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(46) A recent phenomenon in present-day science and technology is the increasing trend towards "d...
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Directions: Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandw
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近年来不少中学生注册了博客对此人们观点各异有人认为写博客可以帮助学生展示自我减缓压力也有人认为它浪费
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Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006.HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130.Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable.Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendforgood-enoughcomputingwherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers.Accordingtothetextwhichofthefollowingisbeyondthepublic’santicipation
Fearseemstobethedominantmoodofthemoment.Hurricanestidalwavesfloodsearthquakesandterrorismthisyearhaveallbroughtwiththemnotonlyappallingscenesofdevastationdeathandsufferingbutalsooutrageatthelackofpreparationstoavoidorcopewiththesedisasters.Noweventhebirdsoftheairareathreatwearetold.ThatmigratingflockvisibleOnthehorizonatsunsetonceaconsolingreminderoftheeternalrhythmsofnaturecouldbecarryingtheviruswhichmightsoonkilltensofmillionsofpeople.Giventhemanyfingerspointedatgovernmentsinthewakeofotherdisastersthisyearitishardlysurprisingthattheyarescramblingtorespondtothethreatposedbyavianinfluenza.AfterconfirmationthisweekthattheHSN1strainofbirdfluwhichhasbeenspreadingquicklyinAsiahadbeendiscoveredinRomaniaandperhapsGreeceEuropeanUnionforeignministersconvenedanemergencymeeting.PresidentGeorgeBushstillsmartingfromatorrentofcriticismofhisgovernment’sclumsyresponsetoHurricaneKatrinahaspromisedtorushoutemergencyplansfordealingwithanoutbreakofpandemicfluwhichhavebeenstalledforyears.CountriesaroundtheworldarehurryingtostockpiletheonlycurrentantiviraldrugTamiflnwhichmightbeeffectiveinsavinglivesinanypandemicorcurbingitsspread.TheWorldHealthOrganisationiscallingforaninternationallycoordinatedeffort.HealthministersfromaroundtheglobeareduetomeetnextweekinCanadatodiscusswhatstepstotake.Isanyofthiseff6rtjustifiedOrarepoliticianssimplyhelpingtofeedpublicpanicandthencoveringthemselvesbypromisingtospendlavishlyagainstathreatwhichmaynevermaterializeandtoreduceariskwhichtheydonotunderstandToaskthesequestionsisnottocounselcomplacencybuttoapplythekindoftestwhichisrequiredinanykindofdisasterplanningnotleastbecausetheworldisaninherentlydangerousplaceanditisimpossibletoplanagainsteverypossibledisaster.Withthemediafullofwarningsofimpendingmassdeathanoverreactionisalltoopossible.AccordingtothetextAmericanemergencyplansforcopingwithanoutbreakofpandemicflu______.
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points18
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points14
IfsoldieringwasforthemoneytheSpecialAirServiceSASandtheSpecialBoatServiceSBSwouldhavedisintegratedinrecentyears.SuchhasbeentheexplosioninprivatemilitarycompaniesPMCsthattheyemployanestimated30000inIraqalone--andnogovernmentcanmatchtheirfatsalaries.AyoungSAStrooperearnsabout￡2000$3500amonth;onthecircuitassoldierscalltheprivateworldhecouldget￡15000.WhywouldhenotForreasonsbothwarm-heartedandcool-headed.Firstforloveofregimentandcomradesbondsthattendtobetightestinthemostselectunits.Secondfortheoperationalsupportnotablyfieldmedicineandthesecurityincludinglifeassuranceandpensionthatcomewiththequeen’spaltryshilling.AlthoughtherehasbeennohaemorrhagingofspecialforceSFfighterstotheprivatesectortherehasbeenenoughofatrickletocauseofficialunease.AmemorecentlycirculatedintheMinistryofDefencedetailedthelossof24SFseniornon-commissionedofficerstoprivatecompaniesinthepastyear.Allhadcompleted22yearsofserviceandsowereeligibleforafullpensionandneartheendoftheircareers.Yetthereisnowashortageofhard-bittenveteranstofilltrainingandotherjobsearmarkedforthemunderasystemforretainingthemknownascontinuance.Americahasrespondedtotheproblembythrowingcashatitofferingincentivesofupto$150000tosignnewcontracts.TheMinistryofDefencehasfoundacheaperploy.IthasspreadthestoryoftwoBritishPMCemployeesrecentlykilledinIraqwhosebodieswereleftrottinginthesun;Thewordsecurityinthesecondparagraphmostprobablymeans______.
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points8
TheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber. SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastswarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobarislands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.
