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具蒴果的药用植物是：
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Text4"Itisalwaysbettertobuyahouse;payingrentislikepouringmoneydownthedrain."Foryearssuchadvicehasencouragedpeopletoborrowheavilytogetonthepropertyladderassoonaspossible.ButisitstillsoundadviceHousepricesarecurrentlyatrecordlevelsinrelationtorentsinmanypartsoftheworldanditnowoftenmakesmorefinancialsense--especiallyforfirst--timebuyers--torentinstead.Homebuyerstendtounderestimatetheircosts.Oncemaintenancecostsinsuranceandpropertytaxesareaddedtomortgagepaymentstotalannualoutgoingsnoweasilyexceedthecostofrentinganequivalentpropertyevenaftertakingaccountoftaxbreaks.Ahbutcapitalgainswillmorethanmakeupforthatitispopularlyargued.OverthepastsevenyearsaveragehousepricesinAmericahaverisenby65%thoseinBritainSpainAustraliaandIrelandhavemorethandoubled.Butitisunrealistictoexpectsuchgainstocontinue.Makingtheoptimisticassumptionthathousepricesinsteadriseinlinewithinflationandincludingbuyingandsellingcoststhenoveraperiodofsevenyears--theaveragetimeAmericanownersstayinonehouse--ourcalculationsshowthatyouwouldgenerallybebetteroffrenting.Bewarnedifyoumakesuchaboldclaimatadinnerpartyyouwillimmediatelybesetupon.Payingrentisthrowingmoneyawayitwillbeargued.Muchbettertospendthemoneyonamortgageandbysodoingbuildupequity.Thesnagisthatthetypicalfirst-timebuyerkeepsahouseforlessthanfiveyearsandduringthattimemostmortgagepaymentsgooninterestnotonrepayingtheloan.Andifpricesfallitcouldwipeoutyourequity.Inanycasearentercanaccumulatewealthbyputtingthemoneysavedeachyearfromthelowercostofrentingintoshares.Therehavehistoricallyyieldedahigherreturnthanhousing.Puttingallyourmoneyintoahousealsobreaksthebasicruleofprudentinvesting:diversify.Andyesitistruethatamortgageleveragesthegainsonyourinitialdepositonahousebutitalsoamplifiesyourlossesifhousepricesfall."Iwanttohaveaplacetocallhome"isapopularretort.Rentingprovideslesslong-termsecurityandyoucannotpaintallthewallsorangeifyouwantto.Homeownershipisanexcellentpersonalgoalbutitmaynotalwaysmakefinancialsense.Theprideof"owning"yourownhomemayquicklyfadeifyouaresaddledwithamortgagethatcostsmuchmorethanrenting.Alsorentingdoeshavesomeadvantages.Rentersfinditeasiertomoveforjoborfamilyreasons."IfIdon’tbuynowI’llnevergetonthepropertyladder"isacommoncryfromfirst-timebuyers.Ifhousepricescontinuetooutpacewagesthatistrue.Butitnowlooksunlikely.Whenpricesgetoutoflinewithwhatfirst-timerscanaffordastheyaretodaytheyalwayseventuallyfallinrealterms.Themyththatbuyingisalwaysbetterthanrentinggrewoutofthehighinflationeraofthe1970sand1980s.First-timebuyersthenalwaysendedupbetteroffthanrentersbecauseinflationerodedtherealvalueofmortgagesevenwhileitpusheduprents.Mortgage-interesttaxreliefwasalsoworthmorewheninflationandhencenominalinterestrateswashigh.Withinflationnowtamedhomeownershipisfarlessattractive.Thedivergencebetweenrentsandhousepricesisofcourseevidenceofahousingbubble.Somedaypriceswillfallrelativetorentsandwages.Aftertheydoitwillmakesensetobuyahome.Untiltheydothesmartmoneyisonrenting. Homeownershipwouldbefarmoreinvitingif
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Nothingapproachinglastweek’stollofdeathanddestructionhasvisitedEuropeanorU.S.shoresbutthatdoesn’tmeantheyareinvulnerable.Largetsunamisarenotthatrareandeverynowandagaintheycrashintofamiliarportsofcallsweepingawaypeopleandproperty.In1960forexampleatremendousearthquakeinChileunleashedanarmadaofgiantwavesthatkilled61ontheislandofHawaiibeforemovingontokillatleast100ontheJapaneseislandofHonshu.FouryearslateratsunamitriggeredbyanearthquakeoffthecoastofAlaskaresultedinmorethan100deathsthere.TheworstEuropeantsunamiinrecordedhistoryoccurredin1755whenanearthquakeoffPortugal’sAtlanticcoastsentgiganticwavescrashingintoLisbon.Togetherthequakethewavesandfiretook60000livesinthecityatatimewhenitwasthecapitalofanempire.SimilardeathtollswererecordedintownsalongItaly’sStraitofMessinainthewakeofthetsunamiof1908.ThemorescientistslookintothetsunamithreatbeyondAsiathelargeritseemstoloom.TsunamiscanbetriggeredbymassivelandslidesaswellasearthquakesandUniversityofHawaiioceanographerGaryMcMurtryhasevidencetosuggestthataround120000yearsagoalandslideunleashedbyMaunaLoacreatedamegatsunamithatheavedsandandseafossils500muptheslopesofnearbyKohala.SandlayersalongthecoastsoftheNorthandNorwegianseasandthenortheasternAtlanticOceanhavebeenattributedtoahugetsunamicreatedbyanunderwaterlandslideoffNorwaysome7100yearsago.IntheCanaryIslandstodaytheunstablewesternslopeoftheCumbreViejavolcanoposesathreattoAtlanticcoastlines.ShoulditcollapseandslideintotheseaascientistfromUniversityCollegeLondonwarnsitwouldsendtsunamiscoursingthroughtheAtlanticbasinathundredsofmilesperhour.AccordingtoonenightmarescenariotheislandchainwouldbewipedoutandmassivewaveswouldstrikethewestAfricancoastEuropeancountrieslyingalongtheAtlanticnorthernSouthAmericaCaribbeanislandssoutheasternCanadaandtheU.S.EastCoast.Somewavescouldbeastallasfive-storybuildings.Tsunamistaketimetotravelwhichcangivepopulationsinharm’swayanywherefromafewminutestomanyhourstoflee.Forthisreason26countrieshavebandedtogethertoestablishatsunami-warningsystemforthePacificthoughnotyetfortheAtlanticorIndianoceansortheMediterraneanSea."Tsunamisarelow-probabilityhighconsequenceevents"saysViacheslavK.GusiakovheadoftheRussianAcademyofSciences’TsunamiLaboratoryinNovosibirskSiberia."Butevenwespecialistsonhazardscouldnotquitebelievethattodayatsunamicouldkillsomany.Weusedtothinkofvulnerabilityintermsofmaterialdamageratherthanlossofhumanlife.Thisgreattragedyshowedwewerewrong."Aspresentlyconfiguredthewarningsystemisfarfromperfectgeneratinga75%rateoffalsealarms.Butthatshouldchangewiththedeploymentofanewgenerationofbuoy-anchoreddetectorsthatcanbepositioneddeepunderwater.InNovember2003atrialrunofthesystemshowedthatatsunamiunleashedbyanAlaskanearthquakewouldbetoosmalltodoanydamagewhenitreachedHawaii--therebyavoidinganunnecessaryandcostlycoastalevacuationlikeonecausedbyafalsealarmeightyearsearlier.Afterlastweek’sdisasterhoweverfewarelikelytoignorethetsunamisirensthenexttimetheysound. Adetectoristothewarningsystemwhat
Text3OnthefaceofitanarchistswhobelieveinnogovernmenthavelittleincommonwithJihadistswhobelieveinimposingaparticularlyrigidformofgovernmentoneveryone.Thetheoreticiansforbothmovementshaveoftenbeenbeardedandangryofcourseandtheirfollowershavereadilytakentothebomb.Buttherethesimilaritiesenddon’ttheysowhatlessonscanbedrawnfromabunchofzealotswhoflourishedover100yearsagoandwhoseideologynowcountsforpracticallynothingAtleasttwoactually.Thefirstisthatrepressionexpulsionandrestrictionsonfreespeechdolittletoendterrorism.Allweretriedoftenwithgreatvigourattheendofthe19thcenturywhentheanarchistviolencethatterrifiedmuchofEuropeandpartsofAmericawasatitszenith.Asourreportmakescleargovernmentshadgoodreasontorespond.AustriaFranceItalySpainandtheUnitedStatesalllostanempresskingpresidentorprimeministertoanarchistassassins.SuchmurdersweresocommonthatKingUmbertoofItalythrowinghimselfasidetoescapeastabbingcasuallyremarked"Thesearetherisksofthejob."Hewaslatershotdead.Anarchistsalsokilledlotsoflessexaltedinnocents.Thenasnowgovernmentsrespondedtotheclamourforactionwithmeasurestocriminaliseanyonepreachingorcondoningviolenceandiftheywereforeigntokeepthemoutofthecountry.Spainbroughtincourts-martialforbombersforeshadowingperhapsAmerica’smilitarycommissionsforGuantanamotrials.BritainwithatraditionoftoleratingdissentbecamehometomanycontinentalradicalssuchasthosedrivenoutofGermanyafterthetwoattemptsonKaiserWilhelmI’slifein1878.Britainhoweverwasnotafflictedwithbombingsasothercountrieswere.Spainwhereeverykindofretributionincludingthecrudestoftortureswasthestandardresponsesufferedmanymoreoutrages.Yetfewlessonsseemtohavebeenlearnt.SeveralofthenewmeasuresannouncedonAugust5thbyTonyBlairBritain’sprimeministerechoalmostexactlythosepassedinFranceafterabombhadbeenlobbedintotheFrenchparliamentin1893.InbothBritainandAmericanewattacksaresaidtobeinevitable.Yeteverynewattackisfollowedbynewmeasuresasthoughsuchmeasurescouldhaveavertedaninevitabilityhadtheybeeninplacebefore.Theycouldnotbothlogicallyandbecauseterrorismcannotbedefeatedascountriescanbe.Thatisthesecondlessontobedrawnfromtheanarchists. Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.17
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.5
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutunknownknowledgeonAIDS.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases.Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain:41._____________________________________Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop.42._____________________________________WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43._____________________________________AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeiiiwithAIDS.Soscientistsask:CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace44._____________________________________Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening.IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes.45._____________________________________Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic.[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections 41
Text3OnthefaceofitanarchistswhobelieveinnogovernmenthavelittleincommonwithJihadistswhobelieveinimposingaparticularlyrigidformofgovernmentoneveryone.Thetheoreticiansforbothmovementshaveoftenbeenbeardedandangryofcourseandtheirfollowershavereadilytakentothebomb.Buttherethesimilaritiesenddon’ttheysowhatlessonscanbedrawnfromabunchofzealotswhoflourishedover100yearsagoandwhoseideologynowcountsforpracticallynothingAtleasttwoactually.Thefirstisthatrepressionexpulsionandrestrictionsonfreespeechdolittletoendterrorism.Allweretriedoftenwithgreatvigourattheendofthe19thcenturywhentheanarchistviolencethatterrifiedmuchofEuropeandpartsofAmericawasatitszenith.Asourreportmakescleargovernmentshadgoodreasontorespond.AustriaFranceItalySpainandtheUnitedStatesalllostanempresskingpresidentorprimeministertoanarchistassassins.SuchmurdersweresocommonthatKingUmbertoofItalythrowinghimselfasidetoescapeastabbingcasuallyremarked"Thesearetherisksofthejob."Hewaslatershotdead.Anarchistsalsokilledlotsoflessexaltedinnocents.Thenasnowgovernmentsrespondedtotheclamourforactionwithmeasurestocriminaliseanyonepreachingorcondoningviolenceandiftheywereforeigntokeepthemoutofthecountry.Spainbroughtincourts-martialforbombersforeshadowingperhapsAmerica’smilitarycommissionsforGuantanamotrials.BritainwithatraditionoftoleratingdissentbecamehometomanycontinentalradicalssuchasthosedrivenoutofGermanyafterthetwoattemptsonKaiserWilhelmI’slifein1878.Britainhoweverwasnotafflictedwithbombingsasothercountrieswere.Spainwhereeverykindofretributionincludingthecrudestoftortureswasthestandardresponsesufferedmanymoreoutrages.Yetfewlessonsseemtohavebeenlearnt.SeveralofthenewmeasuresannouncedonAugust5thbyTonyBlairBritain’sprimeministerechoalmostexactlythosepassedinFranceafterabombhadbeenlobbedintotheFrenchparliamentin1893.InbothBritainandAmericanewattacksaresaidtobeinevitable.Yeteverynewattackisfollowedbynewmeasuresasthoughsuchmeasurescouldhaveavertedaninevitabilityhadtheybeeninplacebefore.Theycouldnotbothlogicallyandbecauseterrorismcannotbedefeatedascountriescanbe.Thatisthesecondlessontobedrawnfromtheanarchists. ThewordretributionLine7Paragraph3mostprobablymeans
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. Accordingtothetextlinguisticglobalizationwill
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.1
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Nothingapproachinglastweek’stollofdeathanddestructionhasvisitedEuropeanorU.S.shoresbutthatdoesn’tmeantheyareinvulnerable.Largetsunamisarenotthatrareandeverynowandagaintheycrashintofamiliarportsofcallsweepingawaypeopleandproperty.In1960forexampleatremendousearthquakeinChileunleashedanarmadaofgiantwavesthatkilled61ontheislandofHawaiibeforemovingontokillatleast100ontheJapaneseislandofHonshu.FouryearslateratsunamitriggeredbyanearthquakeoffthecoastofAlaskaresultedinmorethan100deathsthere.TheworstEuropeantsunamiinrecordedhistoryoccurredin1755whenanearthquakeoffPortugal’sAtlanticcoastsentgiganticwavescrashingintoLisbon.Togetherthequakethewavesandfiretook60000livesinthecityatatimewhenitwasthecapitalofanempire.SimilardeathtollswererecordedintownsalongItaly’sStraitofMessinainthewakeofthetsunamiof1908.ThemorescientistslookintothetsunamithreatbeyondAsiathelargeritseemstoloom.TsunamiscanbetriggeredbymassivelandslidesaswellasearthquakesandUniversityofHawaiioceanographerGaryMcMurtryhasevidencetosuggestthataround120000yearsagoalandslideunleashedbyMaunaLoacreatedamegatsunamithatheavedsandandseafossils500muptheslopesofnearbyKohala.SandlayersalongthecoastsoftheNorthandNorwegianseasandthenortheasternAtlanticOceanhavebeenattributedtoahugetsunamicreatedbyanunderwaterlandslideoffNorwaysome7100yearsago.IntheCanaryIslandstodaytheunstablewesternslopeoftheCumbreViejavolcanoposesathreattoAtlanticcoastlines.ShoulditcollapseandslideintotheseaascientistfromUniversityCollegeLondonwarnsitwouldsendtsunamiscoursingthroughtheAtlanticbasinathundredsofmilesperhour.AccordingtoonenightmarescenariotheislandchainwouldbewipedoutandmassivewaveswouldstrikethewestAfricancoastEuropeancountrieslyingalongtheAtlanticnorthernSouthAmericaCaribbeanislandssoutheasternCanadaandtheU.S.EastCoast.Somewavescouldbeastallasfive-storybuildings.Tsunamistaketimetotravelwhichcangivepopulationsinharm’swayanywherefromafewminutestomanyhourstoflee.Forthisreason26countrieshavebandedtogethertoestablishatsunami-warningsystemforthePacificthoughnotyetfortheAtlanticorIndianoceansortheMediterraneanSea."Tsunamisarelow-probabilityhighconsequenceevents"saysViacheslavK.GusiakovheadoftheRussianAcademyofSciences’TsunamiLaboratoryinNovosibirskSiberia."Butevenwespecialistsonhazardscouldnotquitebelievethattodayatsunamicouldkillsomany.Weusedtothinkofvulnerabilityintermsofmaterialdamageratherthanlossofhumanlife.Thisgreattragedyshowedwewerewrong."Aspresentlyconfiguredthewarningsystemisfarfromperfectgeneratinga75%rateoffalsealarms.Butthatshouldchangewiththedeploymentofanewgenerationofbuoy-anchoreddetectorsthatcanbepositioneddeepunderwater.InNovember2003atrialrunofthesystemshowedthatatsunamiunleashedbyanAlaskanearthquakewouldbetoosmalltodoanydamagewhenitreachedHawaii--therebyavoidinganunnecessaryandcostlycoastalevacuationlikeonecausedbyafalsealarmeightyearsearlier.Afterlastweek’sdisasterhoweverfewarelikelytoignorethetsunamisirensthenexttimetheysound. AtpresenttheU.S.EastCoastisatpotentialhazardtobetriggeredby
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.10pointsIntheearly1800sgroupsofEnglishworkerswreckedmachinesthattheyfeltthreatenedtheirjobs.46Theywerecalled"Luddites"afteroneoftheirleadersatermthatisnowusedforanyonewhoputsupresistancetonewtechnologies.47Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself.Aspeoplestarttobuyproductsinvolvingnanotechnologyfromodour-resistantshirtstowindowglassthatrepelsdirttheywillrealisethatmanyofthesenewthingsareusefulandharmless.Andasawarenessofnanotechnologygrowstheywillbegintounderstandthatitcoversarangeofdifferentwaysofdoingthingssomeofwhichcarrysomeriskandothersdonot.Asaresultthetechnology’sdetractorswillprobablybecomemorenuancedintheircomplaints.Nanotechnologyhasthepotentialtocauseanindustrialupheavaljustaselectricitydidinitstime.48Likeelectricitythoughithassomanyandsuchdiverseapplicationsthatitisunlikelytoarriveinonehugewaveasnanotechnology’scriticsfear.Insteadtherewillbeaseriesofsmallerwaves.49Manyoftheinnovationsthetechnologymaybringarealongwayoffleavingplentyoftimetoprepare.Nanotechnologylikeanynewdiscoveryoffersbothrisksandrewards.Therewillundoubtedlybesomeneedtocontrolitsexploitationtominimizetherisksbuttherearealsostrongargumentsforallowingtheunfetteredpursuitofknowledge:withoutitinnovationcannotflourish.Twentyyearsagonobodycouldhaveforeseenthattheinventionofanewmicroscopewouldlauncharemarkablenewtechnologyperhapsarevolution.50Scientistsshouldbeallowedtoworkwithaslittlehindranceaspossibletogainabetterunderstandingoftheobjectoftheirstudy--howeverlargeorsmall. Theoddthingaboutnanotechnology’sLudditesisthattheyhavestartedresistingbeforethetechnologyhasreallyestablisheditself
