadyrelativelystrongwindsandmustalsoavoidairtraffic." Mylarinline1ofthethirdparagraphis
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text3Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeathWemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedropper’sshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow.Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies.Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused.Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpractice’generatesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult.WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNature’swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebothmanandtheecosystemcouldlivemuchhappier.SomakingthehumanSocietyDarwinistisnotconformingtoNaturebutlivinginpeacebothmilitarilyandeconomicallywithothermanis. Theevolutionofthemangrovespeciesisdescribedto
Text3Darwinisbasicallyrightthoughonlytosomeextentthatspeciesandindividualscompetefightkillandsurvivalbelongstothefittest.Thisisoneofthemostimportantmechanismsbywhichlifeevolvesandmaintainsitsquality.Asthehumansocietybuildsuponandisanextensionoftheecosystemdoesitmeanthatforthehumansocietytoworkwellmanmustapplythismechanismtoher/hissocietyalso;sayletthosewhoarenotskillfulenoughtolandajobstarvetodeathWemaybeenlightenedwithrespecttothisquestionthroughtheexaminationofevolutioninanecosystemincomparisontothehumanhistory.TakingthemaritimeswamplandasanexamplethemangrovespeciesKandeliacandlecompetessuccessfullyoverothermangrovespeciesanddominatetheareachieflythroughtheevolutionofdroppersthatotherspeciesdonothave.TheseedsofKandeliacandlegrowintoseedlingsinsidethedroppersbeforeleavingtheirmotherplantbodyandwhenthedroppersstillhangonthebranchesoftheirmotherplant.Thedropper’sshapeislikeapenwithasharpandheavierlowerend.Sowhenitripensitdropsandinsertsitselftogetherwiththeseedlingintothemudbelowasaresultandtheseedlingcangetholdofthegroundstarttotapthemuchfresherwaterunderthemudsurface.ThisadaptiveevolutionofdroppersenablesKandeliacandletohaveamuchgreatersuccessfulrate.Seedsofothermangrovespeciesjustfinditdifficulttolocateasuitablesiteforthemtogrow.Whenitistheindustrialsocietythatdominatesaplaceitalwaysexploitsresourcesfromthelanddrainsoutnutrientsfromthesoilandplaysenvironmentalhavoctotheplaceasaresultofstupidhumanintelligenceandselfishhumanmanipulation.ButwhenthemangrovedominatesamudflatmillionsofNatureevolvedcomplexmechanismscometogetherwithit.Ittapswatermineralsfromthemudandthenletthemtocombinewithcarbondioxideintheairtoformthebuildingmaterialsofitsplantbodyfirstthroughtheprocessofphotosynthesisandthenthroughthesynthesisofvariousorganicmatters.Theeffectendsupprovidingmuchbetterandmorediverselivingenvironmentformorelandwaterandairspeciestodwellinevenforothercompetingmangrovespecies.Whendifferentracesofmancompetetodominatetheearththeendresultiscompletelyoppositeinsense.Oneofthemeanstheyevolvearemoreandmorepowerfulweaponssomeofthehumanracesalsoevolvedroppersbutthosedroppersaredroppersofnuclearbombswhicharealllifedestructivewhenused.Animalsneverburnupaforestorpracticefightingskillstwelvehoursadayinordertodefeattheircompetitors;theyjustletNaturecutouttheweakerorlessfortunateportionoftheirspeciesorthattheirspeciessimplycannotsurviveinthefirstplace.Onthecontrarymancanworkroundtheclockandexhaustallnaturalresourcesjusttodefeattheirenemieswhethermilitaryorcommercialaswecanallseeinourmodernsocieties.Suchpractice’generatesquitegraveproblems:Firstitpusheshumanactivitiesintoaverynarrowgoalofdefeatingtheirenemiesmilitarilyaswellaseconomically.Secondalltheavailabletimeenergyandresourcesofanindividualaswellasthesocietyareexhaustedbythecompetitionverylittleislefttootheractivitiessonearlyallmensufferverymuchintheprocessandcountlessnewproblemsbesiegemodernsocieties.Thirdasallparticipantsinputasmuchtimeenergyandresourcesascanbeexploitedbythemmostoftheseinputsarewasted.Sucheffortcreatesalotofwasteandexhaustsallresourcesasaresult.WeshouldalsoviewhowmanshouldconformtoNatureinsuchawaythatmanhastocompeteforsurvival.InfactthisisNature’swayoftellingmanhowtoact.Ifonlymancouldlistentothisinternalguidancebothmanandtheecosystemcouldlivemuchhappier.SomakingthehumanSocietyDarwinistisnotconformingtoNaturebutlivinginpeacebothmilitarilyandeconomicallywithothermanis. Thekeydifferencebetweenhumanandplantcompetitionforsurvivalisthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
Text2TherighttoatrialbyjuryisafundamentalpartoftheUnitedStateslegalsystem.Itisarightfirmlyrootedinourdemocratictradition.Thejurysystemprovidesabufferbetweenthecomplexandofteninflexiblelegalsystemandtheaveragecitizenontrial.TherighttobejudgedbyajuryisarightthatmostAmericansfeelverystronglyabout.Howeverduetorecentjurydecisionssomecriticsarequestioningthevalueofthisinstitution.Ourjurysystemisbynomeansflawless.Itissubjecttoconstantscrutinyanddebateconcerningitsmeritanditsdownfalls.Asistrueinallinstitutionsjuriesarecapableofmakingmistakes.Psychologicalstudieshavebeendoneonmanyaspectsofjurybehavior.Politicalscientistsarealsointriguedbyjuriesandthemannerinwhichtheyarriveatimportantdecisions.AlthoughmostAmericansbelieveinthejurysystemtherehasbeenconsiderablecontroversysurroundingitlately.Thepublichasbecomeevenmoreconcernedaboutthisinstitutionrecently.TheoutcomesoftheRodneyKingtheO.J.SimpsonandtheMenendezbrotherstrialsinLosAngelesandthedissatisfactionthatfollowedthejury’sdecisionsarethreeexamplesofinstanceswhentheeffectivenessofthejurysystemhascomeunderfierceattack.FromthepublicreactiontothesedecisionsandotherslikethemitisveryclearthatthewayinwhichjuriesreachtheirdecisionsisoftenasimportanttotheAmericanpeopleasitistothespecificpersonontrial.Manypeoplefeelthattheaveragejuristisnotequippedtomakethekindsofdecisionstheyarefacedwith.Thesecritics’suggestionsrangefromrestructuringthesystemuptotallyeliminatingit.MostaverageAmericansIbelievefeelthattherighttoajurytrialisafundamentaloneanditsguaranteesshouldbehonored.Thesepeoplewouldarguethatlawsareinflexible.Theycannotdealwiththeindividualcircumstancesineachcasebutjuriescantaketheseintoaccount.Stillothersbelievethatjuriesarefavorablebecausetheyreflectthemoralsandvaluesofthecommunitytheycomefrom.Indeedmanyproponentsofthejurysupportthesystembecauseofaparticularkindofjurybiasthetendencyforjurorstoplacejusticeabovethelaw.Opponentsofthesystemarguethatjuriesareuneducatedinlegalproceduresandshouldnotbegiventhetypeofresponsibilitytheyhavetraditionallyhad.Thesepeoplealsoarguethatjuriesarebiased.Infactthepsychologicalliteratureprovidesmanyexamplesofthisbias.Jurorsarelesslikelytopunishasadordistresseddefendantasopposedtoajoyfuloneapparentlybecausethedefendantisalreadybeingpunishedemotionally.Someopponentssaythatalthoughjuriesareinstructednottopayattentiontothemediatheyaremoreeasilyinfluencedbythenewsthanjudges.Criticsofthejurysystemalsopointoutthatjuriesareexpensiveandareoftenunabletoreachanagreement.Theyarguethatthedecisionmakingshouldbeleftuptothepeoplewhoknowthelawjudgesandlawyers.Inbetweenthesetwoextremesarethosepeoplewhoagreewiththejurysystemasawholebutfeelthatsomechangesneedtobeimplementedtoimproveitseffectiveness.Thesepeoplesuggestthatjuriesreceiveinstructionpriortohearingtestimony.Theyarguethatthiswouldimprovethesystembyprovidingsomeworkinglegalknowledgeforthejuryaswellasgivingthemanideaofwhattheyaretolistenfor.Researchhasshownthatexposingjurorstothelawsinvolvedintheirdecisionmakingresultedinsignificantlyfewerverdictsofguilty.Thisfindingsuggeststhatlawyersandjudgesshouldhavetheresponsibilityofinsuring.thatthejuryisadequatelyinformedofthelegalissuesathandandthelawsavailabletohandlethoseissues.OnthewholethoughIfeelthattheAmericanguaranteeoftrialbyjuryisavaluableone.Idofeelhoweverthatinordertoimproveitsutilityjudgesandlawyersneedtoaccepttheresponsibilityforeducatingthejuryonrelevantlegalissues. Itcanbeinferredfromthefifthparagraphthat
SectionⅠUseofEnglishDirections:Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsChina’sentryintotheWTOactuallyrepresentstheresultofathree-sidedwin-winsituation--ChinatheUnitedStatesandtheWTO.Chinastilladevelopingcountryhasatotaleconomiccapacity1seventhworldwideandisthe10thlargestnation2tradeworldwide.Inthe21stcenturyChina’seconomywillgreatly3theworldeconomy.WithoutChinatheWTOis4anditsrolegreatly5ThusChina’sentryintotheWTOisnecessaryfortheWTOto6itsuniversality.7theUnitedStatesChina’sentryintotheWTOwillrealizethegeneralneedsofthedevelopment8andthemutualinterestsofSino-U.S.9tradeandwillhelpgraduallysolvetheproblemofhugedeficitsintheU.S.tradewithChina.AsforChinathrough13yearsofdifficultnegotiationsChinahasfinallyrealizedits10ofjoiningtheWTOasadevelopingcountry:thebilateralagreementbetweenChinaandtheUnitedStates11thisfundamentalprinciple.China’sentryintotheWTOasadevelopingcountryis12greatsignificanceimplyingasitdoesthatChinawillenjoyaccordingtolawadevelopingcountry’spreferentialarrangementsprotectionofandexportsubsidiesforitsembryonicindustriesaswellaselasticstipulationsinthetariffsystem.ForexampleChinawill13forasix-yearperioda25percentimporttaxrateforitsautoindustry;intheagriculturesectormostofmarketswheatmaizericecottonsugarandfertilizerwillbefranchisedbytheStatesoastoensuretheStatehas14meansofmacroeconomiccontrolthereby15farmers’interests;andthebankingsectorwillgraduallyopenduringatransitionalperiod.Moreoverinsomesectorsthemarketswillstillremainclosedoratleastthe’openingofthesemarketshastobespecifically16bytheChinesegovernment.Onlydevelopingcountrieshavetherighttoenjoytheabove-mentionedbufferopportunities.TheSino-U.S.agreementfurthercontainsno17prohibitingChinafromadoptingWTOexceptionalclauses;insteadChinacanadoptexceptionalclauseswhichareexclusively18todevelopingcountries.ThisobjectivelyrecognizesthatChinaenjoysstatusofadevelopingcountryandmeansthatChinacanadoptsuchexceptionalclausesasprotectionofitsinfantindustries.ShoulditsdomesticmarketsbeseriouslyaffectedorharmedbyexternalfactorsChinacanadopttemporarymeasurestocompensate.InshortChina’s19totheWTOasadevelopingcountryensuresthatChina’sobligationstotheWTOare20withitscurrentdevelopmentlevelthusgreatlyreducingthenegativeeffectstoChina’sindustriesresultingfromitsentryintotheWTO. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
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