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It is hard to box against a southpaw, as Apollo Creed found out when he fought Rocky Balboa in the f...
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Glassinoneformoranotherhaslongbeeninnobleservicetohumans.Asoneofthemostwidelyusedofmanufacturedmaterialsandcertainlythemostversatileitcanbeasimposingasatelescopemirrorthewidthofatenniscourtorassmallandsimpleasamarblerollingacrossdirt. 41.______ Theusesofthisadaptablematerialhavebeenbroadeneddramaticallybynewtechnologies:glassfiberoptics—morethaneightmillionmiles—carryingtelephoneandtelevisionsignalsacrossnations;glassceramicsservingasthenoseconesofmissilesandascrownsforteeth;tinyglassbeadstakingradiationdosesinsidethebodytospecificorgans;evenanewtypeofglassfashionedofnuclearwasteinordertodisposeofthatunwantedmaterial. 42.______ Onthehorizonareopticalcomputers.Thesecouldstoreprogramsandprocessinformationbymeansoflight—pulsesfromtinylasers—ratherthanelectrons.Andthepulseswouldtraveloverglassfibersnotcopperwire.Thesemachinescouldfunctionhundredsoftimesfasterthantoday’selectroniccomputersandholdvastlymoreinformation.Todayfiberopticsareusedtoobtainaclearerimageofsmallerandsmallerobjectsthaneverbefore—evenbacterialviruses.Anewgenerationofopticalinstrumentsisemergingthatcanprovidedetailedimagingoftheinnerworkingsofcells.ItisthesurgeinfiberopticuseandinliquidcrystaldisplaysthathassettheU.S.glassindustrya16billiondollarbusinessemployingsome150000workerstobuildingnewplantstomeetdemand. 43.______ Butnotalltheglasstechnologythattouchesourlivesisultra-modem.Considerthesimplelightbulb;attheturnofthecenturymostlightbulbswerehandblownandthecostofonewasequivalenttohalfaday’spayfortheaverageworker.IneffecttheinventionoftheribbonmachinebyCominginthe1920slightedanation.Thepriceofabulbplunged.Smallwonderthatthemachinehasbeencalledoneofthegreatmechanicalachievementsofalltime.Yetitisverysimple:anarrowribbonofmoltenglasstravelsoveramovingbeltofsteelinwhichthereareholes.Theglasssagsthroughtheholesandintowaitingmoulds.Puffsofcompressedairthenshapetheglass.Inthiswaytheenvelopeofalightbulbismadebyasinglemachineattherateof66000anhourascomparedwith1200adayproducedbyateamoffourglassblowers. 44.______ Thesecretoftheversatilityofglassliesinitsinteriorstructure.Althoughitisrigidandthuslikeasolidtheatomsarearrangedinarandomdisorderedfashioncharacteristicofaliquid.Inthemeltingprocesstheatomsintherawmaterialsaredisturbedfromtheirnormalpositioninthemolecularstructure;beforetheycanfindtheirwaybacktocrystallinearrangementstheglasscools.Thisloosenessinmolecularstructuregivesthematerialwhatengineerscalltremendous"formability"whichallowstechnicianstotailorglasstowhatevertheyneed. 45.______ Todayscientistscontinuetoexperimentwithnewglassmixturesandbuildingdesignerstesttheirimaginationswithapplicationsofspecialtypesofglass.ALondonarchitectMikeDaviesseesevenmoredramaticbuildingsusingmolecularchemistry."Glassisthegreatbuildingmaterialofthefuturethe’dynamicskin’"hesaid."Thinkofglassthathasbeentreatedtoreacttoelectriccurrentsgoingthroughitglassthatwillchangefromcleartoopaqueatthepushofabuttonthatgivesyouinstantcurtains." ThinkofhowthetallbuildingsinNewYorkcouldperformasymphonyofcoloursastheglassinthemismadetochangecoloursinstantly.Glassasinstantcurtainsisavailablenowbutthecostisexorbitant.Asfortheglasschangingcoloursinstantlythatmaycometrue.MikeDavies’svisionmayindeedbeonthewaytofulfillment. [A]Whatmakesglasssoadaptable [B]Architecturalexperimentswithglass [C]Glassartgalleriesflourish [D]Excitinginnovationsinfiberoptics [E]Aformerglasstechnology [F]Newusesofglass 41
Akeyreasonthenewsmediaexistswithspecialprivilegesistobeourwatchdogs.Reporters’chargeistoalertuswhensomethingiswrongwhenhumanornaturaldisastersareabouttothreatenourwelfare.Whenitcomestonaturaldisastersthenewsmediadoapraisablejobofreportingtheobviousbutnotaverygoodoneofpreparingthepublicforwhatmighthappenforalertingustopotentialdifficulties.Whenitcomestohumandisastersespeciallyproblemsingovernmentandeconomicmattersthepresshasfailedmiserably.ForexampleTimemagazinefinallytoldthepublicinarecentcoverstorywhatonlythemostquickobserversalreadyknew:TheGreatRetirementRipoff偷窃:MillionsofAmericanswhothinktheywillretirewithbenefitsaregoingbeshocked.Howcorporationsarepickingpeople’spockets—withthehelpofCongress...HowcanthislegalWherewasthemediawheneachpieceofcorporate-biasedlegislationwasbeingpassedWhywasn’tCongressafraidtopasssuchlegislationBecausethemediahasdecidedthatnewsconcerningCongressisoflittleinteresttoitsaudience.TVnewsmanagershavebelievedthateconomicandsocialissuesaretoocomplicatedforthepublictograsp.Newspapereditorsoccasionallyprintsuchstoriesbutmostlytheyconcentrateonhuman-interestfeaturesconsumerhealthsectionsandentertainment.Hardnewsholesareshrinkingandinvestigativejournalismiscarriedoutonlyonoccasion.Itistoodifficultandcostly.Besidesitantagonizesadvertiserswhileseldomincreasingcirculation.Magazinesthatwouldlookintosuchsubjectsseemtobedyingout.Theresultisthatnooneiswatchingtherichandpowerfulsotheycandoalmostanythingwithimpunity不受惩罚.MillionsofAmericanshavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightwhilethenewsmediahasbusieditselfwithcelebritytrialsandsensationalcrimestories.Corporationsstealthepublicblindunderlegislationauthorizedbygovernmentofficials.Companiesfileforbankruptcyprotectioncuttingoffmedicalandlife-insurancebenefitsforretirees.Itisn’tanewphenomenon.Forthemostparttoday’spresshasletdowntheAmericanpublictimeandtimeagain.Ifitseemstobegettingworseit’sbecausetherearesomanysegmentsofthemediathatshouldbetellingusinanaccurateandfairmannerwhatourelectedofficialsaredoingbeforeit’stoolatetotakeaction.It’shardertoblamecorporationsbecausetheymakenobonesabouttheirmission:makeasmuchmoneyaspossibleatallcosts.ThoseinCongressaresupposedtoprotectusandlookoutforourinterests.Yetitappearstheyconstantlyhelptheirpowerfulsupporterswhooftenbuytheirofficesforthem.Nooneisdoingtherightthing.Thejokeapparentlyisonallofus—theoldandthesickwhowillhavenohelpinthefutureandtheyoungburdenedwiththedebtofcaringfortheirimpoverishedeldersfortherestoftheirlives.ThestatementTheymakenobonesabouttheirmissionisusedtoimplythat______