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.15
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.19
Text2Acrossthedevelopedworldhealth-carespendingisrisingandwillcontinuetoincreaseaspopulationsage.Aseachcountryfeelsthefinancialstrainitistemptingtoimaginethattheremustbeabetterwayoffundingmedicalcareelsewhere.InBritainforexampleBernardRibeirothenewpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonshascalledfortheNationalHealthServiceNHStobefinancedfromsocial-insurancecontributionsasinGermanyandFranceratherthanfromgeneraltaxation.Heworriesthatatax-financedsystemwillnotdeliverenoughresourcestomeetthedemandforhealth-carespendinginthelongerrun.ThereareindeedgoodreasonsforconcernaboutthewaytheNHSisfinancedforithasallowedthegovernmenttopumpintoomuchmoneytoofast.Butthereisnoidealsystemforpayingforhealthcare.TheEuropeansocial-insurancemodelisinevenmoretroublethanBritain’stax-basedmodel.ByloadingtheburdenontoemployersandworkersandthusraisinglabourcostsithascontributedtotheinflexibilityoflabourmarketsandthustotheEuro-sclerosisthatcontinentalgovernmentsarestrugglingtorecoverfrom.InFrancethegovernmenthasresortedtogeneraltaxationtospreadtheburden.InGermanyandelsewherethemodellooksincreasinglyunsustainablenotleastbecauseitsnarrowfiscalbasewillbeexposedtounfavourabledemographicswhenthepost-warbaby-boomersstartleavingthelabourforceindroves.NordoesAmericaofferanidealsolution.Ithasamixedfinancingsysteminwhichthegovernmentstumpsupfortheelderlyandthepoorandemployerspayforprivatecoverageoftheirworkers.Health-carespendinghasreachedarecord15%ofGDPdwarfingBritain’s8%yet45mAmericanslackinsurancecover.Therisingcostofpublicly-financedmedicalcarethreatensAmerica’sfiscalhealth.Ratherthanfocusingonhowthemoneyisraisedreformersshouldworryabouthowitisspent.Health-careexpenditureisrocketingnotjustbecausedemandisrisingbutalsobecausehealth-caremarketsworkbadly.Theyaredominatedbypowerfulproviders--companieshospitalsandinfluentialdoctors--whichfinditfairlyeasytopassonever-risingcostsfromnewmedicaltechnologiestothestateortheinsurerswhopickupmostofthetab.Privateindividuals’paymentsgenerallyaccountforasmallishshareofhealthcarespendingpreciselybecausemedicalbillstendtobesohighthateverybodyneedsinsurancecoverofonesortoranother.Taxessocial-insurancecontributionsandpaymentsbyemployersallboildowntoformsofhealthinsurance.Thecureisnottotrytoraiseyetmoremoneyinadifferentway.Insteadtheoverridinggoalmustbetospendthemoneypouringintohealthcaremoreeffectivelybygettingwastefulmedicalsystemstoworkbetter.TwosetsofreformarevitalandbothasithappensarebeingundertakeninBritain’stax-financedNHS. Theauthor'sattitudetowardMrRibeiro'sviewseemstobe
SectionⅡReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingABCorD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.40pointsText1Nothingapproachinglastweek’stollofdeathanddestructionhasvisitedEuropeanorU.S.shoresbutthatdoesn’tmeantheyareinvulnerable.Largetsunamisarenotthatrareandeverynowandagaintheycrashintofamiliarportsofcallsweepingawaypeopleandproperty.In1960forexampleatremendousearthquakeinChileunleashedanarmadaofgiantwavesthatkilled61ontheislandofHawaiibeforemovingontokillatleast100ontheJapaneseislandofHonshu.FouryearslateratsunamitriggeredbyanearthquakeoffthecoastofAlaskaresultedinmorethan100deathsthere.TheworstEuropeantsunamiinrecordedhistoryoccurredin1755whenanearthquakeoffPortugal’sAtlanticcoastsentgiganticwavescrashingintoLisbon.Togetherthequakethewavesandfiretook60000livesinthecityatatimewhenitwasthecapitalofanempire.SimilardeathtollswererecordedintownsalongItaly’sStraitofMessinainthewakeofthetsunamiof1908.ThemorescientistslookintothetsunamithreatbeyondAsiathelargeritseemstoloom.TsunamiscanbetriggeredbymassivelandslidesaswellasearthquakesandUniversityofHawaiioceanographerGaryMcMurtryhasevidencetosuggestthataround120000yearsagoalandslideunleashedbyMaunaLoacreatedamegatsunamithatheavedsandandseafossils500muptheslopesofnearbyKohala.SandlayersalongthecoastsoftheNorthandNorwegianseasandthenortheasternAtlanticOceanhavebeenattributedtoahugetsunamicreatedbyanunderwaterlandslideoffNorwaysome7100yearsago.IntheCanaryIslandstodaytheunstablewesternslopeoftheCumbreViejavolcanoposesathreattoAtlanticcoastlines.ShoulditcollapseandslideintotheseaascientistfromUniversityCollegeLondonwarnsitwouldsendtsunamiscoursingthroughtheAtlanticbasinathundredsofmilesperhour.AccordingtoonenightmarescenariotheislandchainwouldbewipedoutandmassivewaveswouldstrikethewestAfricancoastEuropeancountrieslyingalongtheAtlanticnorthernSouthAmericaCaribbeanislandssoutheasternCanadaandtheU.S.EastCoast.Somewavescouldbeastallasfive-storybuildings.Tsunamistaketimetotravelwhichcangivepopulationsinharm’swayanywherefromafewminutestomanyhourstoflee.Forthisreason26countrieshavebandedtogethertoestablishatsunami-warningsystemforthePacificthoughnotyetfortheAtlanticorIndianoceansortheMediterraneanSea."Tsunamisarelow-probabilityhighconsequenceevents"saysViacheslavK.GusiakovheadoftheRussianAcademyofSciences’TsunamiLaboratoryinNovosibirskSiberia."Butevenwespecialistsonhazardscouldnotquitebelievethattodayatsunamicouldkillsomany.Weusedtothinkofvulnerabilityintermsofmaterialdamageratherthanlossofhumanlife.Thisgreattragedyshowedwewerewrong."Aspresentlyconfiguredthewarningsystemisfarfromperfectgeneratinga75%rateoffalsealarms.Butthatshouldchangewiththedeploymentofanewgenerationofbuoy-anchoreddetectorsthatcanbepositioneddeepunderwater.InNovember2003atrialrunofthesystemshowedthatatsunamiunleashedbyanAlaskanearthquakewouldbetoosmalltodoanydamagewhenitreachedHawaii--therebyavoidinganunnecessaryandcostlycoastalevacuationlikeonecausedbyafalsealarmeightyearsearlier.Afterlastweek’sdisasterhoweverfewarelikelytoignorethetsunamisirensthenexttimetheysound. Theprofessionalsaccordingtothetexthavemadeamistakein
Whenanewmovementinartattainsacertainfashionitisadvisabletofindoutwhatitsadvocatesareaimingatforhoweverfarfetchedandunreasonabletheirprinciplesmayseemtodayitispossiblethatinyearstocometheymayberegardedasnormal.WithregardtoFuturistpoetryhoweverthecaseisratherdifficultforwhateverFuturistpoetrymaybe--evenadmittingthatthetheoryonwhichitisbasedmayberight--itcanhardlybeclassedasLiterature. ThisinbriefiswhattheFuturistsays:foracenturypastconditionsoflifehavebeenconditionallyspeedinguptillnowweliveinaworldofnoiseandviolenceandspeed.Consequentlyourfeelingsthoughtsandemotionshaveundergoneacorrespondingchange.ThisspeedingupoflifesaystheFuturistrequiresanewformofexpression.Wemustspeedupourliteraturetooifwewanttointerpretmodernstress.Wemustpouroutalargestreamofessentialwordsunhamperedbystopsorqualifyingadjectivesorfiniteverbs.Insteadofdescribingsoundswemustmakeupwordsthatimitatethem;wemustusemanysizesoftypeanddifferentcoloredinksonthesamepageandshortenorlengthenwordsatwill. Certainlytheirdescriptionsofbattlesareconfused.ButitisalittleupsettingtoreadintheexplanatorynotesthatacertainlinedescribesafightbetweenaTurkishandaBulgarianofficeronabridgeoffwhichtheybothfallintotheriver--andthentofindthatthelineconsistsofthenoiseoftheirfallingandtheweightsoftheofficers:Pluff!Pluff!Ahundredandeighty-fivekilograms. ThisthoughitfulfillsthelawsandrequirementsofFuturistpoetrycanhardlybeclassedasLiterature.Allthesamenothinkingmancanrefusetoaccepttheirfirstproposition:thatagreatchangeinouremotionallifecallsforachangeofexpression.Thewholequestionisreallythis:haveweessentiallychanged TheauthorbelievesthatFuturistpoetryis__________.
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.7
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.13
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.3
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.9
Halftheworld’’spopulationwillbespeakingorlearningEnglishby2015researcherssay.TwobillionpeopleareexpectedtostartlearningEnglishwithinadecadeandthreebillionwillspeakitsaysaBritishCouncilestimate. OtherlanguagessuchasFrenchriskbecomingthecasualtiesofthislinguisticglobalization.Buttheboomwillbeoverby2050andtheEnglish-languageteachingindustrywillhavebecomeavictimofitsownsuccesssaysDavidGraddolauthorofthereportTheFutureofEnglish. Mr.Graddol’’sresearchwasbasedonacomputermodeldevelopedtoestimatedemandforEnglish-languageteachingaroundtheworld.ThelecturerwhohasworkedineducationandlanguagestudiesattheOpenUniversityforthepast25yearssaidthemodelchartedlikelystudentnumbersthroughto2050. ItwascompiledbylookingatvariousestimatesfromtheUnitedNationsEducationScientificandCulturalOrganizationUnescooneducationprovisiondemographicprojectionsgovernmenteducationpoliciesandinternationalstudentmobilityfigures.TheimpactofeducationalinnovationsandotherdevelopmentsaffectingtheworldpopulationincludingtheChinesegovernment’’spolicyofonebabyperfamilywerealsofactoredin. BasedonitsfindingsMr.GraddolhaspredictedthattheworldisabouttobehitbyatidalwaveofEnglish.ManygovernmentsespeciallyincountrieswhichhaverelativelyrecentlygainedindependenceareintroducingtheteachingofEnglishunderautilitarianbanner. ButEnglishpredominatesinthebusinessworldandforsuchcountriestobeabletocompeteforworkincludinglucrativeprofitableoutsourcingcontractsEnglishisbeingpushedheavilyfromkindergartenon. ThepotentialbonanzasourceofwealthonofferfromoutsourcingmeansevenmathsandsciencearebeingtaughtinEnglishatsecondaryschoolsinMalaysia.ButdemandforEnglishteachingwoulddropaschildrenprogressthroughacademiaandmoreuniversitiesacrosstheworldchoosetoteachinthelanguage. Mr.Graddolalsoestimatedthattheboomwouldbeoverby2050.English-languagestudentswillbedownfromtwobillionto500millionthenhesaidIncreasinglyasEnglishspreadacrosstheglobemorepeoplewillbecomebilingualevenmulti-lingualandsuchskillsarehighlyprizedinbusiness.ButBritainhasnotgotthebestreputationforlearningotherlanguages. ThereportalsoshowedthatEnglishwasnottheonlylanguagespreadingandtheworldfarfrombeingdominatedbyEnglishwastobecomemoremulti-lingual.Mr.GraddolsaidChineseArabicandSpanishareallpopularandlikelytobelanguagesofthefuture. DavidGraddolpredictsthatthethrivingperiodofEnglishwill
