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湿热泄泻的主方是（）
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关于泄泻以下哪些正确
病变的主脏在脾
湿热泄泻用葛根芩连汤
病理因素主要是湿
脾虚泄泻用参苓白术散
大便清稀如水气味腥秽者多属湿热之证
治疗湿热泄泻的主方是
藿香正气散
胃苓汤
葛根芩连汤
参苓白术散
保和丸
治疗湿热泄泻的主方是
藿香正气散
玉枢丹
葛根芩连汤
香连丸
芍药汤
湿热泄泻的主方
芍药汤
痛泻要方
藿香正气散
葛根芩连汤
柴胡疏肝散
治疗湿热泄泻除主穴外可配用
中脘
太冲
肾俞,命门
内庭
湿热泄泻的主方是
葛根芩连汤
藿香正气散
芍药汤
柴胡疏肝散
痛泻要方
治疗湿热泄泻的主方为
藿香正气散 胃苓汤
葛根芩连汤 参苓白术散
保和丸
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热哮的治疗主方是
1describethedrawing 2interpretitsmeaningand 3supportyourviewwithexamples. Youshouldwriteabout200wordsneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.20points
WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.AlateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthoughinthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentministerIcoveredmyexitbyclaimingIwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily. Curiouslysometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslatermyexperimentinwhattheAmericanstermdownshiftinghasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.IhavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyofhavingitallpreachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazineintoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything. IhavediscoveredasperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofsheafterabuild-upofstressthatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlifeandmakingthealternativemoveintodownshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdayspressureddeadlinesthefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparentonqualitytime. InAmericathemoveawayfromjugglingtoasimplerlessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaasvoluntarysimplicity--hasironicallyevenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletterssuchasTheTightwadGazettethatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’’90sequivalentofdroppingout. WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthriftinBritainatleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintancewehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives. Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’’80sdownshiftinginthmid-’’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetablesandriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations. Thewriter’’sexperimentshowsthatdownshifting______.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed. Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
阳脉之海是指
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Accordingtobiorhythmtheory
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Scienceisanenterpriseconcernedwithgaininginformationaboutcausalityortherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect.Asimpleexampleofacauseisthemovementofapaddleasitstrikesaping-pongball;theeffectisthemovementoftheballthroughtheair.Inpsychologyandothersciencesthewordcauseisoftenreplacedbythetermindependentvariable.Thistermimpliesthattheexperimenterisoftenfreetovarytheindependentvariableasheorshedesiresforexampletheexperimentercancontrolthespeedofthepaddleasitstrikestheball.Thetermdependentvariablereplacesthewordeffectandthistermisusedbecausetheeffectdependsonsomecharacteristicoftheindependentvariabletheflightoftheballdependsonthespeedofthepaddle.Theconventionsofsciencedemandthatboththeindependentanddependentvariablesbeobservableeventsasisthecaseintheping-pongexample.Inthecaseofbiorhythmtheorytheindependentvariableisthenumberofdaysthathaveelapsedbetweenaperson’’sdateofbirthandsometestday.Thedependentvariableistheperson’’slevelofperformanceonsomespecifiedtaskonthetestday.Noticethatalthoughtheexperimenterisnotfreetochooseabirthdayforagivenindividualpersonswithdifferentdatesofbirthcanbetestedonthesamedayorasinglesubjectcanbetestedonseveraldifferentdays. Inordertopredicttherelationshipbetweenindependentanddependentvariablesmanyscientifictheoriesmakeuseofwhatarecalledinterveningvariables.Interveningvariablesarepurelytheoreticalconceptsthatcannotbeobserveddirectly.Topredicttheflightofaping-pongballNewtonianphysicsreliesonanumberofinterveningvariablesincludingforcemassairresistanceandgravity.Youcanprobablyanticipatethattheinterveningvariablesofbiorhythmtheoryarethethreebodilycycleswiththeirspecifiedtimeperiods.Itshouldbeemphasizedthatnotallpsychologicaltheoriesincludeinterveningvariablesandsomepsychologistsobjecttotheirusepreciselybecausetheyarenotdirectlyobservable. Thefinalmajorcomponentofascientifictheoryisitssyntaxortherulesanddefinitionsthatstatehowtheindependentanddependentvariablesaretobemeasuredandthatspecifytherelationshipsamongindependentvariablesinterveningvariablesanddependentvariables.Itisthesyntaxofbiorhythmtheorythatdescribeshowtouseaperson’’sbirthdaytocalculatethecurrentstatusofthethreecycles.Thesyntaxalsorelatesthecyclestothedependentvariableperformancebystatingthatpositivecyclesshouldcausehighlevelsofperformancewhereasloworcriticalcyclesshouldcauselowperformancelevels.Tosummarizethecomponentsofascientifictheorycanbedividedintofourmajorcategories:independentvariablesdependentvariablesinterveningvariablesandsyntax. Manytheoriesforpredictingtherelationshipbetweencauseandeffect
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage____________.