NewgraduatesinAmericaareusedtofacinganuncertainfuturewhilesaddledwithheavydebts.NowSallieMaethefirmthatprovidesmanyofthemwiththefinancialwherewithaltocompletetheireducationwillunderstandhowtheyfeel.OnMondayApril16thitwasannouncedthattwoprivate-equityfirmsalongwithtwobanksJPMorganChaseandBankofAmericahadagreedtopay$25billionforAmerica’sleadingstudent-loanprovider.Inthepastdecadethemarketforstudentloanshasdoubledtoaround$85billionayear.Studentnumbershaveswelledwhileincomeshavefailedtokeeppacewiththesoaringcostofcollegeeducation.SallieMaehasoveraquarteroftheentirebusinessinAmerica.Andthoughmarginsarewafer-thinthefirmmadeaprofitof$1.2billionlastyear.ThisprofitabilityhasattractedtheinterestofbothDemocraticandRepublicanlawmakersseekingwaystosavemoneywhilemakingeducationmoreaffordable.ParticularlyvulnerableistheproportiondoledouttobigandprofitableprivatecompanieslikeSallieMaetosubsidiseaffordablegovernment-backedloans.Thesenowaccountforaround85%ofitslending.SallieMae’sprofitsandhealthycash-flowareadrawforprivateequity.Andtheinvolvementofthetwobankscouldproveusefulforplugginganygapinfinancingifthefirm’screditratingslipsfollowingtheassumptionofsomuchdebt.IthelpsthatSallieMaeisalsomakingmoneybeyonditscorebusiness.Themarketforprivateloanswithoutgovernmentsubsidiesorguaranteesisgrowingfastasthecostofeducationgrowswhilethesizeoffederalloansthatstudentscantakeouthasremainedflat.Thissortofloanisnicelyprofitablebecauselenderscanlevyhighinterestrates.Newgraduatesarealsotargets:SallieMaehasbuiltabigdebt-collectionarmforreluctantrepayersandacollege-fundbusinessforfastbreeders.EventherenewedinterestfrompoliticianscouldplayintoSallieMae’shands.Thelureofprofitsoverthepastdecadehasdrawnmorelendersintothebusiness.AnyfutureregulationsorlegislationthatmightshaveprofitmarginsfurthercoulddeternewentrantsorforcesmallerlendersoutofthebusinessandSallieMaemaygetmoreopportunitiestooffsetthereduction.Butdespiteallthesafeguardsstudentsarehighriskborrowerswhoquicklyamassbigdebts.SallieMaelikemanyofthestudentsitservescouldwakeuponedaywithanastyhangover拖欠andlittlerecollectionabouthowitcameabout.IfastudentisreluctanttopaybacktheloanSallieMaemostprobably______
Ascompaniescontinuetocutcoststhedaysoffrequentpromotionsareadistantmemory.Soarethedaysofendlessopportunitiestoshowoffyourskills.Layoffsurvivorsfacedwithfeweroptionsarefindingthemselvesincareerpurgatory--there’snowayupandnowayout. AftertalkingtocareercoachesmanagersrecruitersandpsychologistsFortuneputtogethereighttipstohelpworkersbreakfreefromtheinertia. 41.Avoidtakingcover Don’thideoutbehindyourcomputer."Youshouldreallyworktoincreaseormaintainthevisibilitythatyouhave"saysDavidOptonfounderandCEOofcareermanagementfirmExecuNet. Buildacircleofallies Fortifyyourcurrentrelationshipsandworkonmakingnewonesbothwithinandoutsidetheoffice."Allieswillbehelpfulintermsoflettingyouknowinformationlikeifthere’sajobpossibilitythatcomesup"saysDeeSoderfounderoftheCEOPerspectiveGroup.Whoyouknowcanmakeabigdifferenceespeciallyindifficulttimes. 42.Loaduponnewtools Thisistheperfecttimetoacquirenewexpertise.Ifthebosscan’tpaydoitonyourown. 43.Lookbeyondyourjobdescription Peopledon’tgetpromotionsjustbecausetheydotheirjobswell;theygetpromotionsbecausetheytakeinitiative.LaurenDolivaapartneratrecruitingfirmHeidrick&StrugglesInternationalhasaclientlookingtohireaCOO. 44.ManageyourownPR "Doingwellispartproductivityandpartpublicity"saysMarilynMoatsKennedyamanagingpartneratCareerStrategies. Becreative RemembersaysDoliva"peoplehireustothinknotjusttodo."Thisistheperfecttimetotackletheprojectthatyou’vealwayswishedyouhadmoretimefor.Soderrecommendsschedulinganhoureachdaytoworkonextrathingssuchasnewinitiativesorwaystoimproveyourjoborthatofthoseaboveyou. Takeresponsibilityforyoursuccess Beproactivenotreactive.SaysKennedy:"Ifyou’rewaitingforsomethingtohappentoyouit’snotgoingtobeanythingpositive."Figureoutyourgoalsandletmanagersknowwhattheyare;identifyyourweaknessesandworkonthem;findbetterwaystoharnessyourstrengths.Fornontangibleskills--leadershipmanagementcommunication-coachesrecommendhiringacoach.AclientofSoder’swasputintoanewmanagementrolebutdidn’tfeellikeshehadwhatittooktooverseeabiggerteam.Shewentoutandhiredacoachwhohelpedherlearnhowtointeractwithtopexecutivesaswellashowtorunabiggerterritory.Shehassincebeenpromotedagain. Takingresponsibilityforyourownsuccessissomethingeveryoneshoulddoregardlessofexternalfactors.Otherwiseyou’reheadingstraightforburnout. 