Theproducedepartmentsofthefuturemaylooklikenothingonearthandwithgoodreason.Chinesescientistshavebeengrowingtomatoesthesizeofsoftballscucumbersaslongasbaseballbatsandotheroutsizefruitsandvegetablesusingseedsthathavebeenshotintospace.Theseedsarethenexposedtoseventypesofextraterrestrialconditionsfromzerogravityandcosmicradiationtosubatomicparticles.46Asthesespaceveggiesgrowbackonearththeyareselectedfordesirabletraits--bulkappearanceorcertainnutrients--thenbredthroughsuccessivegenerationstoensurethatthemutationsareconsistent. Chinesescientistsdon’tunderstandexactlyhowatripintospacealterstheseeds’DNAandyieldssucheffectsbutit’snotjustsizethatchanges.47TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.Usingconventionalmethods"ascientistmightcreatejustthreenewplantsinhislifetime"saysTong."We’vedevelopedmorethan50since1999." 48AdozenorsoChinesefirmsarepayingupto$45000agramtoplacevariousfloraaboardsatellitesandmannedspacecraft.Thelong-termgoal:tofeedmorepeopleandhelpendangeredspeciesescapeextinction.Todatenearly3000botanicalspecies-includinggardenvegetablesmedicinalherbsandflowers--havebeensentintoorbitandbroughtbacktoearth. 49ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.It’slegaltosellthecosmicproduceandcommercialfarmshavepurchasedsomespaceplants.Butmostarebeingdevelopedinlabsorexperimentalgreenhousesbecausenoonewantstogotomarketbeforethesafetyandqualityoftheproducehavebeenestablished.Evensotheideaofspacefloraisprovingirresistibletoanovelty-lovingChinesepublic.50WhenTongdisplayedahandfulofmonsterspaceeggplants--thelargestofwhichweighedmorethanfourpounds--atanexpoonedisappearedbeforetheshowopened.Hotstuffforsure. 50
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points10
TheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber. SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastswarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobarislands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase.
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 42
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006.HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130.Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable.Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendforgood-enoughcomputingwherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers.Itcanbeinferredfromthetextthat______.
Theproducedepartmentsofthefuturemaylooklikenothingonearthandwithgoodreason.Chinesescientistshavebeengrowingtomatoesthesizeofsoftballscucumbersaslongasbaseballbatsandotheroutsizefruitsandvegetablesusingseedsthathavebeenshotintospace.Theseedsarethenexposedtoseventypesofextraterrestrialconditionsfromzerogravityandcosmicradiationtosubatomicparticles.46Asthesespaceveggiesgrowbackonearththeyareselectedfordesirabletraits--bulkappearanceorcertainnutrients--thenbredthroughsuccessivegenerationstoensurethatthemutationsareconsistent. Chinesescientistsdon’tunderstandexactlyhowatripintospacealterstheseeds’DNAandyieldssucheffectsbutit’snotjustsizethatchanges.47TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.Usingconventionalmethods"ascientistmightcreatejustthreenewplantsinhislifetime"saysTong."We’vedevelopedmorethan50since1999." 48AdozenorsoChinesefirmsarepayingupto$45000agramtoplacevariousfloraaboardsatellitesandmannedspacecraft.Thelong-termgoal:tofeedmorepeopleandhelpendangeredspeciesescapeextinction.Todatenearly3000botanicalspecies-includinggardenvegetablesmedicinalherbsandflowers--havebeensentintoorbitandbroughtbacktoearth. 49ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.It’slegaltosellthecosmicproduceandcommercialfarmshavepurchasedsomespaceplants.Butmostarebeingdevelopedinlabsorexperimentalgreenhousesbecausenoonewantstogotomarketbeforethesafetyandqualityoftheproducehavebeenestablished.Evensotheideaofspacefloraisprovingirresistibletoanovelty-lovingChinesepublic.50WhenTongdisplayedahandfulofmonsterspaceeggplants--thelargestofwhichweighedmorethanfourpounds--atanexpoonedisappearedbeforetheshowopened.Hotstuffforsure. 48
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points16
AsanydiplomatfromBritainAustriaorTurkeycantellyouhandlingthelegacyofavanishedfar-flungempireisatrickybusiness.ButforGeorgiathegapbetweenoldgloryandpresentvulnerabilityisespeciallywide.Today’sGeorgiaisdiminishedbywarbuffetedbygeopoliticsandrecoveringfrompost-Sovietchaos.But800yearsagothecountrywasamightymilitaryculturalandecclesiasticalforce.ItsgreatestmonarchQueenTamaradefeatedmanyfoesincludingherfirsthusbandandbuiltfinemonuments.InhertimeGeorgiaalsohadabigstakeintheChristianlifeoftheHolyLand.FromJerusalemtotheBalkansGeorgia’spriestsartistsandchurch-builderswereactiveandrespected.SotoowereitspoetslikeShotaRustavelithenationalbardwhodedicatedanepictohisbelovedqueen.InbetweenseekingwesternaidandcopingwithpowercutsmodernGeorgiahaspledgedtokeepawaryeyeoneveryplacewherechurchesinscriptionsandfrescoestestifytoitsgoldenage.ThatincludesGreeceTurkeyBulgariaRomaniaandaboveallIsrael.LastyearGeorgianswereenragedwhenafrescoofRustaveliinaJerusalemchurchunderthecareoftheGreekOrthodoxPatriarchatewasdefacedthenbadlyrestored.ThisyearabetterrestorationwasdonebutGeorgiansnowwantapromisethatinallfuturerestorationtheirownexpertscantakepart.TheyalsowanttostoptheseepageofGeorgianfrescoesandiconssupposedlyunderthePatriarchate’scareontotheartmarket.SeveraltimesGeorgiahashadtouseitsmeagreresourcestobuybackpiecesofthenationalheritage.ThehopeisthatthingswillimprovewiththerecentelectionofanewJerusalemPatriarchafterhispredecessorwasoustedunderacloudofscandal.Georgia’stieswithIsraelaregoodthankstoathrivingGeorgian-Jewishcommunitywithhappymemoriesofitshomeland.GeorgiaalsogetsalongwithGreeceamidafugofsentimentalityoverlegendsabouttheArgonautsthatlinkthetwonations.ButcanthesewarmfuzzyfeelingstranslateintobetterprotectionforanancientcultureThatwillbeachallengeforGeldBezhuashviliwhosucceedsSalomeZourabichvilitheFrench-borndiplomatwhowassackedafterapowerstruggleasGeorgianforeignministeronOctober19th.Romaniaismentionedinthetextto______.
TheclueliesintheJapanesenamethathasbeenadoptedforthemaroundtheworld:tsunami.46Formedfromthecharactersforharbourandwaveandcommemoratedinthe19th-centurywoodblockprintbyHokusaithatdecoratessomanybooksandarticlesaboutthesubjectthewordshowsthatthesesuddendevastatingwaveshavemainlyinthepastoccurredinthePacificOceanringedasitisbyvolcanoesandearthquakezones.Thankstoonetsunamiin1946thatkilled165peoplemainlyinHawaiithecountriesaroundthePacifichavesharedatsunamiwarningcentreeversince.47ThosearoundtheIndianOceanhavenosuchcentrebeingluckyenoughnottohavesufferedmanybigtsunamisbeforeandunluckyenoughnottocounttheworld’stwobiggestandmosttechnologicallyadvancedeconomiestheUnitedStatesandJapanamongtheirnumber. SowhenonDecember26ththeworld’sstrongestearthquakein40yearsshooktheregionwithitsepicenterundertheseanearthenorthernmosttipoftheIndonesianarchipelagotherewasnoestablishedmechanismtopasswarningstothecountriesaroundtheocean’sshores.Therewouldhavebeenbetween90and150minutesinwhichtobroadcastswarningsbyradiotelevisionandloudspeakerintheareasmostaffectedtheIndonesianprovinceofAcehSriLankaandtheIndianchainoftheAndamanandNicobarislands.48Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved.49Howmanynobodycanknowforthetaskofevacuationwouldhavebeenfarfromeasyinmanyofthesecrowdedpoorandlow-lyingcoastalcommunities.Equallythoughitwillprobablyneverbeknownexactlyhowmanypeoplehavedied.50Whereasinmanydisasterstheinitialestimatesoffatalitiesprovetoohightheoppositeisoccurringinthiscase. Hadsuchwarningsbeenbroadcastthenmanyofthetensofthousandsofliveslostwouldhavebeensaved
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points4
AsanydiplomatfromBritainAustriaorTurkeycantellyouhandlingthelegacyofavanishedfar-flungempireisatrickybusiness.ButforGeorgiathegapbetweenoldgloryandpresentvulnerabilityisespeciallywide.Today’sGeorgiaisdiminishedbywarbuffetedbygeopoliticsandrecoveringfrompost-Sovietchaos.But800yearsagothecountrywasamightymilitaryculturalandecclesiasticalforce.ItsgreatestmonarchQueenTamaradefeatedmanyfoesincludingherfirsthusbandandbuiltfinemonuments.InhertimeGeorgiaalsohadabigstakeintheChristianlifeoftheHolyLand.FromJerusalemtotheBalkansGeorgia’spriestsartistsandchurch-builderswereactiveandrespected.SotoowereitspoetslikeShotaRustavelithenationalbardwhodedicatedanepictohisbelovedqueen.InbetweenseekingwesternaidandcopingwithpowercutsmodernGeorgiahaspledgedtokeepawaryeyeoneveryplacewherechurchesinscriptionsandfrescoestestifytoitsgoldenage.ThatincludesGreeceTurkeyBulgariaRomaniaandaboveallIsrael.LastyearGeorgianswereenragedwhenafrescoofRustaveliinaJerusalemchurchunderthecareoftheGreekOrthodoxPatriarchatewasdefacedthenbadlyrestored.ThisyearabetterrestorationwasdonebutGeorgiansnowwantapromisethatinallfuturerestorationtheirownexpertscantakepart.TheyalsowanttostoptheseepageofGeorgianfrescoesandiconssupposedlyunderthePatriarchate’scareontotheartmarket.SeveraltimesGeorgiahashadtouseitsmeagreresourcestobuybackpiecesofthenationalheritage.ThehopeisthatthingswillimprovewiththerecentelectionofanewJerusalemPatriarchafterhispredecessorwasoustedunderacloudofscandal.Georgia’stieswithIsraelaregoodthankstoathrivingGeorgian-Jewishcommunitywithhappymemoriesofitshomeland.GeorgiaalsogetsalongwithGreeceamidafugofsentimentalityoverlegendsabouttheArgonautsthatlinkthetwonations.ButcanthesewarmfuzzyfeelingstranslateintobetterprotectionforanancientcultureThatwillbeachallengeforGeldBezhuashviliwhosucceedsSalomeZourabichvilitheFrench-borndiplomatwhowassackedafterapowerstruggleasGeorgianforeignministeronOctober19th.Thewordtrickyinthefirstparagraphofthetextdenotes______.