WhenIdecidedtoquitmyfulltimeemploymentitneveroccurredtomethatImightbecomeapartofanewinternationaltrend.AlateralmovethathurtmyprideandblockedmyprofessionalprogresspromptedmetoabandonmyrelativelyhighprofilecareeralthoughinthemannerofadisgracedgovernmentministerIcoveredmyexitbyclaimingIwantedtospendmoretimewithmyfamily. Curiouslysometwo-and-a-halfyearsandtwonovelslatermyexperimentinwhattheAmericanstermdownshiftinghasturnedmytiredexcuseintoanabsolutereality.IhavebeentransformedfromapassionateadvocateofthephilosophyofhavingitallpreachedbyLindaKelseyforthepastsevenyearsinthepagesofShemagazineintoawomanwhoishappytosettleforabitofeverything. IhavediscoveredasperhapsKelseywillafterhermuch-publicizedresignationfromtheeditorshipofsheafterabuild-upofstressthatabandoningthedoctrineofjugglingyourlifeandmakingthealternativemoveintodownshiftingbringswithitfargreaterrewardsthanfinancialsuccessandsocialstatus.NothingcouldpersuademetoreturntothekindoflifeKelseyusedtoadvocateandIonceenjoyed:12-hourworkingdayspressureddeadlinesthefearfulstrainofofficepoliticsandthelimitationsofbeingaparentonqualitytime. InAmericathemoveawayfromjugglingtoasimplerlessmaterialisticlifestyleisawell-establishedtrend.Downshifting--alsoknowninAmericaasvoluntarysimplicity--hasironicallyevenbredanewareaofwhatmightbetermedanti-consumerism.Thereareanumberofbestsellingdownshiftingself-helpbooksforpeoplewhowanttosimplifytheirlives;therearenewsletterssuchasTheTightwadGazettethatgivehundredsofthousandsofAmericansusefultipsonanythingfromrecyclingtheircling-filmtomakingtheirownsoap;thereareevensupportgroupsforthosewhowanttoachievethemid-’’90sequivalentofdroppingout. WhileinAmericathetrendstartedasareactiontotheeconomicdecline--afterthemassredundanciescausedbydownsizinginthelate’’80s--andisstilllinkedtothepoliticsofthriftinBritainatleastamongthemiddle-classdownshiftersofmyacquaintancewehavedifferentreasonsforseekingtosimplifyourlives. Forthewomenofmygenerationwhowereurgedtokeepjugglingthroughthe’’80sdownshiftinginthmid-’’90sisnotsomuchasearchforthemythicalgoodlife--growingyourownorganicvegetablesandriskingturningintoone--asapersonalrecognitionofyourlimitations. AccordingtothepassagedownshiftingemergedintheU.S.asaresultof______.