45.Adjustyourattitude Don’tpanic.Eventhoughtheeconomyisinarecessionyourcareerisnotcomingtoanend.Howyoulookatthesituationwillhaveabigimpactonwhetheryoustaystuckormoveahead."Onecanchoosetosaythereisnoopportunityoronecanchoosetolookforit"saysDoliva.Infactmanycoachesbelievethatbeingstuckisjustastateofmind. [A]Letpeopleknowwhenyouaccomplishsomethingorwhenyouputintheextraefforttogetaprojectdoneearly.Withoutbeingcheesymakesurethatyou’regivingofftherightvibesbykeepingapositiveattitudeavoidingemotionaloutburstsandappearingcalmandorganized.Anddon’tforgettolookthepart.Manydidn’tgetpromotionsbecauseoftheirprofessionalpresence—groomingclothesandbodylanguage. [B]WhensomeonebroughtuptheVPofoperationswhowastheobviouscandidateforthejobtheCEOrejectedhimoutright."HesaidnobecausetheVPonlydoeswhat’sexpected"saysDoliva."TheCEOdidn’tseehimassomeonewhowouldtaketherisksandthetimetodothejobbetter."Nowisnotthetimeforcomplacencyevenifyou’renotgunningforaspotintheexecutivesuite.Coachessuggestthatemployeescomeinearlystaylateandtakeonextraprojects.Littlethingscanmakeabigdifference. [C]Brushuponcomputerskillsauditaclassorgetacertificateordegreeinyourfieldandwhenjobsdoopenupyou’llbeready. [D]"Whatyoudon’twanttodoisstartgettingdepressed"addsMelissaKarzfounderofKadimaCoaching."Bewhatyouwanttoattract."Itmightbehelpfultohuntformotivationinotherplaces."Nowisthetimetostarttakingalookathowfulfillingyourlifeis-outsideofwork"saysLoisFrankelpresidentofCorporateCoachingInternational.Findexcitingactivitiestoreplenishyourselfwithandthenbringthatpositivespiritintotheoffice. [E]Amidallofthelayoffsyou’vemanagedtokeepyourjobbutthechancesofmovingupareslimtonone.Nobodyaboveyouisgoingtoleavenowandthere’snomoneyforspecialprojectstoproveyourself.You’restuck.Here’showtoavoidfadingintothewoodwork [F]Speakupinmeetingsjointaskforcesandvolunteerfordifficultprojectsthatcoworkersaren’twillingtotackle. 45
FewbeyondCalifornia’stechnologycrowdrecognisethenameLarrySonsini;nonewithinitscirclecouldfailto.Forfourdecadeshehasbeenlawyeradviserandfriendtomanyprominentcompaniesandinvestors.SomeconsiderhimthemostpowerfulpersoninSiliconValley.Companiesbegforhislawfirmtorepresentthem.The65-year-oldchairmanofWilsonSonsiniGoodrich&RosatiWSG&Rhassuddenlybeenthrustintothespotlight:firstforcounsellingmanyofthetechnologyfirmsnowunderscrutinyforbackdatingstockoptionsandinsomecasesservingontheirboards;andmorerecentlyasoutsidecounseltoHewlett-PackardHPforinitiallydefendingtheboard’sdubiousinvestigativepractices.WSG&Rboasts600lawyersandrepresentsaroundhalfofSiliconValley’spubliccompaniesincludingAppleSunMicrosystemsandGoogle.Lastyearitrankedfirstinprivate-equityandventure-capitaldealswithnearlytwiceasmanyasitsclosestrival.OverthepastfiveyearsWSG&Rhasworkedonover1000mergersandacquisitionscollectivelyworthover$260billion.TherecenttroublescastashadowoverWSG&R’sreputation.AlthoughMr.Sonsiniisnotaccusedofwrongdoinghimselfmanyofhisfirm’sclientsareontheropes.FormerexecutivesatBrocadeCommunicationssufferedcriminalchargesinJulyMr.SonsiniServedonBrocade’sboarduntillastyearandhisfirmwasitsoutsidecounsel.HealsowasontheboardsofPixarEchelonLatticeSemiconductorLSILogicandNovellallfirmsatwhichtheissuingofstockoptionsisbeingcalledintoquestion.WSG&RdismissestheideathatMr.SonsinifacedaconflictofinterestbyactingasbothdirectorandlegaladvisertosomanyfirmsandsayshedidnotadviseHPinitsinvestigationofboardmembers.Mr.Sonsiniinitiallysaiditwaswelldoneandwithinlegallimits.Itnowseemsitwasneither.Thetextismostprobablyadigestconcerning______.
WhenstarslikeourSundietheybloattobecomeredgiantsandthenejectgiganticcloudsofgasanddustintospace.Increasinglyhoweverscientistsfoundthemselvesataprofoundlosstoexplainhowexactlydyingstarscouldblowawaytheseclouds.Nowastrophysicistsproposethatunexpectedchemicalreactionsduringtheformationofstardustcouldhelpsolvethismystery.StarssmallerthantheSunanduptoeighttimesasmassivediebyswellingupintoredgiantsbeforesheddingmostoftheirmasstoshrinkintoverycompactdyingembers灰烬calledwhitedwarfs.Twokindsofredgiantsexist-thosewithlotsofcarbonandothersricherinoxygenthanincarbon.Carbon-richstarsreleasecarbonparticlesduringtheirdeaththroes.Scientistsproposedthesepitch-blackgrainsabsorbraysfromthedyingstarandgetshotintospacebystarlightatheorythatfitboththeobservationsandcomputermodels.Increasinglyhoweverresearcherscouldnotexplainhowoxygen-richstarslikeourownSuncouldpropeltheircloudsawayduringthefinalstagesofmassloss.Oxygen-richstarscreatelargequantitiesofwatervaporandsilicatessuchasquartz石英砂orsand.Thesearetransparentmeaningstarlightshouldgorightthroughthem.Possiblesolutionshavebeencontemplatedbyscientists.Theyfirstponderedwhetherthesilicatesmighthaveironinthemwhichwouldrenderthemopaqueinsteadoftransparent.Butcalculationsshowedthedustgrainswouldhaveevaporatediftheyhadironinthem.Theynextwonderedifenoughmoleculessurroundedthecoreofadyingoxygen-richstartoblockoutitslightandthuscreateawindthatblewthestar’soutermostlayerintospace.ButtheirmodelssuggestedthesemoleculescouldnotblockoffenoughlightandcreatestrongenoughRinds.Thescientiststhensuggestedthatpulsationsoccurredwhenstarsdiecouldperhapsforceastar’smatteroutbutthisideadidnotmatchwithastronomers’observations.Butinspirationthendawneduponthem.Perhapssomeofthecarbonintheoxygen-richstarscouldhelpforcetheouterlayersofthestarsintospace.Theybelieveshockwavesfromthepulsationsofdyingstarscouldmakecarboninoxygen-richstarsformpitch-blackdust.Thetheoryfitswithalloursubsequentmodelcalculationsanditmatchesobservationsfromdyingoxygen-richredgiants.MoreoverthismechanismstronglyfavorsthepresenceofmagnesiumsilicatesoverironsilicatesintheinterstellarmediuminagreementwithrecentfindingsfromNASA’scomet-samplingStardustspaceprobe.Ifprovencorrectthebeautyofthenewscenarioisthatitsuggestsacommondrivingmechanismformanydyingstarssheddingtheirmassviadustywindswithpossiblelong-reachingconsequencesfortheoriginofchemicalelementsrelevantforlife./Themajorcomponentofthepitch-blackdustLine5Paragraph3shouldbe______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points5
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points19
NewgraduatesinAmericaareusedtofacinganuncertainfuturewhilesaddledwithheavydebts.NowSallieMaethefirmthatprovidesmanyofthemwiththefinancialwherewithaltocompletetheireducationwillunderstandhowtheyfeel.OnMondayApril16thitwasannouncedthattwoprivate-equityfirmsalongwithtwobanksJPMorganChaseandBankofAmericahadagreedtopay$25billionforAmerica’sleadingstudent-loanprovider.Inthepastdecadethemarketforstudentloanshasdoubledtoaround$85billionayear.Studentnumbershaveswelledwhileincomeshavefailedtokeeppacewiththesoaringcostofcollegeeducation.SallieMaehasoveraquarteroftheentirebusinessinAmerica.Andthoughmarginsarewafer-thinthefirmmadeaprofitof$1.2billionlastyear.ThisprofitabilityhasattractedtheinterestofbothDemocraticandRepublicanlawmakersseekingwaystosavemoneywhilemakingeducationmoreaffordable.ParticularlyvulnerableistheproportiondoledouttobigandprofitableprivatecompanieslikeSallieMaetosubsidiseaffordablegovernment-backedloans.Thesenowaccountforaround85%ofitslending.SallieMae’sprofitsandhealthycash-flowareadrawforprivateequity.Andtheinvolvementofthetwobankscouldproveusefulforplugginganygapinfinancingifthefirm’screditratingslipsfollowingtheassumptionofsomuchdebt.IthelpsthatSallieMaeisalsomakingmoneybeyonditscorebusiness.Themarketforprivateloanswithoutgovernmentsubsidiesorguaranteesisgrowingfastasthecostofeducationgrowswhilethesizeoffederalloansthatstudentscantakeouthasremainedflat.Thissortofloanisnicelyprofitablebecauselenderscanlevyhighinterestrates.Newgraduatesarealsotargets:SallieMaehasbuiltabigdebt-collectionarmforreluctantrepayersandacollege-fundbusinessforfastbreeders.EventherenewedinterestfrompoliticianscouldplayintoSallieMae’shands.Thelureofprofitsoverthepastdecadehasdrawnmorelendersintothebusiness.AnyfutureregulationsorlegislationthatmightshaveprofitmarginsfurthercoulddeternewentrantsorforcesmallerlendersoutofthebusinessandSallieMaemaygetmoreopportunitiestooffsetthereduction.Butdespiteallthesafeguardsstudentsarehighriskborrowerswhoquicklyamassbigdebts.SallieMaelikemanyofthestudentsitservescouldwakeuponedaywithanastyhangover拖欠andlittlerecollectionabouthowitcameabout.TheprofitofSallieMaeisconsiderablealthoughthemarginsarewafer-thinbecause______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points7
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms.ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower.ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million.TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration.Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess.InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem.WhatistheproblemthatUSuniversitieshavefacedsince2000
WhenstarslikeourSundietheybloattobecomeredgiantsandthenejectgiganticcloudsofgasanddustintospace.Increasinglyhoweverscientistsfoundthemselvesataprofoundlosstoexplainhowexactlydyingstarscouldblowawaytheseclouds.Nowastrophysicistsproposethatunexpectedchemicalreactionsduringtheformationofstardustcouldhelpsolvethismystery.StarssmallerthantheSunanduptoeighttimesasmassivediebyswellingupintoredgiantsbeforesheddingmostoftheirmasstoshrinkintoverycompactdyingembers灰烬calledwhitedwarfs.Twokindsofredgiantsexist-thosewithlotsofcarbonandothersricherinoxygenthanincarbon.Carbon-richstarsreleasecarbonparticlesduringtheirdeaththroes.Scientistsproposedthesepitch-blackgrainsabsorbraysfromthedyingstarandgetshotintospacebystarlightatheorythatfitboththeobservationsandcomputermodels.Increasinglyhoweverresearcherscouldnotexplainhowoxygen-richstarslikeourownSuncouldpropeltheircloudsawayduringthefinalstagesofmassloss.Oxygen-richstarscreatelargequantitiesofwatervaporandsilicatessuchasquartz石英砂orsand.Thesearetransparentmeaningstarlightshouldgorightthroughthem.Possiblesolutionshavebeencontemplatedbyscientists.Theyfirstponderedwhetherthesilicatesmighthaveironinthemwhichwouldrenderthemopaqueinsteadoftransparent.Butcalculationsshowedthedustgrainswouldhaveevaporatediftheyhadironinthem.Theynextwonderedifenoughmoleculessurroundedthecoreofadyingoxygen-richstartoblockoutitslightandthuscreateawindthatblewthestar’soutermostlayerintospace.ButtheirmodelssuggestedthesemoleculescouldnotblockoffenoughlightandcreatestrongenoughRinds.Thescientiststhensuggestedthatpulsationsoccurredwhenstarsdiecouldperhapsforceastar’smatteroutbutthisideadidnotmatchwithastronomers’observations.Butinspirationthendawneduponthem.Perhapssomeofthecarbonintheoxygen-richstarscouldhelpforcetheouterlayersofthestarsintospace.Theybelieveshockwavesfromthepulsationsofdyingstarscouldmakecarboninoxygen-richstarsformpitch-blackdust.Thetheoryfitswithalloursubsequentmodelcalculationsanditmatchesobservationsfromdyingoxygen-richredgiants.MoreoverthismechanismstronglyfavorsthepresenceofmagnesiumsilicatesoverironsilicatesintheinterstellarmediuminagreementwithrecentfindingsfromNASA’scomet-samplingStardustspaceprobe.Ifprovencorrectthebeautyofthenewscenarioisthatitsuggestsacommondrivingmechanismformanydyingstarssheddingtheirmassviadustywindswithpossiblelong-reachingconsequencesfortheoriginofchemicalelementsrelevantforlife./Byintroducingthetheoryofredgianttheauthorintendsto______
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms.ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower.ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million.TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration.Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess.InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem.ItcanbeinferredfromthetextthatthemostpossibledirectionofuniversityreformintheUSis______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points11
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points9
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points1