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points20
Fearseemstobethedominantmoodofthemoment.Hurricanestidalwavesfloodsearthquakesandterrorismthisyearhaveallbroughtwiththemnotonlyappallingscenesofdevastationdeathandsufferingbutalsooutrageatthelackofpreparationstoavoidorcopewiththesedisasters.Noweventhebirdsoftheairareathreatwearetold.ThatmigratingflockvisibleOnthehorizonatsunsetonceaconsolingreminderoftheeternalrhythmsofnaturecouldbecarryingtheviruswhichmightsoonkilltensofmillionsofpeople.Giventhemanyfingerspointedatgovernmentsinthewakeofotherdisastersthisyearitishardlysurprisingthattheyarescramblingtorespondtothethreatposedbyavianinfluenza.AfterconfirmationthisweekthattheHSN1strainofbirdfluwhichhasbeenspreadingquicklyinAsiahadbeendiscoveredinRomaniaandperhapsGreeceEuropeanUnionforeignministersconvenedanemergencymeeting.PresidentGeorgeBushstillsmartingfromatorrentofcriticismofhisgovernment’sclumsyresponsetoHurricaneKatrinahaspromisedtorushoutemergencyplansfordealingwithanoutbreakofpandemicfluwhichhavebeenstalledforyears.CountriesaroundtheworldarehurryingtostockpiletheonlycurrentantiviraldrugTamiflnwhichmightbeeffectiveinsavinglivesinanypandemicorcurbingitsspread.TheWorldHealthOrganisationiscallingforaninternationallycoordinatedeffort.HealthministersfromaroundtheglobeareduetomeetnextweekinCanadatodiscusswhatstepstotake.Isanyofthiseff6rtjustifiedOrarepoliticianssimplyhelpingtofeedpublicpanicandthencoveringthemselvesbypromisingtospendlavishlyagainstathreatwhichmaynevermaterializeandtoreduceariskwhichtheydonotunderstandToaskthesequestionsisnottocounselcomplacencybuttoapplythekindoftestwhichisrequiredinanykindofdisasterplanningnotleastbecausetheworldisaninherentlydangerousplaceanditisimpossibletoplanagainsteverypossibledisaster.Withthemediafullofwarningsofimpendingmassdeathanoverreactionisalltoopossible.Thephrasenotleastinthelastbutonesentenceofthetextmeans______.
IfsoldieringwasforthemoneytheSpecialAirServiceSASandtheSpecialBoatServiceSBSwouldhavedisintegratedinrecentyears.SuchhasbeentheexplosioninprivatemilitarycompaniesPMCsthattheyemployanestimated30000inIraqalone--andnogovernmentcanmatchtheirfatsalaries.AyoungSAStrooperearnsabout￡2000$3500amonth;onthecircuitassoldierscalltheprivateworldhecouldget￡15000.WhywouldhenotForreasonsbothwarm-heartedandcool-headed.Firstforloveofregimentandcomradesbondsthattendtobetightestinthemostselectunits.Secondfortheoperationalsupportnotablyfieldmedicineandthesecurityincludinglifeassuranceandpensionthatcomewiththequeen’spaltryshilling.AlthoughtherehasbeennohaemorrhagingofspecialforceSFfighterstotheprivatesectortherehasbeenenoughofatrickletocauseofficialunease.AmemorecentlycirculatedintheMinistryofDefencedetailedthelossof24SFseniornon-commissionedofficerstoprivatecompaniesinthepastyear.Allhadcompleted22yearsofserviceandsowereeligibleforafullpensionandneartheendoftheircareers.Yetthereisnowashortageofhard-bittenveteranstofilltrainingandotherjobsearmarkedforthemunderasystemforretainingthemknownascontinuance.Americahasrespondedtotheproblembythrowingcashatitofferingincentivesofupto$150000tosignnewcontracts.TheMinistryofDefencehasfoundacheaperploy.IthasspreadthestoryoftwoBritishPMCemployeesrecentlykilledinIraqwhosebodieswereleftrottinginthesun;Theconclusioncanbemadefromthethirdparagraphthat______.
