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改革国有企业，建立现代企业制度的主要途径是
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建立现代企业制度是国有企业改革的方向
建立现代企业制度是国有企业改革的重要内容之一
我国国有企业改革的方向是
对所有国有企业进行公司制改革
对大中型国有企业进行公司制改革
建立现代企业制度
提高企业的竞争力
分析我国国有企业改革的历程说明为什么要建立现代企业制度
国有企业改革的方向是建立现代企业制度构建现代企业制度的重要基础是
建立社会主义市场经济体制
社会保障制度
建立现代产权制度
放权让利，实行企业承包制
立现代企业制度是国有企业改革的方向
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Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
我国社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度是
在价值增殖过程中不变资本与可变资本的区别在于
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Theauthordeemsprivateownershiptobe
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2.Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.tcomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion.Arethesepeoplementallyiii46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins.47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps.Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater.48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders.Thequestionisnotjustphilosophicalwherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles."Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirector0fresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased.Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid.Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad.-observationso{behaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps.
Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskilfulperformanceonthepianotorecitationofapoemandeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemoryrememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typicallythedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences. Practiceorreviewtendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yetdramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissensetheabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeedwhenone’’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxietyforgettingmayproducerelief.Neverthelessanevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection. Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspectsitishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintimesinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandoutprovidingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgettingadaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexamplelearnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewhobyordinarystandardsforgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies. Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisviewcontinualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorageinputandforgettingoutput.Indeedthereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance. Inthisarticletheauthortriestointerpretthefunctionof________________.
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.TenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeingbutnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneedsandyoungpeopledon’’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext. Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurveyitwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollifecomparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.InadditionfarmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed. WhileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasicsJapaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personalityabilitycourageorhumanity--arecompletelyignoredsaysToshikiKaifuchairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’’seducationcommittee.Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.LastyearJapanexperienced2125incidentsofschoolviolenceincluding929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcrymanyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyamawhowastheneducationministerraisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarⅡhadweakenedtheJapanesemoralityofrespectforparents. ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.InJapansayseducatorYokoMuroit’’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlifebutonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralizationfully76percentofJapan’’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolatedtwo-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutestravelstoandfromworkandcrowdedlivingconditionsbutastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweakenthediscomfortisbeginningtotell.InthepastdecadetheJapanesedivorceratewhilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStateshasincreasedbymorethan50percentandsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter. AccordingtotheauthorwhatmaychieflyberesponsibleforthemoraldeclineofJapanesesociety
IsitpossiblethattheideaswehavetodayaboutownershipandpropertyrightshavebeensouniversalinthehumanmindthatitistrulyasiftheyhadsprungfromthemindofGodBynomeans.Theideaofowningandpropertyemergedinthemistsofunrecordedhistory.TheancientJewsforonehadaverydifferentoutlookonpropertyandownershipviewingitassomethingmuchmoretemporaryandtentativethanwedo. TheideaswehaveinAmericaabouttheprivateownershipofproductivepropertyasanaturalanduniversalrightofmankindperhapsofdivineoriginarebynomeansuniversalandmustbeviewedasaninventionofmanratherthanadecreeorderofGod.Ofcoursewearecompletelytrainedtoaccepttheideaofownershipoftheearthanditsproductsrawandtransformed.Itseemsnotatallstrange;infactitisquitedifficulttoimagineasocietywithoutsucharrangements.Ifsomeonesomeindividualdidn’’townthatplotoflandthathousethatfactorythatmachinethattowerofwheathowwouldwefunctionWhatwouldtherulesbeWhomwouldwebuyfromandhowwouldwesell Itisimportanttoacknowledgeasignificantdifferencebetweenachievingownershipsimplybytakingorclaimingpropertyandowningwhatwetendtocallthefruitoflabor.IfIaloneortogetherwithmyfamilyworkonthelandandraisecropsorifImakesomethingusefuloutofnaturalmaterialitseemsreasonableandfairtoclaimthatthecropsortheobjectsbelongtomeormyfamilyaremypropertyatleastinthesensethatIhavefirstclaimonthem.Hardlyanyonewoulddisputethat.Infactsomeoftheearlyradicalworkingmen’’smovementsmadeanownershipclaimonthoseverygrounds.AsindustrialorganizationbecamemorecomplexhoweversuchissuesbecamevastlymoreintricateItmustbeclearthatinmodernsocietythesocialheritageofknowledgeandtechnologyandthesocialorganizationofmanufactureandexchangeaccountforfarmoreoftheproductivityofindustryandthevalueofwhatisproducedthancanbeaccountedforbythelaborofanynumberofindividuals.HardlyanypersoncannowpointandsayThat--thatrightthere--isthefruitofmylabor.Wecansayasasocietyasanation--asaworldreally--thatwhatisproducedisthefruitofourlabortheproductofthewholesocietyasacollectivity. Wehavetorecognizethattherightofprivateindividualownershipofpropertyisman-madeandconstantlydependentontheextenttowhichthosewithoutpropertybelievethattheownercanmakehisclaimstick. Welearnbyinferencethatprivatepropertymay
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Thewriterismostprobablyinfavorofthestatementthat
AimlessnesshashardlybeentypicalofthepostwarJapanwhoseproductivityandsocialharmonyaretheenvyoftheUnitedStatesandEurope.ButincreasinglytheJapaneseareseeingadeclineofthetraditionalwork-moralvalues.TenyearsagoyoungpeoplewerehardworkingandsawtheirjobsastheirprimaryreasonforbeingbutnowJapanhaslargelyfulfilleditseconomicneedsandyoungpeopledon’’tknowwheretheyshouldgonext. Thecomingofageofthepostwarbabyboomandanentryofwomenintothemale-dominatedjobmarkethavelimitedtheopportunitiesofteen-agerswhoarealreadyquestioningtheheavypersonalsacrificesinvolvedinclimbingJapan’’srigidsocialladdertogoodschoolsandjobs.Inarecentsurveyitwasfoundthatonly24.5percentofJapanesestudentswerefullysatisfiedwithschoollifecomparedwith67.2percentofstudentsintheUnitedStates.InadditionfarmoreJapaneseworkersexpresseddissatisfactionwiththeirjobsthandidtheircounterpartsinthe10othercountriessurveyed. WhileoftenpraisedbyforeignersforitsemphasisonthebasicsJapaneseeducationtendstostresstesttakingandmechanicallearningovercreativityandself-expression.Thosethingsthatdonotshowupinthetestscores--personalityabilitycourageorhumanity--arecompletelyignoredsaysToshikiKaifuchairmanoftherulingLiberalDemocraticParty’’seducationcommittee.Frustrationagainstthiskindofthingleadskidstodropoutandrunwild.LastyearJapanexperienced2125incidentsofschoolviolenceincluding929assaultsonteachers.Amidtheoutcrymanyconservativeleadersareseekingareturntotheprewaremphasisonmoraleducation.LastyearMitsuoSetoyamawhowastheneducationministerraisedeyebrowswhenhearguedthatliberalreformsintroducedbytheAmericanoccupationauthoritiesafterWorldWarⅡhadweakenedtheJapanesemoralityofrespectforparents. ButthatmayhavemoretodowithJapaneselife-styles.InJapansayseducatorYokoMuroit’’sneveraquestionofwhetheryouenjoyyourjobandyourlifebutonlyhowmuchyoucanendure.Witheconomicgrowthhascomecentralizationfully76percentofJapan’’s119millioncitizensliveincitieswherecommunityandtheextendedfamilyhavebeenabandonedinfavorofisolatedtwo-generationhouseholds.UrbanJapanesehavelongenduredlengthycommutestravelstoandfromworkandcrowdedlivingconditionsbutastheoldgroupandfamilyvaluesweakenthediscomfortisbeginningtotell.InthepastdecadetheJapanesedivorceratewhilestillwellbelowthatoftheUnitedStateshasincreasedbymorethan50percentandsuicideshaveincreasedbynearlyone-quarter. ThechangeinJapaneselife-styleisrevealedinthefactthat__________.