Themodernuniversityistheidealenvironmentforthecreationandtransferofknowledgethatdrivesnationalcompetitivenessinanincreasinglyglobalera.ItsmosteffectiveformistheAmericanadaptationoftheEuropeanmodelinwhichteachingleaningandresearchareintegratedintoasingleinstitution.IndeedtheAmericanuniversityhasprovedcapableofalmostanythingfromdevelopingadvancedeconomictheoriestocreatingnewlifeforms.ManynationalleadersunderstandthattheuniversityisthecriticalcatalystforAmerica’sadaptabilityeconomicrobustnessandemergenceasagreatpower.Andtheyaremovingaggressivelytocatchup.Theuniversitiescreatedbyemergingeconomiesbeginninginthe1990sandthrough2020willlikelyplayadecisiveroleinreshapingtheglobalbalanceofeconomicpower.ThatisbadnewsfortheUnitedStates.ThepasttwodecadesofAmericanuniversitydevelopmenthavebeencharacterizedlargelybyself-satisfactionarisingfromsteadyprogressbythetop20orsoresearchuniversities.AndAmericaasanationhas1Seencoasting.Since2000theUnitedStateshaslostitsedgeinthegraduationofengineersandtechnologists.Thecountrynolongerdominatesscientificdiscoveryinnovationorexploration.MostimportanttheUnitedStateshasnotlaunchedanyefforttobuildnewinstitutionstoaccommodateitsincreasinglydiversepopulationofmorethan300million.TheresultisthatAmerica’suniversitysystemdespiteitshistoricalpre-eminencehasceasedtogrow.FurthermoreAmerica’suniversitysystemhasfailedtoadapttothedramaticdemographicshiftsoccurringasaresultofsocialmobilityandimmigration.Americaneedstorealizethatitsuniversitiesfacerealcompetitionfromtherestoftheworldtoattractthebestandthebrightesttosecureresourcesandtoprovideenvironmentsthateducateandinspire.ThisisnottosaythatthebestAmericanuniversitiesarenolongertheleadersindiscoveryandinnovation.Itistosaythatthesuccessofthehigher-educationsystemmustbemeasuredbymorethanjustinnovations.Itslong-termperformancedependsonitsabilitytoprovidelearningtoabroadcrosssectionsofcitizenstoadvancenationalproficiencyinmathandscienceandtocreateanadaptableworkforceaswellastodevelopanationalappreciationfordiscoveryentrepreneurshipandthecreativeprocess.InChinaandelsewherethesearethegoalsofthenewuniversitiesbeingbuilt.IntheUnitedStatesweneedtomovefromanationalself-confidencebasedonpastsuccesstoonebuiltontheknowledgethatweareadvancingasystemofhighereducationthatwillmeetourfutureneeds.Thiswillrequirethatpolicymakersbusinessleadersanduniversitiesrededicatethemselvestocreatingcomprehensivelearninganddiscoveryenvironments;designentirelynewmodelsandmethodsforteachingandthentakeactiontoimplementthem.AccordingtotheauthorUSmodernuniversities______
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareandbusiness-processoutsourcingfirmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000.particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza.TherewouldhavebeennochanceofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket.Fornewlyrich--oftenveryrich--non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland.WhoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwallssaysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1%initsfirsttwomonths.ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas.Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNaifandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisthefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun.AccordingtothetextthefortuneofsuchworksasMr.Souza’scanexertaninfluenceon______.
WhenstarslikeourSundietheybloattobecomeredgiantsandthenejectgiganticcloudsofgasanddustintospace.Increasinglyhoweverscientistsfoundthemselvesataprofoundlosstoexplainhowexactlydyingstarscouldblowawaytheseclouds.Nowastrophysicistsproposethatunexpectedchemicalreactionsduringtheformationofstardustcouldhelpsolvethismystery.StarssmallerthantheSunanduptoeighttimesasmassivediebyswellingupintoredgiantsbeforesheddingmostoftheirmasstoshrinkintoverycompactdyingembers灰烬calledwhitedwarfs.Twokindsofredgiantsexist-thosewithlotsofcarbonandothersricherinoxygenthanincarbon.Carbon-richstarsreleasecarbonparticlesduringtheirdeaththroes.Scientistsproposedthesepitch-blackgrainsabsorbraysfromthedyingstarandgetshotintospacebystarlightatheorythatfitboththeobservationsandcomputermodels.Increasinglyhoweverresearcherscouldnotexplainhowoxygen-richstarslikeourownSuncouldpropeltheircloudsawayduringthefinalstagesofmassloss.Oxygen-richstarscreatelargequantitiesofwatervaporandsilicatessuchasquartz石英砂orsand.Thesearetransparentmeaningstarlightshouldgorightthroughthem.Possiblesolutionshavebeencontemplatedbyscientists.Theyfirstponderedwhetherthesilicatesmighthaveironinthemwhichwouldrenderthemopaqueinsteadoftransparent.Butcalculationsshowedthedustgrainswouldhaveevaporatediftheyhadironinthem.Theynextwonderedifenoughmoleculessurroundedthecoreofadyingoxygen-richstartoblockoutitslightandthuscreateawindthatblewthestar’soutermostlayerintospace.ButtheirmodelssuggestedthesemoleculescouldnotblockoffenoughlightandcreatestrongenoughRinds.Thescientiststhensuggestedthatpulsationsoccurredwhenstarsdiecouldperhapsforceastar’smatteroutbutthisideadidnotmatchwithastronomers’observations.Butinspirationthendawneduponthem.Perhapssomeofthecarbonintheoxygen-richstarscouldhelpforcetheouterlayersofthestarsintospace.Theybelieveshockwavesfromthepulsationsofdyingstarscouldmakecarboninoxygen-richstarsformpitch-blackdust.Thetheoryfitswithalloursubsequentmodelcalculationsanditmatchesobservationsfromdyingoxygen-richredgiants.MoreoverthismechanismstronglyfavorsthepresenceofmagnesiumsilicatesoverironsilicatesintheinterstellarmediuminagreementwithrecentfindingsfromNASA’scomet-samplingStardustspaceprobe.Ifprovencorrectthebeautyofthenewscenarioisthatitsuggestsacommondrivingmechanismformanydyingstarssheddingtheirmassviadustywindswithpossiblelong-reachingconsequencesfortheoriginofchemicalelementsrelevantforlife./WhenourSundiesitmay______
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points15
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points17