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points2
AsanydiplomatfromBritainAustriaorTurkeycantellyouhandlingthelegacyofavanishedfar-flungempireisatrickybusiness.ButforGeorgiathegapbetweenoldgloryandpresentvulnerabilityisespeciallywide.Today’sGeorgiaisdiminishedbywarbuffetedbygeopoliticsandrecoveringfrompost-Sovietchaos.But800yearsagothecountrywasamightymilitaryculturalandecclesiasticalforce.ItsgreatestmonarchQueenTamaradefeatedmanyfoesincludingherfirsthusbandandbuiltfinemonuments.InhertimeGeorgiaalsohadabigstakeintheChristianlifeoftheHolyLand.FromJerusalemtotheBalkansGeorgia’spriestsartistsandchurch-builderswereactiveandrespected.SotoowereitspoetslikeShotaRustavelithenationalbardwhodedicatedanepictohisbelovedqueen.InbetweenseekingwesternaidandcopingwithpowercutsmodernGeorgiahaspledgedtokeepawaryeyeoneveryplacewherechurchesinscriptionsandfrescoestestifytoitsgoldenage.ThatincludesGreeceTurkeyBulgariaRomaniaandaboveallIsrael.LastyearGeorgianswereenragedwhenafrescoofRustaveliinaJerusalemchurchunderthecareoftheGreekOrthodoxPatriarchatewasdefacedthenbadlyrestored.ThisyearabetterrestorationwasdonebutGeorgiansnowwantapromisethatinallfuturerestorationtheirownexpertscantakepart.TheyalsowanttostoptheseepageofGeorgianfrescoesandiconssupposedlyunderthePatriarchate’scareontotheartmarket.SeveraltimesGeorgiahashadtouseitsmeagreresourcestobuybackpiecesofthenationalheritage.ThehopeisthatthingswillimprovewiththerecentelectionofanewJerusalemPatriarchafterhispredecessorwasoustedunderacloudofscandal.Georgia’stieswithIsraelaregoodthankstoathrivingGeorgian-Jewishcommunitywithhappymemoriesofitshomeland.GeorgiaalsogetsalongwithGreeceamidafugofsentimentalityoverlegendsabouttheArgonautsthatlinkthetwonations.ButcanthesewarmfuzzyfeelingstranslateintobetterprotectionforanancientcultureThatwillbeachallengeforGeldBezhuashviliwhosucceedsSalomeZourabichvilitheFrench-borndiplomatwhowassackedafterapowerstruggleasGeorgianforeignministeronOctober19th.Theauthor’sattitudetowardthetransformationmentionedinthelastparagraphis______.
Directions: Writeanessayof160-200wordsbasedonthefollowingdrawing.Inyouressayyoushould 1describethedrawingbriefly 2explainitsintendedmeaningandthen 3putforwardyouradvices. YoushouldwriteneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
Theproducedepartmentsofthefuturemaylooklikenothingonearthandwithgoodreason.Chinesescientistshavebeengrowingtomatoesthesizeofsoftballscucumbersaslongasbaseballbatsandotheroutsizefruitsandvegetablesusingseedsthathavebeenshotintospace.Theseedsarethenexposedtoseventypesofextraterrestrialconditionsfromzerogravityandcosmicradiationtosubatomicparticles.46Asthesespaceveggiesgrowbackonearththeyareselectedfordesirabletraits--bulkappearanceorcertainnutrients--thenbredthroughsuccessivegenerationstoensurethatthemutationsareconsistent. Chinesescientistsdon’tunderstandexactlyhowatripintospacealterstheseeds’DNAandyieldssucheffectsbutit’snotjustsizethatchanges.47TongYichaowhosefirmtheBeijingFlyingEagleGreenFoodsGrouphasbeensendingseedsandseedlingsaboardChinesespacecraftsince1999saysithasgrownspacetomatoeswith27percentmoreoftheantioxidantbetacarotenethanordinaryonesandsix-foot-tallcottonplantsthatproducelongermoreflexiblethreads.Usingconventionalmethods"ascientistmightcreatejustthreenewplantsinhislifetime"saysTong."We’vedevelopedmorethan50since1999." 48AdozenorsoChinesefirmsarepayingupto$45000agramtoplacevariousfloraaboardsatellitesandmannedspacecraft.Thelong-termgoal:tofeedmorepeopleandhelpendangeredspeciesescapeextinction.Todatenearly3000botanicalspecies-includinggardenvegetablesmedicinalherbsandflowers--havebeensentintoorbitandbroughtbacktoearth. 49ThecommercialpromiseofChina’sspaceveggieshasyettoerbearfruit.It’slegaltosellthecosmicproduceandcommercialfarmshavepurchasedsomespaceplants.Butmostarebeingdevelopedinlabsorexperimentalgreenhousesbecausenoonewantstogotomarketbeforethesafetyandqualityoftheproducehavebeenestablished.Evensotheideaofspacefloraisprovingirresistibletoanovelty-lovingChinesepublic.50WhenTongdisplayedahandfulofmonsterspaceeggplants--thelargestofwhichweighedmorethanfourpounds--atanexpoonedisappearedbeforetheshowopened.Hotstuffforsure. 46