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutunknownknowledgeonAIDS.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases.Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain:41._____________________________________Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop.42._____________________________________WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43._____________________________________AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeiiiwithAIDS.Soscientistsask:CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace44._____________________________________Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening.IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes.45._____________________________________Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic.[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections 45
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
Text4"Itisalwaysbettertobuyahouse;payingrentislikepouringmoneydownthedrain."Foryearssuchadvicehasencouragedpeopletoborrowheavilytogetonthepropertyladderassoonaspossible.ButisitstillsoundadviceHousepricesarecurrentlyatrecordlevelsinrelationtorentsinmanypartsoftheworldanditnowoftenmakesmorefinancialsense--especiallyforfirst--timebuyers--torentinstead.Homebuyerstendtounderestimatetheircosts.Oncemaintenancecostsinsuranceandpropertytaxesareaddedtomortgagepaymentstotalannualoutgoingsnoweasilyexceedthecostofrentinganequivalentpropertyevenaftertakingaccountoftaxbreaks.Ahbutcapitalgainswillmorethanmakeupforthatitispopularlyargued.OverthepastsevenyearsaveragehousepricesinAmericahaverisenby65%thoseinBritainSpainAustraliaandIrelandhavemorethandoubled.Butitisunrealistictoexpectsuchgainstocontinue.Makingtheoptimisticassumptionthathousepricesinsteadriseinlinewithinflationandincludingbuyingandsellingcoststhenoveraperiodofsevenyears--theaveragetimeAmericanownersstayinonehouse--ourcalculationsshowthatyouwouldgenerallybebetteroffrenting.Bewarnedifyoumakesuchaboldclaimatadinnerpartyyouwillimmediatelybesetupon.Payingrentisthrowingmoneyawayitwillbeargued.Muchbettertospendthemoneyonamortgageandbysodoingbuildupequity.Thesnagisthatthetypicalfirst-timebuyerkeepsahouseforlessthanfiveyearsandduringthattimemostmortgagepaymentsgooninterestnotonrepayingtheloan.Andifpricesfallitcouldwipeoutyourequity.Inanycasearentercanaccumulatewealthbyputtingthemoneysavedeachyearfromthelowercostofrentingintoshares.Therehavehistoricallyyieldedahigherreturnthanhousing.Puttingallyourmoneyintoahousealsobreaksthebasicruleofprudentinvesting:diversify.Andyesitistruethatamortgageleveragesthegainsonyourinitialdepositonahousebutitalsoamplifiesyourlossesifhousepricesfall."Iwanttohaveaplacetocallhome"isapopularretort.Rentingprovideslesslong-termsecurityandyoucannotpaintallthewallsorangeifyouwantto.Homeownershipisanexcellentpersonalgoalbutitmaynotalwaysmakefinancialsense.Theprideof"owning"yourownhomemayquicklyfadeifyouaresaddledwithamortgagethatcostsmuchmorethanrenting.Alsorentingdoeshavesomeadvantages.Rentersfinditeasiertomoveforjoborfamilyreasons."IfIdon’tbuynowI’llnevergetonthepropertyladder"isacommoncryfromfirst-timebuyers.Ifhousepricescontinuetooutpacewagesthatistrue.Butitnowlooksunlikely.Whenpricesgetoutoflinewithwhatfirst-timerscanaffordastheyaretodaytheyalwayseventuallyfallinrealterms.Themyththatbuyingisalwaysbetterthanrentinggrewoutofthehighinflationeraofthe1970sand1980s.First-timebuyersthenalwaysendedupbetteroffthanrentersbecauseinflationerodedtherealvalueofmortgagesevenwhileitpusheduprents.Mortgage-interesttaxreliefwasalsoworthmorewheninflationandhencenominalinterestrateswashigh.Withinflationnowtamedhomeownershipisfarlessattractive.Thedivergencebetweenrentsandhousepricesisofcourseevidenceofahousingbubble.Somedaypriceswillfallrelativetorentsandwages.Aftertheydoitwillmakesensetobuyahome.Untiltheydothesmartmoneyisonrenting. ThetermdiversifyLine8Paragraph3mostprobablydenotes
KarlVonLinneorLinnaeusasheiswidelyknownwasaSwedishbiologistwhodevisedthesystemofLatinisedscientificnamesforlivingthingsthatbiologistsusetothisday.Whenhecameto1_____peopleintohissystemheputthemintoagroupcalledHomo—andLinne'shairlessfellowhumansarestillknownbiologicallyasHomosapiens.2_____thegrouporiginallyhadasecondmemberHomotroglodytes.ItlivedinAfricaandthepicturesshowittobecovered3_____hair.Modern4_____arenotasgenerousasLinneinwelcomingotherspeciesintoMan'slofty5_____andthechimpanzeeisnowreferredto6_____Pantroglodytes.ButPanorHomothereisno7_____thatchimpsarehumans'nearestlivingrelativesandthatifthesecretsofwhatmakeshumanityspecialareevertobe8_____understandingwhychimpsarenotpeoplenorpeoplechimpsisacrucialpartoftheprocess.ThatinturnmeanslookingattheDNAofthetwospecies9_____itisherethatthe10_____mustoriginate.Onehalfofthepuzzlehasbeen11_____forseveralyears:thehumangenomewaspublishedin2001.Thesecondhasnowbeenaddedwiththeannouncementinthisweek'sNature12_____thechimpanzeegenomehasbeensequencedaswell.Forthoseexpecting13_____answerstoage-oldquestions14_____thepublicationofthechimpgenomemaybesomethingofan15_____.Therearenoimmediatelyobviousgenes-presentinonebutnottheother-thataccountforsuchcharacteristichuman16_____asintelligenceorevenhairlessness.And17_____thereisageneconnectedwithlanguageknownasFOXP2ithadalreadybeendiscovered.Butalthoughthepreliminarycomparisonofthetwogenomes18_____bythemembersoftheChimpanzeeSequencingandAnalysisConsortiumthemultinationalteamthatgeneratedthesequencedidnot19_____anyobviousnuggetsofgeneticgolditdoesatleastshowwheretolookfor20_____. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.11