Ascompaniescontinuetocutcoststhedaysoffrequentpromotionsareadistantmemory.Soarethedaysofendlessopportunitiestoshowoffyourskills.Layoffsurvivorsfacedwithfeweroptionsarefindingthemselvesincareerpurgatory--there’snowayupandnowayout. AftertalkingtocareercoachesmanagersrecruitersandpsychologistsFortuneputtogethereighttipstohelpworkersbreakfreefromtheinertia. 41.Avoidtakingcover Don’thideoutbehindyourcomputer."Youshouldreallyworktoincreaseormaintainthevisibilitythatyouhave"saysDavidOptonfounderandCEOofcareermanagementfirmExecuNet. Buildacircleofallies Fortifyyourcurrentrelationshipsandworkonmakingnewonesbothwithinandoutsidetheoffice."Allieswillbehelpfulintermsoflettingyouknowinformationlikeifthere’sajobpossibilitythatcomesup"saysDeeSoderfounderoftheCEOPerspectiveGroup.Whoyouknowcanmakeabigdifferenceespeciallyindifficulttimes. 42.Loaduponnewtools Thisistheperfecttimetoacquirenewexpertise.Ifthebosscan’tpaydoitonyourown. 43.Lookbeyondyourjobdescription Peopledon’tgetpromotionsjustbecausetheydotheirjobswell;theygetpromotionsbecausetheytakeinitiative.LaurenDolivaapartneratrecruitingfirmHeidrick&StrugglesInternationalhasaclientlookingtohireaCOO. 44.ManageyourownPR "Doingwellispartproductivityandpartpublicity"saysMarilynMoatsKennedyamanagingpartneratCareerStrategies. Becreative RemembersaysDoliva"peoplehireustothinknotjusttodo."Thisistheperfecttimetotackletheprojectthatyou’vealwayswishedyouhadmoretimefor.Soderrecommendsschedulinganhoureachdaytoworkonextrathingssuchasnewinitiativesorwaystoimproveyourjoborthatofthoseaboveyou. Takeresponsibilityforyoursuccess Beproactivenotreactive.SaysKennedy:"Ifyou’rewaitingforsomethingtohappentoyouit’snotgoingtobeanythingpositive."Figureoutyourgoalsandletmanagersknowwhattheyare;identifyyourweaknessesandworkonthem;findbetterwaystoharnessyourstrengths.Fornontangibleskills--leadershipmanagementcommunication-coachesrecommendhiringacoach.AclientofSoder’swasputintoanewmanagementrolebutdidn’tfeellikeshehadwhatittooktooverseeabiggerteam.Shewentoutandhiredacoachwhohelpedherlearnhowtointeractwithtopexecutivesaswellashowtorunabiggerterritory.Shehassincebeenpromotedagain. Takingresponsibilityforyourownsuccessissomethingeveryoneshoulddoregardlessofexternalfactors.Otherwiseyou’reheadingstraightforburnout. 45.Adjustyourattitude Don’tpanic.Eventhoughtheeconomyisinarecessionyourcareerisnotcomingtoanend.Howyoulookatthesituationwillhaveabigimpactonwhetheryoustaystuckormoveahead."Onecanchoosetosaythereisnoopportunityoronecanchoosetolookforit"saysDoliva.Infactmanycoachesbelievethatbeingstuckisjustastateofmind. [A]Letpeopleknowwhenyouaccomplishsomethingorwhenyouputintheextraefforttogetaprojectdoneearly.Withoutbeingcheesymakesurethatyou’regivingofftherightvibesbykeepingapositiveattitudeavoidingemotionaloutburstsandappearingcalmandorganized.Anddon’tforgettolookthepart.Manydidn’tgetpromotionsbecauseoftheirprofessionalpresence—groomingclothesandbodylanguage. [B]WhensomeonebroughtuptheVPofoperationswhowastheobviouscandidateforthejobtheCEOrejectedhimoutright."HesaidnobecausetheVPonlydoeswhat’sexpected"saysDoliva."TheCEOdidn’tseehimassomeonewhowouldtaketherisksandthetimetodothejobbetter."Nowisnotthetimeforcomplacencyevenifyou’renotgunningforaspotintheexecutivesuite.Coachessuggestthatemployeescomeinearlystaylateandtakeonextraprojects.Littlethingscanmakeabigdifference. [C]Brushuponcomputerskillsauditaclassorgetacertificateordegreeinyourfieldandwhenjobsdoopenupyou’llbeready. [D]"Whatyoudon’twanttodoisstartgettingdepressed"addsMelissaKarzfounderofKadimaCoaching."Bewhatyouwanttoattract."Itmightbehelpfultohuntformotivationinotherplaces."Nowisthetimetostarttakingalookathowfulfillingyourlifeis-outsideofwork"saysLoisFrankelpresidentofCorporateCoachingInternational.Findexcitingactivitiestoreplenishyourselfwithandthenbringthatpositivespiritintotheoffice. [E]Amidallofthelayoffsyou’vemanagedtokeepyourjobbutthechancesofmovingupareslimtonone.Nobodyaboveyouisgoingtoleavenowandthere’snomoneyforspecialprojectstoproveyourself.You’restuck.Here’showtoavoidfadingintothewoodwork [F]Speakupinmeetingsjointaskforcesandvolunteerfordifficultprojectsthatcoworkersaren’twillingtotackle. 41
Ascompaniescontinuetocutcoststhedaysoffrequentpromotionsareadistantmemory.Soarethedaysofendlessopportunitiestoshowoffyourskills.Layoffsurvivorsfacedwithfeweroptionsarefindingthemselvesincareerpurgatory--there’snowayupandnowayout. AftertalkingtocareercoachesmanagersrecruitersandpsychologistsFortuneputtogethereighttipstohelpworkersbreakfreefromtheinertia. 41.Avoidtakingcover Don’thideoutbehindyourcomputer."Youshouldreallyworktoincreaseormaintainthevisibilitythatyouhave"saysDavidOptonfounderandCEOofcareermanagementfirmExecuNet. Buildacircleofallies Fortifyyourcurrentrelationshipsandworkonmakingnewonesbothwithinandoutsidetheoffice."Allieswillbehelpfulintermsoflettingyouknowinformationlikeifthere’sajobpossibilitythatcomesup"saysDeeSoderfounderoftheCEOPerspectiveGroup.Whoyouknowcanmakeabigdifferenceespeciallyindifficulttimes. 42.Loaduponnewtools Thisistheperfecttimetoacquirenewexpertise.Ifthebosscan’tpaydoitonyourown. 43.Lookbeyondyourjobdescription Peopledon’tgetpromotionsjustbecausetheydotheirjobswell;theygetpromotionsbecausetheytakeinitiative.LaurenDolivaapartneratrecruitingfirmHeidrick&StrugglesInternationalhasaclientlookingtohireaCOO. 