Thatexperiencesinfluencesubsequentbehaviourisevidenceofanobviousbutneverthelessremarkableactivitycalledremembering.Learningcouldnotoccurwithoutthefunctionpopularlynamedmemory.Constantpracticehassuchaneffectonmemoryastoleadtoskilfulperformanceonthepianotorecitationofapoemandeventoreadingandunderstandingthesewords.So-calledintelligentbehaviourdemandsmemoryrememberingbeingaprimaryrequirementforreasoning.Theabilitytosolveanyproblemoreventorecognizethataproblemexistsdependsonmemory.Typicallythedecisiontocrossastreetisbasedonrememberingmanyearlierexperiences. Practiceorreviewtendstobuildandmaintainmemoryforataskorforanylearnedmaterial.Overaperiodofnopracticewhathasbeenlearnedtendstobeforgotten;andtheadaptiveconsequencesmaynotseemobvious.Yetdramaticinstancesofsuddenforgettingcanbeseentobeadaptive.Inthissensetheabilitytoforgetcanbeinterpretedtohavesurvivedthroughaprocessofnaturalselectioninanimals.Indeedwhenone’’smemoryofanemotionallypainfulexperienceleadstoseriousanxietyforgettingmayproducerelief.Neverthelessanevolutionaryinterpretationmightmakeitdifficulttounderstandhowthecommonlygradualprocessofforgettingsurvivednaturalselection. Inthinkingabouttheevolutionofmemorytogetherwithallitspossibleaspectsitishelpfultoconsiderwhatwouldhappenifmemoriesfailedtofade.Forgettingclearlyaidsorientationintimesinceoldmemoriesweakenandthenewtendtostandoutprovidingcluesforinferringduration.Withoutforgettingadaptiveabilitywouldsuffer;forexamplelearnedbehaviourthatmighthavebeencorrectadecadeagomaynolongerbe.Casesarerecordedofpeoplewhobyordinarystandardsforgotsolittlethattheireverydayactivitieswerefullofconfusion.Thusforgettingseemstoservethesurvivaloftheindividualandthespecies. Anotherlineofthoughtassumesamemorystoragesystemoflimitedcapacitythatprovidesadaptiveflexibilityspecificallythroughforgetting.Inthisviewcontinualadjustmentsaremadebetweenlearningormemorystorageinputandforgettingoutput.Indeedthereisevidencethattherateatwhichindividualsforgetisdirectlyrelatedtohowmuchtheyhavelearned.Suchdataoffergrosssupportofcontemporarymodelsofmemorythatassumeaninput-outputbalance. Accordingtothepassageifapersonneverforgot________________.
从对G—W—G′的分析中可以看出价值增殖只能发生在
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Theauthorassertshisbeliefthat
Wehavetorealisehowoldhowveryoldweare.Nationsareclassifiedasagedwhentheyhave7percentormoreoftheirpeopleaged65oraboveandbyabout1970everyoneoftheadvancedcountrieshadbecomelikethis.Ofthereallyancientsocietieswithover13percentabove65allareinNorthwesternEurope.Weknowthatwearegettingevenolderandthatthenearerasocietyapproximatestozeropopulationgrowththeolderitspopulationislikelytobe--atleastforanyfuturethatconcernsusnow. Tothesenowfamiliarfactsanumberoffurtherfactsmaybeaddedsomeofthemonlyrecentlyrecognised.Thereistheapparentparadoxthattheeffectivecauseofthehighproportionoftheoldisbirthsratherthandeaths.Thereistheeconomicprinciplethatthedependencyratio--thedegreetowhichthosewhocannotearndependforalivingonthosewhocan--ismoreadvantageousinoldersocietieslikeoursthanintheyoungersocietiesofthedevelopingworldbecauselotsofdependentbabiesaremoreofaliabilitythannumbersoftheinactiveaged.Thereistheappreciationofthehistoricaltruththattheagingofadvancedsocietieshasbeenasuddenchange. IfrevolutionisarapidresettlementofthesocialstructureandiftheagecompositionofthesocietycountsasaveryimportantaspectofthatsocialstructurethentherehasbeenasocialrevolutioninEuropeanandparticularlyWesternEuropeansocietywithinthelifetimeofeveryoneover50.Takentogetherthesethingshaveimplicationswhichareonlybeginningtobeacknowledged.ThesefactsandcircumstanceshadaleadingpositionataworldgatheringaboutagingasachallengetoscienceandtopolicyheldatVichyinFrance. ThereisoftenresistancetotheideathatitisbecausethebirthratefellearlierinWesternandNorthwesternEuropethanelsewhereratherthanbecauseofanychangeinthedeathratethatwehavegrownsoold.Longlifeisalteringoursocietyofcoursebutinexperientialterms.Wehaveamongusaverymuchgreaterexperienceofcontinuedlivingthananysocietythathaseverprecededusanywhereandthiswillcontinue.ButtoomuchofthatlengthenedexperienceeveninthewealthyWestwillbeexperienceofpovertyandneglectunlesswedosomethingaboutit. Ifyouareinyourthirtiesyououghttobeawarethatyoucanexpecttolivenearlyonethirdoftherestofyourlifeaftertheageof60.Theolderyouarenowofcoursethegreaterthisproportionwillbeandgreaterstillifyouareawoman. Accordingtothetextreallyagedsocietiesmayinclude
分析资本有机构成的理论前提是
Directions: studythefollowingmapgraphcarefullyandwriteanessayinwhichyoushould 1describeoilfieldsdistribution 2statetheinformationthemapgraphtendstoconveyand 3giveyourcomment. Youshouldwriteabout160―200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points GHANGINGNATIONALFORTUNESINOILDISCOVERIES
Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects. Alargeproportionofthestudiesofbehaviorusedanimalsassubjectsespeciallypigeonsratsandrabbits.Thereareanumberofreasonswhyresearchersinthisfieldfrequentlychoosetoconducttheirexperimentswithnonhumansubjects.Firstofallthepossibilityofaplaceboeffectisminimizedwithanimalsubjects.46Whereasahumansubject’’sbehaviormaybedrasticallyalteredbytheknowledgethatheorsheisbeingobservedthisisunlikelywithanimalsubjectsbecausemoststudieswithanimalsubjectsareconductedinsuchawaythattheanimaldoesnotknowitsbehaviorisbeingmonitoredandrecorded.Furthermoreitisunlikelythatananimalsubjectwillbemotivatedeithertopleaseordispleasetheexperimenteramotivethatcanruinastudywithhumansubjects.Asecondreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisconvenience.Thespeciesmostcommonlyusedassubjectsareeasyandinexpensivetocareforandanimalsofaspecificageandsexcanbeobtainedinanyquantitiestheexperimenterneeds.47Onceanimalsubjectsareobtainedtheirparticipationisasregularastheexperimenter’’s--animalsubjectsneverfailtoshowupfortheirappointmentswhichisunfortunatelynotthecasewithhumansubjects. 48Probablythebiggestadvantageofdomesticatedanimalsubjectsisthattheirenvironmentcanbecontrolledtoamuchgreaterextentthanispossiblewitheitherwildanimalsorhumansubjects.Thisisespeciallyimportantinexperimentsonlearningwherepreviousexperiencecanhavealargeeffectonasubject’’sperformanceinanewlearningsituation.Likewiseifahumansubjecttriestosolvesomemysteryaspartofalearningexperimenttheexperimentercannotbesurehowmanysimilarproblemsthesubjecthasencounteredinhislifetime.49Whenanimalsarebredandraisedinthelaboratoryhowevertheirenvironmentscanbeconstructedtomakesurethattheyhavenocontactwithobjectsoreventssimilartothosetheywillencounterintheexperiment. Afinalreasonforusinganimalsubjectsisthatofcomparativesimplicity.50JustasachildtryingtolearnelectricityisbetteroffstartingwithaflashlightthanaradioresearchersmayhaveabetterchanceofdiscoveringthebasicprinciplesoflearningbyexaminingcreaturesthatarelessintelligentandlesscomplexthanhumanbeingsTheassumptionhereisthatalthoughhumanbeingsdifferfromotheranimalsinsomerespectstheyarealsosimilarinsomerespectsanditisthesecommonalitiesthatcanbeinvestigatedwithanimalsubjects.
Directions: YouareannoyedbytoomanyfamilycomediesofaTVstation.Writeacomplaintlettertothestation.Inyourletteryoushouldtellthem: 1yourannoyanceattheprograms 2thesamefeelingsofothers 3yourrequestofthestationtoreform. Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonAnswerSheet2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendoftheletter.Use"LiMing"instead.Youdonotneedtowritetheaddress.