Text2Acrossthedevelopedworldhealth-carespendingisrisingandwillcontinuetoincreaseaspopulationsage.Aseachcountryfeelsthefinancialstrainitistemptingtoimaginethattheremustbeabetterwayoffundingmedicalcareelsewhere.InBritainforexampleBernardRibeirothenewpresidentoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonshascalledfortheNationalHealthServiceNHStobefinancedfromsocial-insurancecontributionsasinGermanyandFranceratherthanfromgeneraltaxation.Heworriesthatatax-financedsystemwillnotdeliverenoughresourcestomeetthedemandforhealth-carespendinginthelongerrun.ThereareindeedgoodreasonsforconcernaboutthewaytheNHSisfinancedforithasallowedthegovernmenttopumpintoomuchmoneytoofast.Butthereisnoidealsystemforpayingforhealthcare.TheEuropeansocial-insurancemodelisinevenmoretroublethanBritain’stax-basedmodel.ByloadingtheburdenontoemployersandworkersandthusraisinglabourcostsithascontributedtotheinflexibilityoflabourmarketsandthustotheEuro-sclerosisthatcontinentalgovernmentsarestrugglingtorecoverfrom.InFrancethegovernmenthasresortedtogeneraltaxationtospreadtheburden.InGermanyandelsewherethemodellooksincreasinglyunsustainablenotleastbecauseitsnarrowfiscalbasewillbeexposedtounfavourabledemographicswhenthepost-warbaby-boomersstartleavingthelabourforceindroves.NordoesAmericaofferanidealsolution.Ithasamixedfinancingsysteminwhichthegovernmentstumpsupfortheelderlyandthepoorandemployerspayforprivatecoverageoftheirworkers.Health-carespendinghasreachedarecord15%ofGDPdwarfingBritain’s8%yet45mAmericanslackinsurancecover.Therisingcostofpublicly-financedmedicalcarethreatensAmerica’sfiscalhealth.Ratherthanfocusingonhowthemoneyisraisedreformersshouldworryabouthowitisspent.Health-careexpenditureisrocketingnotjustbecausedemandisrisingbutalsobecausehealth-caremarketsworkbadly.Theyaredominatedbypowerfulproviders--companieshospitalsandinfluentialdoctors--whichfinditfairlyeasytopassonever-risingcostsfromnewmedicaltechnologiestothestateortheinsurerswhopickupmostofthetab.Privateindividuals’paymentsgenerallyaccountforasmallishshareofhealthcarespendingpreciselybecausemedicalbillstendtobesohighthateverybodyneedsinsurancecoverofonesortoranother.Taxessocial-insurancecontributionsandpaymentsbyemployersallboildowntoformsofhealthinsurance.Thecureisnottotrytoraiseyetmoremoneyinadifferentway.Insteadtheoverridinggoalmustbetospendthemoneypouringintohealthcaremoreeffectivelybygettingwastefulmedicalsystemstoworkbetter.TwosetsofreformarevitalandbothasithappensarebeingundertakeninBritain’stax-financedNHS. ThenarrationoftheEuropeanmodelinthesecondParagraphimpliesthat
PartBDirections:YouaregoingtoreadalistofheadingsandatextaboutunknownknowledgeonAIDS.ChoosethemostsuitableheadingfromthelistA-Fforeachnumberedparagraph41-45.Thefirstparagraphsofthetextarenotnumbered.Thereisoneextraheadingwhichyoudonotneedtouse.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.10pointsInthe20yearssincethefirstcasesofAIDSweredetectedscientistssaytheyhavelearnedmoreaboutthisviraldiseasethananyother.YetPeterPiotwhodirectstheUnitedNationsAIDSprogramandStefanoVellaofRomepresidentoftheInternationalAIDSSocietyandotherexpertssayreviewingunansweredquestionscouldproveusefulasameasureofprogressforAIDSandotherdiseases.Amongtheimportantbroaderscientificquestionsthatremain:41._____________________________________Along-standingbeliefisthatcancercellsconstantlydevelopandareheldincheckbyahealthyimmunesystem.ButAIDShaschallengedthatbelief.PeoplewithAIDSaremuchmorepronetocertaincancerslikenon-HodgkinslymphomasandKaposi’ssarcomsbutnottobreastcolonandlungthemostcommoncancersintheUnitedStates.ThispatternsuggeststhatanimpairedimmunesystematleastthetypethatoccursinAIDSdoesnotallowcommoncancerstodevelop.42._____________________________________WhenHIVistransmittedsexuallythevirusmustcrossatissuebarriertoenterthebody.Howthathappensisstillunclear.Thevirusmightinvadedirectlyorbecarriedbyaseriesofdifferentkindsofcells.EventuallyHIVtravelsthroughlymphvesselstolymphnodesandtherestofthelymphsystem.Butwhatisnotknownishowthevirusproceedstodestroythebody’sCD-4cellsthatareneededtocombatinvadinginfectiousagents.43._____________________________________AlthoughHIVkillstheimmunecellssenttokillthevirusthereiswidespreadvariationintherateatwhichHIVinfectedpeoplebecomeiiiwithAIDS.Soscientistsask:CantheelementsoftheimmunesystemresponsibleforthatvariabilitybeidentifiedIfsocantheybeusedtostopprogressiontoAIDSininfectedindividualsandpossiblypreventinfectioninthefirstplace44