44.ManageyourownPR "Doingwellispartproductivityandpartpublicity"saysMarilynMoatsKennedyamanagingpartneratCareerStrategies. Becreative RemembersaysDoliva"peoplehireustothinknotjusttodo."Thisistheperfecttimetotackletheprojectthatyou’vealwayswishedyouhadmoretimefor.Soderrecommendsschedulinganhoureachdaytoworkonextrathingssuchasnewinitiativesorwaystoimproveyourjoborthatofthoseaboveyou. Takeresponsibilityforyoursuccess Beproactivenotreactive.SaysKennedy:"Ifyou’rewaitingforsomethingtohappentoyouit’snotgoingtobeanythingpositive."Figureoutyourgoalsandletmanagersknowwhattheyare;identifyyourweaknessesandworkonthem;findbetterwaystoharnessyourstrengths.Fornontangibleskills--leadershipmanagementcommunication-coachesrecommendhiringacoach.AclientofSoder’swasputintoanewmanagementrolebutdidn’tfeellikeshehadwhatittooktooverseeabiggerteam.Shewentoutandhiredacoachwhohelpedherlearnhowtointeractwithtopexecutivesaswellashowtorunabiggerterritory.Shehassincebeenpromotedagain. Takingresponsibilityforyourownsuccessissomethingeveryoneshoulddoregardlessofexternalfactors.Otherwiseyou’reheadingstraightforburnout. 45.Adjustyourattitude Don’tpanic.Eventhoughtheeconomyisinarecessionyourcareerisnotcomingtoanend.Howyoulookatthesituationwillhaveabigimpactonwhetheryoustaystuckormoveahead."Onecanchoosetosaythereisnoopportunityoronecanchoosetolookforit"saysDoliva.Infactmanycoachesbelievethatbeingstuckisjustastateofmind. [A]Letpeopleknowwhenyouaccomplishsomethingorwhenyouputintheextraefforttogetaprojectdoneearly.Withoutbeingcheesymakesurethatyou’regivingofftherightvibesbykeepingapositiveattitudeavoidingemotionaloutburstsandappearingcalmandorganized.Anddon’tforgettolookthepart.Manydidn’tgetpromotionsbecauseoftheirprofessionalpresence—groomingclothesandbodylanguage. [B]WhensomeonebroughtuptheVPofoperationswhowastheobviouscandidateforthejobtheCEOrejectedhimoutright."HesaidnobecausetheVPonlydoeswhat’sexpected"saysDoliva."TheCEOdidn’tseehimassomeonewhowouldtaketherisksandthetimetodothejobbetter."Nowisnotthetimeforcomplacencyevenifyou’renotgunningforaspotintheexecutivesuite.Coachessuggestthatemployeescomeinearlystaylateandtakeonextraprojects.Littlethingscanmakeabigdifference. [C]Brushuponcomputerskillsauditaclassorgetacertificateordegreeinyourfieldandwhenjobsdoopenupyou’llbeready. [D]"Whatyoudon’twanttodoisstartgettingdepressed"addsMelissaKarzfounderofKadimaCoaching."Bewhatyouwanttoattract."Itmightbehelpfultohuntformotivationinotherplaces."Nowisthetimetostarttakingalookathowfulfillingyourlifeis-outsideofwork"saysLoisFrankelpresidentofCorporateCoachingInternational.Findexcitingactivitiestoreplenishyourselfwithandthenbringthatpositivespiritintotheoffice. [E]Amidallofthelayoffsyou’vemanagedtokeepyourjobbutthechancesofmovingupareslimtonone.Nobodyaboveyouisgoingtoleavenowandthere’snomoneyforspecialprojectstoproveyourself.You’restuck.Here’showtoavoidfadingintothewoodwork [F]Speakupinmeetingsjointaskforcesandvolunteerfordifficultprojectsthatcoworkersaren’twillingtotackle. 43
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips. 47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’9Osthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposable"talking"electronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication. ItsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathandE-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandputintoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted--justasinkisprintedontopaper--ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy--tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom. Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50"Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydate"saysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics. 47
Akeyreasonthenewsmediaexistswithspecialprivilegesistobeourwatchdogs.Reporters’chargeistoalertuswhensomethingiswrongwhenhumanornaturaldisastersareabouttothreatenourwelfare.Whenitcomestonaturaldisastersthenewsmediadoapraisablejobofreportingtheobviousbutnotaverygoodoneofpreparingthepublicforwhatmighthappenforalertingustopotentialdifficulties.Whenitcomestohumandisastersespeciallyproblemsingovernmentandeconomicmattersthepresshasfailedmiserably.ForexampleTimemagazinefinallytoldthepublicinarecentcoverstorywhatonlythemostquickobserversalreadyknew:TheGreatRetirementRipoff偷窃:MillionsofAmericanswhothinktheywillretirewithbenefitsaregoingbeshocked.Howcorporationsarepickingpeople’spockets—withthehelpofCongress...HowcanthislegalWherewasthemediawheneachpieceofcorporate-biasedlegislationwasbeingpassedWhywasn’tCongressafraidtopasssuchlegislationBecausethemediahasdecidedthatnewsconcerningCongressisoflittleinteresttoitsaudience.TVnewsmanagershavebelievedthateconomicandsocialissuesaretoocomplicatedforthepublictograsp.Newspapereditorsoccasionallyprintsuchstoriesbutmostlytheyconcentrateonhuman-interestfeaturesconsumerhealthsectionsandentertainment.Hardnewsholesareshrinkingandinvestigativejournalismiscarriedoutonlyonoccasion.Itistoodifficultandcostly.Besidesitantagonizesadvertiserswhileseldomincreasingcirculation.Magazinesthatwouldlookintosuchsubjectsseemtobedyingout.Theresultisthatnooneiswatchingtherichandpowerfulsotheycandoalmostanythingwithimpunity不受惩罚.MillionsofAmericanshavebeenrobbedinbroaddaylightwhilethenewsmediahasbusieditselfwithcelebritytrialsandsensationalcrimestories.Corporationsstealthepublicblindunderlegislationauthorizedbygovernmentofficials.Companiesfileforbankruptcyprotectioncuttingoffmedicalandlife-insurancebenefitsforretirees.Itisn’tanewphenomenon.Forthemostparttoday’spresshasletdowntheAmericanpublictimeandtimeagain.Ifitseemstobegettingworseit’sbecausetherearesomanysegmentsofthemediathatshouldbetellingusinanaccurateandfairmannerwhatourelectedofficialsaredoingbeforeit’stoolatetotakeaction.It’shardertoblamecorporationsbecausetheymakenobonesabouttheirmission:makeasmuchmoneyaspossibleatallcosts.ThoseinCongressaresupposedtoprotectusandlookoutforourinterests.Yetitappearstheyconstantlyhelptheirpowerfulsupporterswhooftenbuytheirofficesforthem.Nooneisdoingtherightthing.Thejokeapparentlyisonallofus—theoldandthesickwhowillhavenohelpinthefutureandtheyoungburdenedwiththedebtofcaringfortheirimpoverishedeldersfortherestoftheirlives.Themediaseldomcoverthecorporation-biasedlegislationspassedbythecongressprobablybecause______