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
PartCDirections:ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonAnswerSheet2.Acollegestudentbecomessocompulsiveaboutcleaninghisdormroomthathisgradesbegintoslip.AnexecutivelivinginNewYorkhasamortalfearofsnakesbutlivesinManhattanandrarelygoesoutsidethecitywherehemightencounterone.tcomputertechniciandeeplyanxiousaroundstrangersavoidssocialandcompanygatheringsandispassedoverforpromotion.Arethesepeoplementallyiii46InareportreleasedlastweekresearchersestimatedthatmorethanhalfofAmericanswoulddevelopmentaldisordersintheirlivesraisingquestionsaboutwherementalhealthendsandillnessbegins.47Infactpsychiatristshavenogoodanswerandtheboundarybetweenmentalillnessandnormalmentalstrugglehasbecomeabattlelinedividingtheprofessionintotwoviscerallyopposedcamps.Ononesidearedoctorswhosaythatthedefinitionofmentalillnessshouldbebroadenoughtoincludemildconditionswhichcanmakepeoplemiserableandoftenleadtomoresevereproblemslater.48Ontheotherareexpertswhosaythatthecurrentdefinitionsshouldbetightenedtoensurethatlimitedresourcesgotothosewhoneedthemthemostandtopreservetheprofession’scredibilitywithapublicthatoftenscoffsatclaimsthatlargenumbersofAmericanshavementaldisorders.Thequestionisnotjustphilosophicalwherepsychiatristsdrawthelinemaydeterminenotonlythewillingnessofinsurerstopayforservicesbutthefutureofresearchonmoderateandmildmentaldisorders.49Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles."Thisargumentisheatinguprightnow"saidDr.DarrelRegierdirector0fresearchattheAmericanPsychiatricAssociation"becausewe’reintheprocessofrevisingthediagnosticmanual"thecatalogofmentaldisordersonwhichresearchtreatmentandtheprofessionitselfarebased.Thenexteditionofthemanualisexpectedtoappearin2010or2011"andthere’sgoingcontinueddebateinthescientificcommunityaboutwhatthecut-pointsofclinicaldiseaseare"Dr.Regiersaid.Psychiatristshavebeensearchingformorethanacenturyforsomebiologicalmarkerformentaldiseasetolittleavail.50Althoughthereispromisingworkingeneticsandbrainimagingresearchersarenotlikelytohaveanythingresemblingabloodtestforamentalillnesssoonleavingthemwithwhattheyhavealwayshad.-observationso{behaviorandpatients’answerstoquestionsabouthowtheyfeelandhowseveretheirconditionis. Directlyandindirectlyitwillalsoshapethedecisionsofmillionsofpeoplewhoagonizeoverwhethertheyortheirlovedonesareinneedofhelpmerelyeccentricordealingwithordinarylifestruggles.
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
Ineconomicsthevalueaddedbyamanufacturingfirmtoitsproductsisthedifferencebetweenthepriceofafinishedproductandthecostofrawmaterialspartssuppliesfuelandelectricalenergyusedintheproductionofthatproduct.When1inthismannerthevalueaddedbymanufactureisausefulindexofthemanufacturingfirm’’s2tothenationaleconomy.Itisamore3indexofcoursethan4salesafigurethatismisleadingbecauseittells5aboutproductioncostsand6themanufacturingfirmis7ataprofitorataloss. Ineducationthereisnowaspirited8astowhethersuchaconceptwouldnotbemost9forcollegegraduatesisevidently10inthesalariestheycancommand11receiptofacollegedegree.Engineersaccountantsandcomputerspecialistscommand12salariesupongraduationandbyimplicationtheremustbean13valueaddedtotheirmarketability14theeducationandtrainingthey15incollege.Whenlookedatmoreclosely16themissingfactoris17thedifferencebetweenlearnercapabilities18totheireducationalexperiencesandgraduatecapabilitiesafter19acollegedegree.Inbriefhowmuchdoesthestudent20fromtheinstructionheorshehasreceived
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