41______ Throughlazinessandcowardicealargepartofmankindevenafternaturehasfreedthemfromalienguidancegladlyremainimmature.ItisbecauseoflazinessandcowardicethatitissoeasyforotherstousurptheroleofguardiansItissocomfortabletobeaminor!IfIhaveabookwhichprovidesmeaningformeadoctorwhowilljudgemydietformeandsoonthenIdonotneedtoexertmyself.Idonothaveanyneedtothink;ifIcanpayotherswilltakeoverthetediousjobforme.Theguardianswhohavekindlyundertakenthesupervisionwillseetoitthatbyfarthelargestpartofmankindincludingtheentire"beautifulsex"shouldconsiderthestepintomaturitynotonlyasdifficultbutasverydangerous. 42______ Itisdifficultfortheisolatedindividualtoworkhimselfoutoftheimmaturitywhichhasbecomealmostnaturalforhim.Hehasevenbecomefondofitandforthetimebeingisincapableofemployinghisownintelligencebecausehehasneverbeenallowedtomaketheattempt.Statuesandformulasthesemechanicaltoolsofaserviceableuseorrathermisuseofhisnaturalfacultiesaretheankle-chainsofacontinuousimmaturity.Whoeverthrewitoffwouldmakeanuncertainjumpoverthesmallesttrenchbecauseheisnotaccustomedtosuchfreemovement.Thereforethereareonlyafewwhohavepursuedafirmpathandhavesucceededinescapingfromimmaturitybytheirowncultivationofthemind. Butitismorenearlypossibleforapublictoenlightenitself:thisiseveninescapableifonlythepublicisgivenitsfreedom.Fortherewillalwaysbesomepeoplewhothinkforthemselvesevenamongtheself-appointedguardiansofthegreatmasswhoafterhavingthrownofftheyokeofimmaturitythemselveswillspreadaboutthemthespiritofareasonableestimateoftheirownvalueandoftheneedforeverymantothinkforhimself. 43______. Throughrevolutiontheabandonmentofpersonaldespotismmaybeengenderedandtheendofprofit-seekinganddomineeringoppressionmayoccurbutneveratruereformofthestateofmind.Insteadnewprejudicesjustliketheoldoneswillserveastheguidingreinsofthegreatunthinkingmass.44______. ButIhearpeopleclamoronallsides:Don’targue!Theofficersays:Don’targuedrill!Thetaxcollector:Don’targuepay!Thepastor:Don’targuebelieve!...Herewehaverestrictionsonfreedomeverywhere.WhichrestrictionishamperingenlightenmentandwhichdoesnotorevenpromotesitIanswer;Thepublicuseofaman’sreasonmustbefreeatalltimesandthisalonecanbringenlightenmentamongmen. Thequestionmaynowbeput:Doweliveatpresentinanenlightenedage’ 45______. [A]Allthatisrequiredforthisenlightenmentisfreedom;andparticularlytheleastharmfulofthatmaybecalledfreedomnamelythefreedomformantomakepublicuseofhisreasoninallmatters. [B]Enlightenmentisman’sleavinghisself-causedimmaturity.Immaturityistheincapacitytouseone’sintelligencewithouttheguidanceofanother.Suchimmaturityisself-causedifitisnotcausedbylackofintelligencebutbylackofdeterminationandcouragetouseone’sintelligencewithoutbeingguidedbyanother.Havethecouragetouseyourownintelligence!ItisthereforethemottooftheEnlightenment. [C]Theansweris:Nobutinanageofenlightenment.Muchstillpreventsmenfrombeingplacedinapositiontousetheirownmindssecurelyandwellinmattersofreligion.Butwedohaveverydefiniteindicationsthatthisfieldofendeavorisbeingopenedupformentoworkfreelyandreducegraduallythehindrancespreventingageneralenlightenmentandanescapefromself-causedimmaturity. [D]Icallthissoaringwealthandshrinkingspirit"theAmericanparadox."Morethaneverwehavebighousesandbrokenhomeshighincomesandlowmoralesecuredrightsanddiminishedcivility.Weexcelatmakingalivingbutoftenfailatmakingalife.Wecelebrateourprosperitybutyearnforpurpose.Wecelebrateourfreedomsbutlongforconnection.Inanageofplentywefeelspiritualhunger. [E]Apubliccanonlyarriveatenlightenmentslowly. [F]Afterhavingmadetheirdomesticanimalsdumbandhavingcarefullypreventedthesequietcreaturesfromdaringtotakeanystepbeyondthelead-stringstowhichtheyhavefastenedthemtheseguardiansthenshowthemthedangerwhichthreatensthemshouldtheyattempttowalkalone.Nowthisdangerisnotreallysoverygreat;fortheywouldpresumablylearntowalkaftersomestumbling.Howeveranexampleofthiskindintimidatesandfrightenspeopleoutofallfurtherattempts. [G]Attitudesaboutdivorcehavedramaticallychanged.Inthepastitwasseenasthelastresortofawomanwhohadbeenbeatenuporcheatedon.Womenwerevictims.Todaymanywomenchoose’togetdivorcedbecausetheythinktheywillhaveabetterlifeasaSINDIthanbystayinginastalemarriage.In74percentofeasesitiswomenwhonowinstigatedivorceproceedings. 44
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points12
[A]Whathavetheyfound [B]Isittruethatlaughingcanmakeushealthier [C]Sowhydopeoplelaughsomuch [D]Whatmakesyoulaugh [E]Howdidyoucometoresearchit [F]Sowhat’sitfor Whyareyouinterestedinlaughter It’sauniversalphenomenonandoneofthemostcommonthingswedo.Welaughmanytimesadayformanydifferentreasonsbutrarelythinkaboutitandseldomconsciouslycontrolit.Weknowsolittleaboutthedifferentkindsandfunctionsoflaughterandmyinterestreallystartsthere.WhydowedoitWhatcanlaughterteachusaboutourpositiveemotionsandsocialbehaviourThere’ssomuchwedon’tknowabouthowthebraincontributestoemotionandIthinkwecangetatunderstandingthisbystudyinglaughter. 41.______ Only10or20percentoflaughingisaresponsetohumour.Mostofthetimeit’samessagewesendtootherpeople--communicatingjoyfuldispositionawillingnesstobondandsoon.Itoccupiesaspecialplaceinsocialinteractionandisafascinatingfeatureofourbiologywithmotoremotionalandcognitivecomponents.Scientistsstudyallkindsofemotionsandbehaviourbutfewfocusonthismostbasicingredient.Laughtergivesusacluethatwehavepowerfulsystemsinourbrainwhichrespondtopleasurehappinessandjoy.It’salsoinvolvedineventssuchasreleaseoffear. 42.______ Myprofessionalfocushasalwaysbeenonemotionalbehaviour.Ispentmanyyearsinvestigatingtheneuralbasisoffearinratsandcametolaughterviathatroute.WhenIwasworkingwithratsInoticedthatwhentheywerealoneinanexposedenvironmenttheywerescaredandquiteuncomfortable.Backinacagewithotherstheyseemedmuchhappier.Itlookedasiftheyplayedwithoneanother--realrough-and-tumble--andIwonderedwhethertheywerealsolaughing.TheneurobiologistJaakPanksepphadshownthatjuvenileratsmakeshortvocalisationspitchedtoohighforhumanstohearduringrough-and-tumbleplay.Hethinksthesearesimilartolaughter.Thismademewonderabouttherootsoflaughter. 43.______ Everythinghumansdohasafunctionandlaughingisnoexception.Itsfunctionissurelycommunication.Weneedtobuildsocialstructuresinordertolivewellinoursocietyandevolutionhasselectedlaughterasausefuldeviceforpromotingsocialcommunication.Inotherwordsitmusthaveasurvivaladvantageforthespecies. 44.______ Thebrainscansareusuallydonewhilepeoplearerespondingtohumorousmaterial.Youseebrainwaveactivityspreadfromthesensoryprocessingareaoftheocci15itallobethebitatthebackofthebrainthatprocessesvisualsignalstothebrain’sfrontallobe.Itseemsthatthefrontallobeisinvolvedinrecognisingthingsasfunny.Theleftsideofthefrontallobeanalysesthewordsandstructureofjokeswhiletherightsidedoestheintellectualanalysesrequiredto"get"jokes.Finallyactivityspreadstothemotorareasofthebraincontrollingthephysicaltaskoflaughing.Wealsoknowaboutthesecomplexpathwaysinvolvedinlaughterfromneurologicalillnessandinjury.SometimesafterbraindamagetumoursstrokeorbraindisorderssuchasParkinson’sdiseasepeopleget"stonefacedsyndrome"andcan’tlaugh. 45.______ IlaughalotwhenIwatchamateurvideosofchildrenbecausethey’resonatural.I’msurethey’renotforcinganythingfunnytohappen.Idon’tparticularlylaughhardatjokesbutratheratsituations.IalsoloveoldcomedymoviessuchasLaurelandHardyandanextremelyticklish.AfterstartingtostudylaughterindepthIbegantolaughandsmilemoreinsocialsituationsthoseinvolvingeitherclosenessorhostility.Laughterre-allycreatesabridgebetweenpeopledisarmsthemandfacilitatesamicablebehaviour. 44