SirRichardFriendisatoughmantotrackdown.PhonecallstohistwolabsatCambridgeUniversitygounansweredandsodoe-mails.Intheendareporterhastoleaveanoteinhiscampuspigeonhole.TheelusiveFriendistheunlikelyinstigatorofwhatmaybearevolutioninelectronics:plastics.46AlthoughmostelectronicdevicesmakeuseofsiliconchipsFriendseesafutureinwhichmobilephonesTVswatchescomputersandotherdevicesincorporateinexpensiveplasticchips. 47Friend’svisionisbasedonhisowndiscoveriesbackinthe’80sand’9Osthatplasticscanbeusedtomaketransistorsthebasicelementofchipsandlight-emittingdiodesLEDswhichglowwhenelectricitypassesthroughthem.Hisworkhasalreadyyieldedanewgenerationoflighterthinnerbrightercheaperandmoreflexibleelectronicscreensforeverythingfromlightweightmobilephonestodisposable"talking"electronicgreetingcards.48Nowhe’sworkingondevicesthatmightbringustalkingcerealboxesoradvertisingpostersthatlightupandspeakasyouwalkby.Thematerialsmightevenbespray-paintedontowallsthatchangecolorwiththeweatherorgointopillboxesthattellyouwhentotakeyourmedication. ItsoundsfarfetchedbutthebasictechnologyisalreadyathandE-bookswithflexiblescreensthatcanberolledupandputintoyourpocketshouldstartappearinginthenextfewyears.49Andplasticchipswhichcanbelaidontoalmostanysurfacecouldbeprinted--justasinkisprintedontopaper--ontoanynumberofflexiblesurfaces.GeneralElectricisworkingwiththeDepartmentofEnergy--tocreatelargeflexiblesheetsthatcouldilluminatearoom. Ifyouthinkeverythingisdigitalnowjustwait.50"Productsinyourfridgetaggedwithachipwouldautomaticallychangecoloraftertheirsell-bydate"saysPeterHarropchairmanofmarket-researchfirmIDTechEx.ForhisCambridgestudentsSirRichardhasonewordofadvice:plastics. 49
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points13
The"standardofliving"ofanycountrymeanstheaverageperson’sshareofthegoodsandserviceswhichthecountryproduces.Acountry’sstandardofliving1dependsfirstand2onitscapacitytoproducewealth."Wealth"inthissenseisnotmoneyforwedonotliveonmoney3onthingsthatmoneycanbuy."Goods"suchasfoodandclothingand"services"suchastransportand"4".Acountry’scapacitytoproducewealthdependsuponmanyfactorsmostof5haveaneffectononeanother.Wealthdepends6agreatextentuponacountry’snaturalresources.Someregionsoftheworldarewellsuppliedwithcoalandmineralsandhaveafertilesoilanda7climate;otherregionspossessnoneofthem. Nexttonaturalresources8theabilitytoturnthemtouse.Chinaisperhapsaswell9astheUSAinnaturalresourcesbutsufferedformanyyearsfromciviland10warsand11thisandotherreasonswas12todevelopherresources.13andstablepoliticalconditionsand14fromforeigninvasionenableacountrytodevelopitsnaturalresourcespeacefullyandsteadilyandtoproducemorewealththananothercountryequallywell15bynaturebutlesswellordered. Acountry’sstandardoflivingdoesnotonlydependuponthewealththatisproducedandconsumed16itsownbordersbutalsouponwhatisindirectlyproducedthroughinternationaltrade.17Britain’swealthinfoodstuffsandotheragriculturalproductswouldbemuchlessifshehadtodependonlyon18grownathome.Trademakesitpossibleforhersurplusmanufacturedgoodstobetradedabroadfortheagriculturalproductsthatwould19belacking.Acountry’swealthisthereforemuchinfluencedbyitsmanufacturingcapacity20thatothercountriescanbefoundreadytoacceptitsmanufactures. Readtilefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCandDonANSWERSHEET1.10points3
ItisnotjustIndiansoftwareandbusiness-processoutsourcingfirmsthatarebenefitingfromtheriseoftheinternet.IndianmodernartisalsoonanupwardspiraldrivenbytheaspirationsofnewlyrichIndiansespeciallythoselivingabroadwhousetheinternettospotpaintingsandtrackpricesathundredsofgalleryandauctionwebsites.Priceshaverisenaround20-foldsince2000.particularlyforprizednamessuchasTyebMehtaandF.N.Souza.TherewouldhavebeennochanceofthathappeningsofastwithouttheinternetsaysArunVadehrawhorunsagalleryinDelhiandisanadvisertoChristie’saninternationalauctionhouse.HeexpectsworldwidesalesofIndianartworth$200millionlastyeartodoublein2006.Itisstillatinyfractionofthe$30billionglobalartmarketbutissizeableforanemergingmarket.Fornewlyrich--oftenveryrich--non-residentIndiansexpensiveartisabadgeofsuccessinaforeignland.WhoyouareandwhatyouhaveareonyourwallssaysLaveshJagasiaanartdealerinMumbai.Indianartmayalsobeatotherformsofinvestment.ApaintingbyMr.Mehtathatfetched$1.58millionlastSeptemberwouldhavegoneforlittlemorethan$100000justfouryearsago.Anda$22millionart-investmentfundlaunchedinJulybyOsian’sabigIndianauctionhousehasgrownby4.1%initsfirsttwomonths.ScantattentionwaspaidtomodernIndianartuntiltheendofthe1990s.ThenwealthyIndiansparticularlythoselivingabroadbegantotakeaninterest.DineshVaziraniwhorunsSaffronartaleadingIndianauctionsitesays60%ofhissalesgotobuyersoverseas.Thefocusnowisonsixauctionsthismonth.TwotookplaceinIndialastweek;workbyyoungerartistssuchasSurendranNaifandShibuNatesanbeatestimatesbymorethan70%.Sotheby’sandChristie’shaveauctionsinNewYorknextweekeachwithaTyebMehtathatisexpectedtofetchmorethan$1million.TherealquestionisthefateofotherworksincludingsomebyMr.Souzawithestimatesofupto$600000.Iftheydowellitwilldemonstratethatthereisstrongdemandandwillpulluppricesacrosstheboard.Thislookslikeamarketwithalongwaytorun.Accordingtothethirdparagraphtheexpensiveartcanbeseenasanidealmeansof______.
Directions:Youareillandcannotgotoschool.Thereforeyouhavetowriteasickleavewhichshouldinclude:1thedescriptionofyourillness;2youraimofwritingthesickleave.Youshouldwriteabout100wordsonANSWERSHEET2.Donotsignyourownnameattheendofthenote.UseLiMinginstead.10points
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