._____________________________________Intheoryearlytreatmentshouldofferthebestchanceofpreservingimmunefunction.ButthenewdrugsdonotcompletelyeliminateHIVfromthebodysothemedicineswhichcanhavedangeroussideeffectswillhavetobetakenforalifetimeandperhapschangedtocombatresistance.Thenewpolicyisexpectedtorecommendthattreatmentbedeferreduntiltherearesignstheimmunesystemisweakening.IsavaccinepossibleThereislittlequestionthataneffectivevaccineiscrucialtocontrollingtheepidemic.Yetonlyonehasreachedthestageoffulltestingandthereiswidecontroversyoverthedegreeofprotectionitwillprovide.HIVstrainsthataretransmittedinvariousareasoftheworlddiffergenetically.ItisnotknownwhetheravaccinederivedfromonetypeofHIVwillconferprotectionagainstothertypes.45._____________________________________Withoutmoreincisivefocusedbehavioralresearchpreventionmessagesalonewillnotputanendtotheglobalepidemic.[A]WhatroutedoesHIVtakeafteritentersthebodytodestroytheimmunesystem[B]Howandwhendidthelong-standingbeliefconcerningAIDSandHIVcropup[C]Whatisthemosteffectiveanti-HIVtherapy[D]HowdoesHIVsubverttheimmunesystem[E]IntheabsenceofavaccinehowcanHIVbestopped[F]WhydoesAIDSpredisposeinfectedpersonstocertaintypesofcancerandinfections 43
Text3OnthefaceofitanarchistswhobelieveinnogovernmenthavelittleincommonwithJihadistswhobelieveinimposingaparticularlyrigidformofgovernmentoneveryone.Thetheoreticiansforbothmovementshaveoftenbeenbeardedandangryofcourseandtheirfollowershavereadilytakentothebomb.Buttherethesimilaritiesenddon’ttheysowhatlessonscanbedrawnfromabunchofzealotswhoflourishedover100yearsagoandwhoseideologynowcountsforpracticallynothingAtleasttwoactually.Thefirstisthatrepressionexpulsionandrestrictionsonfreespeechdolittletoendterrorism.Allweretriedoftenwithgreatvigourattheendofthe19thcenturywhentheanarchistviolencethatterrifiedmuchofEuropeandpartsofAmericawasatitszenith.Asourreportmakescleargovernmentshadgoodreasontorespond.AustriaFranceItalySpainandtheUnitedStatesalllostanempresskingpresidentorprimeministertoanarchistassassins.SuchmurdersweresocommonthatKingUmbertoofItalythrowinghimselfasidetoescapeastabbingcasuallyremarked"Thesearetherisksofthejob."Hewaslatershotdead.Anarchistsalsokilledlotsoflessexaltedinnocents.Thenasnowgovernmentsrespondedtotheclamourforactionwithmeasurestocriminaliseanyonepreachingorcondoningviolenceandiftheywereforeigntokeepthemoutofthecountry.Spainbroughtincourts-martialforbombersforeshadowingperhapsAmerica’smilitarycommissionsforGuantanamotrials.BritainwithatraditionoftoleratingdissentbecamehometomanycontinentalradicalssuchasthosedrivenoutofGermanyafterthetwoattemptsonKaiserWilhelmI’slifein1878.Britainhoweverwasnotafflictedwithbombingsasothercountrieswere.Spainwhereeverykindofretributionincludingthecrudestoftortureswasthestandardresponsesufferedmanymoreoutrages.Yetfewlessonsseemtohavebeenlearnt.SeveralofthenewmeasuresannouncedonAugust5thbyTonyBlairBritain’sprimeministerechoalmostexactlythosepassedinFranceafterabombhadbeenlobbedintotheFrenchparliamentin1893.InbothBritainandAmericanewattacksaresaidtobeinevitable.Yeteverynewattackisfollowedbynewmeasuresasthoughsuchmeasurescouldhaveavertedaninevitabilityhadtheybeeninplacebefore.Theycouldnotbothlogicallyandbecauseterrorismcannotbedefeatedascountriescanbe.Thatisthesecondlessontobedrawnfromtheanarchists. Whichofthefollowingisnotmentionedinthetext
Almostallourmajorproblemsinvolvehumanbehaviorandtheycannotbesolvedbyphysicalandbiologicaltechnologyalone.Whatisneededisatechnologyofbehaviorbutwehavebeenslowtodevelopthesciencefromwhichsuchatechnologymightbedrawn.61Onedifficultyisthatalmostallofwhatiscalledbehavioralsciencecontinuestotracebehaviortostatesofmindfeelingstraitsofcharacterhumannatureandsoon.Physicsandbiologyoncefollowedsimilarpracticesandadvancedonlywhentheydiscardedthem.62Thebehavioralscienceshavebeenslowtochangepartlybecausetheexplanatoryitemsoftenseemtobedirectlyobservedandpartlybecauseotherkindsofexplanationshavebeenhardtofind.Theenvironmentisobviouslyimportantbutitsrolehasremainedobscure.Itdoesnotpushorpullitselectsandthisfunctionisdifficulttodiscoverandanalyze.63Theroleofnaturalselectioninevolutionwasformulatedonlyalittlemorethanahundredyearsagoandtheselectiveroleoftheenvironmentinshapingandmaintainingthebehavioroftheindividualisonlybeginningtoberecognizedandstudied.Astheinteractionbetweenorganismandenvironmenthascometobeunderstoodhowevereffectsonceassignedtostatesofmindfeelingsandtraitsarebeginningtobetracedtoaccessibleconditionsandatechnologyofbehaviormaythereforebecomeavailable.Itwillnotsolveourproblemshoweveruntilitreplacestraditionalprescientificviewsandthesearestronglyentrenched.Freedomanddignityillustratethedifficulty.64Theyarethepossessionsoftheautonomousselfgovemingmanoftraditionaltheoryandtheyareessentialtopracticesinwhichapersonisheldresponsibleforhisconductandgivencreditforhisachievements.Ascientificanalysisshiftsboththeresponsibilityandtheachievementtotheenvironment.Italsoraisesquestionsconcerningvalues.Whowilluseatechnologyandtowhatends65Untiltheseissuesareresolvedatechnologyofbehaviorwillcontinuetoberejectedandwithitpossiblytheonlywaytosolveourproblems.
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