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Ishallmentiontwoorthreemattersinwhichtheneedforcooperationbetweenphilosophyandscienceisespeciallyintimate.46Sincescientificmethoddependsuponfirst-handexperimentallycontrolledexperiencesanyphilosophicapplicationofthescientificpointofviewwillemphasizetheneedofsuchexperiencesintheschoolasoveragainstmereacquisitionofready-madeinformationthatissuppliedinisolationfromthestudents’’ownexperience.Sofaritwillbeinlinewithwhatiscalledtheprogressivemovementineducation.Butitwillbeaninfluenceincounteractinganytendenciesthatmayexistinprogressiveeducationtoslighttheimportanceofcontinuityintheexperiencesthatarehadandtheimportanceoforganization.47Unlessthescienceofeducationonitsowngroundandbehalfemphasizessubject-matterswhichcontainwithinthemselvesthepromiseandpowerofcontinuousgrowthinthedirectionoforganizationitisfalsetoitsownpositionasscientific.48Incooperationwithaphilosophyofeducationitcanlendinvaluableaidinseeingtoitthatthechosensubject-mattersarealsosuchthattheyprogressivelydeveloptowardformationofattitudesofunderstandingtheworldinwhichstudentsandteachersliveandtowardformingtheattitudesofpurposedesireandactionwhichwillmakepupilseffectiveindealingwithsocialconditions. Anotherpointofcommoninterestconcernstheplaceintheschoolsofthesciencesespeciallytheplaceofthehabitswhichformscientificattitudeandmethod.Thescienceshadtobattleagainstpowerfulenemiestoobtainrecognitioninthecurriculum.Inaformalsensethebattlehasbeenwonbutnotyetinasubstantialsense.Forscientificsubject-matterisstillmoreorlessisolatedasaspecialbodyoffactsandtruths.49Thefullvictorywillnotbewonuntileverysubjectandlessonistaughtinconnectionwithitsbearinguponcreationandgrowthofthekindofpowerofobservationinquiryreflectionandtestingthataretheheartofscientificintelligence.Experimentalphilosophyisatonewiththegenuinespiritofascientificattitudeintheendeavortoobtainforscientificmethodthiscentralplaceineducation. Finallythescienceandphilosophyofeducationcanandshouldworktogetherinovercomingthesplitbetweenknowledgeandactionbetweentheoryandpracticewhichnowaffectsbotheducationandsocietysoseriouslyandharmfully.50Indeeditisnottoomuchtosaythatinstitutionofahappymarriagebetweentheoryandpracticeisintheendthechiefmeaningofascienceandaphilosophyofeducationthatworktogetherforcommonends.
寒湿痢的表现是
Whilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganizationcommunallifecreatesspecialhazards.Whiletheorganizationofsocietycanreducethedangersofdiseasetradeandurbanizationwiththeirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollutioncanalsoaggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcenturyduringthebriefcalmbetweenthepolioandAIDSepidemicsepidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogenscancer-producingsubstancesfrompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld. Totheeconomisteffortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietyafreeridewithrespecttothebenefitsobtained.Tomarkettheoristssuchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofgovernmentalinterventioninthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexplainaspectsofpublichealthlawandassistsinfittingitintomoderneconomictheoryitomitsacriticalpoint.Illhealthisnotamerebyproductofeconomicactivitybutaninevitableoccurrenceofhumanexistence.Asaresultwhereverthereishumansocietytherewillbepublichealth.Everysocietyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmusteverysocietysearchestomakediseasecomprehensiblewithinthecontextofthesociety’’sownparticularculturereligionorscience.Inthissensehealthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsareindivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecausecommunallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit. Governmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcareactingasiftheirrolewereobligatory.Howgovernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvariedthroughouttimeandacrosssocietiesaccordingnotonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues--becausehealthisdefinedinpartbyacommunity’’sbeliefsystempublichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflectculturalnormsandvalues. ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfornotprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurancecoverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandardseventeenthandeighteenth-centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.Howeverdespitethegeneralpaucityscarcityofbureaucraticorganizationinpre-industrialAmericathevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Ofcoursethepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthwascarriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealthregulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucraciestendingtoappearincrisesandfadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefocuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnaturalandwarrantingaresponsenottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichwereacceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionallyandnotsurprisinglyreligiousinfluencewassignificantespeciallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finallyinanerawhichlackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateandgovernmentalbodiesmanypublicresponsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.Neverthelesstheextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfarestateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration’’sassumptionsabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonlyassumed. Whichofthefollowingbestexpressesthemainpointofthelastparagraph
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Ishallmentiontwoorthreemattersinwhichtheneedforcooperationbetweenphilosophyandscienceisespeciallyintimate.46Sincescientificmethoddependsuponfirst-handexperimentallycontrolledexperiencesanyphilosophicapplicationofthescientificpointofviewwillemphasizetheneedofsuchexperiencesintheschoolasoveragainstmereacquisitionofready-madeinformationthatissuppliedinisolationfromthestudents’’ownexperience.Sofaritwillbeinlinewithwhatiscalledtheprogressivemovementineducation.Butitwillbeaninfluenceincounteractinganytendenciesthatmayexistinprogressiveeducationtoslighttheimportanceofcontinuityintheexperiencesthatarehadandtheimportanceoforganization.47Unlessthescienceofeducationonitsowngroundandbehalfemphasizessubject-matterswhichcontainwithinthemselvesthepromiseandpowerofcontinuousgrowthinthedirectionoforganizationitisfalsetoitsownpositionasscientific.48Incooperationwithaphilosophyofeducationitcanlendinvaluableaidinseeingtoitthatthechosensubject-mattersarealsosuchthattheyprogressivelydeveloptowardformationofattitudesofunderstandingtheworldinwhichstudentsandteachersliveandtowardformingtheattitudesofpurposedesireandactionwhichwillmakepupilseffectiveindealingwithsocialconditions. Anotherpointofcommoninterestconcernstheplaceintheschoolsofthesciencesespeciallytheplaceofthehabitswhichformscientificattitudeandmethod.Thescienceshadtobattleagainstpowerfulenemiestoobtainrecognitioninthecurriculum.Inaformalsensethebattlehasbeenwonbutnotyetinasubstantialsense.Forscientificsubject-matterisstillmoreorlessisolatedasaspecialbodyoffactsandtruths.49Thefullvictorywillnotbewonuntileverysubjectandlessonistaughtinconnectionwithitsbearinguponcreationandgrowthofthekindofpowerofobservationinquiryreflectionandtestingthataretheheartofscientificintelligence.Experimentalphilosophyisatonewiththegenuinespiritofascientificattitudeintheendeavortoobtainforscientificmethodthiscentralplaceineducation. Finallythescienceandphilosophyofeducationcanandshouldworktogetherinovercomingthesplitbetweenknowledgeandactionbetweentheoryandpracticewhichnowaffectsbotheducationandsocietysoseriouslyandharmfully.50Indeeditisnottoomuchtosaythatinstitutionofahappymarriagebetweentheoryandpracticeisintheendthechiefmeaningofascienceandaphilosophyofeducationthatworktogetherforcommonends.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
Sleepisdividedintoperiodsofso-calledREMsleepcharacterizedbyrapideyemovementsanddreamingandlongerperiodsofnon-REMsleep.________kindofsleepisatallwell-understoodbutREMsleepis________toservesomerestorativefunctionofthebrain.Thepurposeofnon-REMsleepisevenmore________.Thenewexperimentssuchasthose________forthefirsttimeatarecentmeetingoftheSocietyforSleepResearchinMinneapolissuggestfascinatingexplanations________ofnon-REMsleep. Forexampleithaslongbeenknownthattotalsleep________is100percentfataltoratsyet________examinationofthedeadbodiestheanimalslookcompletelynormal.Aresearcherhasnow________themysteryofwhytheanimalsdie.Therats________bacterialinfectionsoftheblood________theirimmunesystemstheself-protectingmechanismagainstdiseases―hadcrashed.
经脉所过主治所及指的是腧穴的
Sciencehaslonghadanuneasyrelationshipwithotheraspectsofculture.ThinkofGallileo’s17th-centurytrialforhisrebellingbeliefbeforetheCatholicChurchorpoetWilliamBlake’’sharshremarksagainstthemechanisticworldviewofIsaacNewton.Theschismbetweenscienceandthehumanitieshasifanythingdeepenedinthiscentury. Untilrecentlythescientificcommunitywassopowerfulthatitcouldaffordtoignoreitscriticsbutnolonger.AsfundingforsciencehasdeclinedscientistshaveattackedantiscienceinseveralbooksnotablyHigherSuperstitionbyPaulR.GrossabiologistattheUniversityofVirginiaandNormanLevittamathematicianatRutgersUniversity;andTheDemon-HauntedWorldbyCarlSaganofCornellUniversity. DefendersofsciencehavealsovoicedtheirconcernsatmeetingssuchasTheFlightfromScienceandReasonheldinNewYorkCityin1995andScienceintheAgeofMisinformationwhichassembledlastJunenearBuffalo. Antiscienceclearlymeansdifferentthingstodifferentpeople.GrossandLevittfindfaultprimarilywithsociologistsphilosophersandotheracademicswhohavequestionedscience’’sobjectivity.Saganismoreconcernedwiththosewhobelieveinghostscreationismandotherphenomenathatcontradictthescientificworldview. Asurveyofnewsstoriesin1996revealsthattheantisciencetaghasbeenattachedtomanyothergroupsaswellfromauthoritieswhoadvocatedtheeliminationofthelastremainingstocksofsmallpoxvirustoRepublicanswhoadvocateddecreasedfundingforbasicresearch. FewwoulddisputethatthetermappliestotheUnabomberwhosemanifestopublishedin1995scornsscienceandlongsforreturntoapretechnologicalUtopia.ButsurelythatdoesnotmeanenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutuncontrolledindustrialgrowthareantiscienceasanessayinUSNews&WorldReportlastMayseemedtosuggest. Theenvironmentalistsinevitablyrespondtosuchcritics.ThetrueenemiesofsciencearguesPaulEhrtichofStanfordUniversityapioneerofenvironmentalstudiesarethosewhoquestiontheevidencesupportingglobalwarmingthedepletionoftheozonelayerandotherconsequencesofindustrialgrowth. Indeedsomeobserversfearthattheantiscienceepithetisindangerofbecomingmeaningless.Theterm’’antiscience’’canlumptogethertoomanyquitedifferentthingsnotesHarvardUniversityphilosopherGeraldHoltoninhis1993workScienceandAnti-Science.Theyhaveincommononlyonethingthattheytendtoannoyorthreatenthosewhoregardthemselvesasmoreenlightened. ThewordschismLine3Paragraph1inthecontextprobablymeans____________.
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Ishallmentiontwoorthreemattersinwhichtheneedforcooperationbetweenphilosophyandscienceisespeciallyintimate.46Sincescientificmethoddependsuponfirst-handexperimentallycontrolledexperiencesanyphilosophicapplicationofthescientificpointofviewwillemphasizetheneedofsuchexperiencesintheschoolasoveragainstmereacquisitionofready-madeinformationthatissuppliedinisolationfromthestudents’’ownexperience.Sofaritwillbeinlinewithwhatiscalledtheprogressivemovementineducation.Butitwillbeaninfluenceincounteractinganytendenciesthatmayexistinprogressiveeducationtoslighttheimportanceofcontinuityintheexperiencesthatarehadandtheimportanceoforganization.47Unlessthescienceofeducationonitsowngroundandbehalfemphasizessubject-matterswhichcontainwithinthemselvesthepromiseandpowerofcontinuousgrowthinthedirectionoforganizationitisfalsetoitsownpositionasscientific.48Incooperationwithaphilosophyofeducationitcanlendinvaluableaidinseeingtoitthatthechosensubject-mattersarealsosuchthattheyprogressivelydeveloptowardformationofattitudesofunderstandingtheworldinwhichstudentsandteachersliveandtowardformingtheattitudesofpurposedesireandactionwhichwillmakepupilseffectiveindealingwithsocialconditions. Anotherpointofcommoninterestconcernstheplaceintheschoolsofthesciencesespeciallytheplaceofthehabitswhichformscientificattitudeandmethod.Thescienceshadtobattleagainstpowerfulenemiestoobtainrecognitioninthecurriculum.Inaformalsensethebattlehasbeenwonbutnotyetinasubstantialsense.Forscientificsubject-matterisstillmoreorlessisolatedasaspecialbodyoffactsandtruths.49Thefullvictorywillnotbewonuntileverysubjectandlessonistaughtinconnectionwithitsbearinguponcreationandgrowthofthekindofpowerofobservationinquiryreflectionandtestingthataretheheartofscientificintelligence.Experimentalphilosophyisatonewiththegenuinespiritofascientificattitudeintheendeavortoobtainforscientificmethodthiscentralplaceineducation. Finallythescienceandphilosophyofeducationcanandshouldworktogetherinovercomingthesplitbetweenknowledgeandactionbetweentheoryandpracticewhichnowaffectsbotheducationandsocietysoseriouslyandharmfully.50Indeeditisnottoomuchtosaythatinstitutionofahappymarriagebetweentheoryandpracticeisintheendthechiefmeaningofascienceandaphilosophyofeducationthatworktogetherforcommonends. ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationmustbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.10points Ishallmentiontwoorthreemattersinwhichtheneedforcooperationbetweenphilosophyandscienceisespeciallyintimate.46Sincescientificmethoddependsuponfirst-handexperimentallycontrolledexperiencesanyphilosophicapplicationofthescientificpointofviewwillemphasizetheneedofsuchexperiencesintheschoolasoveragainstmereacquisitionofready-madeinformationthatissuppliedinisolationfromthestudents’’ownexperience.Sofaritwillbeinlinewithwhatiscalledtheprogressivemovementineducation.Butitwillbeaninfluenceincounteractinganytendenciesthatmayexistinprogressiveeducationtoslighttheimportanceofcontinuityintheexperiencesthatarehadandtheimportanceoforganization.47Unlessthescienceofeducationonitsowngroundandbehalfemphasizessubject-matterswhichcontainwithinthemselvesthepromiseandpowerofcontinuousgrowthinthedirectionoforganizationitisfalsetoitsownpositionasscientific.48Incooperationwithaphilosophyofeducationitcanlendinvaluableaidinseeingtoitthatthechosensubject-mattersarealsosuchthattheyprogressivelydeveloptowardformationofattitudesofunderstandingtheworldinwhichstudentsandteachersliveandtowardformingtheattitudesofpurposedesireandactionwhichwillmakepupilseffectiveindealingwithsocialconditions. Anotherpointofcommoninterestconcernstheplaceintheschoolsofthesciencesespeciallytheplaceofthehabitswhichformscientificattitudeandmethod.Thescienceshadtobattleagainstpowerfulenemiestoobtainrecognitioninthecurriculum.Inaformalsensethebattlehasbeenwonbutnotyetinasubstantialsense.Forscientificsubject-matterisstillmoreorlessisolatedasaspecialbodyoffactsandtruths.49Thefullvictorywillnotbewonuntileverysubjectandlessonistaughtinconnectionwithitsbearinguponcreationandgrowthofthekindofpowerofobservationinquiryreflectionandtestingthataretheheartofscientificintelligence.Experimentalphilosophyisatonewiththegenuinespiritofascientificattitudeintheendeavortoobtainforscientificmethodthiscentralplaceineducation. Finallythescienceandphilosophyofeducationcanandshouldworktogetherinovercomingthesplitbetweenknowledgeandactionbetweentheoryandpracticewhichnowaffectsbotheducationandsocietysoseriouslyandharmfully.50Indeeditisnottoomuchtosaythatinstitutionofahappymarriagebetweentheoryandpracticeisintheendthechiefmeaningofascienceandaphilosophyofeducationthatworktogetherforcommonends.
Whilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganizationcommunallifecreatesspecialhazards.Whiletheorganizationofsocietycanreducethedangersofdiseasetradeandurbanizationwiththeirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollutioncanalsoaggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcenturyduringthebriefcalmbetweenthepolioandAIDSepidemicsepidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogenscancer-producingsubstancesfrompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld. Totheeconomisteffortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietyafreeridewithrespecttothebenefitsobtained.Tomarkettheoristssuchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofgovernmentalinterventioninthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexplainaspectsofpublichealthlawandassistsinfittingitintomoderneconomictheoryitomitsacriticalpoint.Illhealthisnotamerebyproductofeconomicactivitybutaninevitableoccurrenceofhumanexistence.Asaresultwhereverthereishumansocietytherewillbepublichealth.Everysocietyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmusteverysocietysearchestomakediseasecomprehensiblewithinthecontextofthesociety’’sownparticularculturereligionorscience.Inthissensehealthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsareindivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecausecommunallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit. Governmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcareactingasiftheirrolewereobligatory.Howgovernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvariedthroughouttimeandacrosssocietiesaccordingnotonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues--becausehealthisdefinedinpartbyacommunity’’sbeliefsystempublichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflectculturalnormsandvalues. ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfornotprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurancecoverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandardseventeenthandeighteenth-centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.Howeverdespitethegeneralpaucityscarcityofbureaucraticorganizationinpre-industrialAmericathevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Ofcoursethepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthwascarriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealthregulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucraciestendingtoappearincrisesandfadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefocuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnaturalandwarrantingaresponsenottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichwereacceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionallyandnotsurprisinglyreligiousinfluencewassignificantespeciallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finallyinanerawhichlackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateandgovernmentalbodiesmanypublicresponsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.Neverthelesstheextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfarestateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration’’sassumptionsabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonlyassumed. WhichofthefollowingfindstheLEASTsupportinthetext
Whilediseaseispresentpriortosocialorganizationcommunallifecreatesspecialhazards.Whiletheorganizationofsocietycanreducethedangersofdiseasetradeandurbanizationwiththeirconsequentproblemsofsanitationandpollutioncanalsoaggravatesuchdangers.Eveninthemid-twentiethcenturyduringthebriefcalmbetweenthepolioandAIDSepidemicsepidemichealthrisksassociatedwithcarcinogenscancer-producingsubstancesfrompollutedairthreatenedtheindustrializedworld. Totheeconomisteffortstocombattheserisksareatleastpartiallypublicgoods.Thebenefitsfrompublicgoodsareindivisibleamongbeneficiaries.Asoleprivatepurchaserofhealthcarewouldgiveothersinsocietyafreeridewithrespecttothebenefitsobtained.Tomarkettheoristssuchgoodsarelawfulobjectsofgovernmentalinterventioninthemarket.Whilethetheoryofpublicgoodshelpsexplainaspectsofpublichealthlawandassistsinfittingitintomoderneconomictheoryitomitsacriticalpoint.Illhealthisnotamerebyproductofeconomicactivitybutaninevitableoccurrenceofhumanexistence.Asaresultwhereverthereishumansocietytherewillbepublichealth.Everysocietyhastofacetherisksofdisease.Andbecauseitmusteverysocietysearchestomakediseasecomprehensiblewithinthecontextofthesociety’’sownparticularculturereligionorscience.Inthissensehealthcareispublicnotonlybecauseitsbenefitsareindivisibleandthreatstoitarisefromfactorsoutsideoftheindividualbutalsobecausecommunallifegivesindividualstheculturalcontextinwhichtounderstandit. Governmentstypicallyhaveassumedanactiverolewithrespecttohealthcareactingasiftheirrolewereobligatory.Howgovernmentshavefulfilledthatdutyhasvariedthroughouttimeandacrosssocietiesaccordingnotonlytothewealthandscientificsophisticationoftheculturebutalsotoitsfundamentalvalues--becausehealthisdefinedinpartbyacommunity’’sbeliefsystempublichealthmeasureswillnecessarilyreflectculturalnormsandvalues. ThosewhocriticizetheUnitedStatesgovernmenttodayfornotprovidinghealthcaretoallcitizensequatetheprovisionofhealthcarewithinsurancecoverageforthecostsofmedicalexpenses.Bythisstandardseventeenthandeighteenth-centuryAmericalackedanysignificantconceptionofpublichealthlaw.Howeverdespitethegeneralpaucityscarcityofbureaucraticorganizationinpre-industrialAmericathevastextentofhealthregulationandprovisionstandsoutasremarkable.Ofcoursethepublicroleintheprotectionandregulationofeighteenth-centuryhealthwascarriedoutinwaysquitedifferentfromthosetoday.Organizationsresponsibleforhealthregulationwerelessstablethanmodernbureaucraciestendingtoappearincrisesandfadeawayinperiodsofcalm.Thefocuswasonepidemicswhichwereseenasunnaturalandwarrantingaresponsenottothemanyprevalentandchronicconditionswhichwereacceptedaspartandparcelofdailylife.Additionallyandnotsurprisinglyreligiousinfluencewassignificantespeciallyintheseventeenthcentury.Finallyinanerawhichlackedsharpdivisionsbetweenprivateandgovernmentalbodiesmanypublicresponsibilitieswerecarriedoutbywhatwewouldnowconsiderprivateassociations.Neverthelesstheextentofpublichealthregulationlongbeforethedawnofthewelfarestateisremarkableandsuggeststhatthefoundinggeneration’’sassumptionsabouttherelationshipbetweengovernmentandhealthweremorecomplexthancommonlyassumed. Theauthor’’sprimarypurposeisto
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