Theideaisasaudaciousasitaltruistic:provideapersonallaptopcomputertoeveryschoolchild--particularlyinthepoorestpartsoftheworld.Thefirststeptomakingthathappeniswhittlingthepricedownto$100.AndthatisthegoalofagroupofAmericantechno-gurusledbyNicholasNegropontethefounderofthefabledMITMediaLab.WhenheunveiledtheideaattheWorldEconomicForuminJanuaryitseemedwildlyambitious.Butsurprisinglyitisstartingtobecomeareality.Mr.NegroponteplanstodisplaythefirstprototypeinNovemberataUNsummit.Fourcountries--BrazilEgyptThailandandSouthAfrica--havesaidtheywillbuyoverImunitseach.Productionisduetostartinlate2006.HowisthegroupcalledOneLaptopPerChildOLPCabletocreatealaptopsoinexpensivelyItismainlyamatterofcleverlycombiningexistingtechnologiesinnewways.ThelaptopwillhaveabasicprocessormadebyAMDflashmemoryinsteadofaharddiskwillbepoweredbybatteriesorahand-crankandwillrunopen-sourcesoftware.The$100laptopalsoputsallthecomponentsbehindthescreennotunderthekeyboardsothereisnoneedforanexpensivehinge.SofarOLPChasgotthepricedowntoaround$130.Butgoodnewsfortheworld’spoormaynotbesuchgreatnewsfortheworld’scomputermanufacturers.Thenewmachineisnotsimplyofinterestinthedevelopingworld.OnSeptember22ndMittRomneythegovernorofMassachusettssaidthestateshouldpurchaseoneforeverysecondary-schoolstudentwhentheybecomeavailable.Salestoschoolsarejustonewayinwhichthe$100laptopcouldchangethecomputerindustrymorebroadly.Bydepressingpricesandfuellingthetrendforgood-enoughcomputingwherecustomersupgradelessoftenitcouldeventuallyputpressureontheworld’sbiggestPC-makers.Basedonthelastparagraphwhichofthefollowingistrue
EventheSaudis--orratherthesmallnumberofmenwhoactuallyruletheirtroubledcountry--aregivinggroundinthestruggleforwomen’srights.Forsuretherecommendations1thisweektoCrownPrinceAbdullahattheendofan2roundof"nationaldialogue"concentratingontheroleofwomenwerefairlytame.inthereformers-versus-reactionaries3testofwhetherwomenshouldbeallowedtodrivecarsatpresenttheycannotdosointhekingdomnorcantheytravelunaccompaniedbywhatever4ofmotionthekingwasmerelyaskedto"5abodytostudyapublic-transportsystemforwomentofacilitatemobility".6mentionofcourseoftherighttovote--butthenthathasbeen7tomentoothoughlocalelectionsonanapparentlyuniversalfranchisearesupposedtobeheldinOctober.Insumitisatortoise’sprogress.Buttheveryfactofthedebatehappeningatallis8--andhopeful. ItisnotjustinSaudiArabiathatmorerightsforwomenarebeingdemanded9acrossthewholeoftheArabandMuslimworld.ThepushyAmericanshavemadewomen’srightspartoftheirappealforgreaterdemocracyin10theynowofficiallycallthe"broaderMiddleEast"toincludenon-ArabMuslimcountriessuchasIranTurkeyandevenAfghanistan.ManyArabshavecautionedtheAmericansagainstseekingto11theirownvaluesonsocietieswithsuchdifferenttraditionsand12.ManyleadingMuslimshave13theculturallyimperiousAmericansofseekingto14Islam.The15formoredemocracyintheMuslimworldissuedbyleadersoftheeightbiggestindustrialcountrieswaswatereddownforfearofgiving16.YetdespitetheArabs’pricklinesstheAmericanshavehelpedpepupadebatethatisnowbubblingfiercelyintheArabworldeven17manyArableadersnoneofwhomisdirectlyelectedbythepeopleareunderstandably18ofreformsthatcouldleadtotheirowntoppling.Neverbeforehavewomen’srightsintheArabworldbeenso19debated.That20iscausetorejoice. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10points6
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