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“喘由外感者治肺，由内伤者治肾”出自
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喘证在肺为实在肾为虚之说体现在治疗上实喘治肺以祛邪利气虚喘治在肺肾以肾为主
虚喘的治疗尤当重视
治脾
治肾
治肺
治心
喘由外感者治肺喘由内伤者治肾一语出自
《金匮要略》
《景岳全书》
《丹溪心法》
《类证治裁》
《医门法律》
喘由外感者治肺喘由内伤者治肾一语出自
《金匾要略》
《景岳全书》
《丹溪心法》
《类证治裁》
《医门法律》
哮证的治疗原则是发时治标平时治本实喘治肺治以虚喘治在肺肾以肾为主治以培补摄纳
喘由外感者治肺由内伤者治肾出自
《医门法律》
《景岳全书》
《类证治裁》
《证治汇补》
《丹溪心法》
虚喘治在肺肾以为主治以培补摄纳
喘由外感者治肺喘由内伤者治肾一语出自
《金匮要略》
《景岳全书》
《丹溪心法》
《类证治裁》
《医门法律》
喘由外感者治
心
肾
脾
肺
虚喘的治疗尤当重视
治脾
治心
治肺
治肝
治肾
喘由内伤者治
心
肾
脾
肺
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Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.12
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.16
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.6
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform.SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepoliticstowardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans."ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." ThebasicprobleminJapanesepoliticsaspointedbythewriterliesin
"Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeelthereNasbeenmorethanenough. WelearnfromthetextthattheworkoftheINS
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. Accordingtothetextcooperativebodiesofcountrieshaveemerged
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.18
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.10
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.14
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.A nawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife
"Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeelthereNasbeenmorethanenough. SuggestionshavebeenraisedontheissueoftheINSexcept
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.A nawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives.
YasuhisaShizokia51-year-oldMPfromJapan’srulingLiberalDemocraticPartyLDPstartstappinghisfingeronthedismaleconomicchartonhiscoffeetable."Unlesswechangethedecision-makingprocess"hesaysbluntly"wearenotgoingtobeabletosolvethiskindofproblem."WiththeeconomyinsuchamessitmayseemabitofadiversiontobetryingtosortoutJapan’spoliticalstructuresaswellasitseconomicproblems.ButMrShiozakicanhardlybeaccusedoftime-wasting.Hehasconsistentlyproddedthegovernmenttotakeafirmhandtoailingbanksandhasgivenwarningagainstcomplacencyafterarecentriseinshareprices.FarfrombeingadistractionhislatestcausehighlightshowfarJapanisfromgenuineeconomicreform.SincecowritingareportonpoliticalreformwhichwasreleasedbyanLDPpanellastweekMrShiozakihasfurtherupsettheparty’soldguard.Itslegionariesflankedbycolumnsofthebureaucracycontinuetohampermostattemptstooverhaultheeconomy.JunichiroKoizumiwassupposedtochangeallthatbygoingovertheirheadsandappealingdirectlytothepublic.YetnearlyayearafterbecomingprimeministerMrKoizumihaspreciouslittletoshowforhisefforts.Hispopularityisnowflaggingandhisdeterminationisincreasinglyindoubt. AshopesofimmediateeconomicreformfadeoptimistsarefocusingonanotherpotentialbenefitofMrKoizumi’stenure.TheyhopethathishighlypersonalizedstyleofleadershipwillpavethewayforapermanentchangeinJapanesepoliticstowardsmoreunitedandauthoritativecabinetsthatarehelddirectlyaccountablefortheirpolicies.Asthathappensthethinkinggoesrealeconomicreformswillbeabletofollow. Aleadingcandidateforchangeisthe40-year-oldsystem--informalbutreligiouslyfollowed--throughwhichtheLDPmachineryvetseverybillbeforeitevergetstoparliament.MostlegislationstartsintheLDP’spartycommitteeswhichmirrortheparliamentarycommitteestructure.ProposalsthengothroughtwohigherLDPbodieswhichhammeroutpoliticaldealstosmooththeirpassage.Onlythendoestheprimeminister’scabinetgetfullyinvolvedinapprovingthepolicy.MostissueshavebeendecidedbytheLDPmandarinslongbeforetheyreachthispointletalonethefloorofparliamentleavingeventheprimeministerlimitedinfluenceandallowingpreciouslittleroomforpublicdebateandevenlessforaccountability. Asaresultprogresswillprobablyremainslow.SincetheyknowthatpoliticalreformleadstoeconomicreformandhenceposesathreattotheirinterestsmostoftheLDPwillresistanyrealchanges.ButatleastahandfulofinsidershavenowboughtintooneofMrKoizumi’sbestslogans."ChangetheLDPchangeJapan." WelearnfromthetextthataneconomicreforminJapan
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.8
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. WelearnfromthebeginningofthetextthatwhatstrikesBush’sfatheristhat
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.I fgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth-globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. 241.__________. 3CFCs-firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel-prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes. 4IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandbringdisasterstoenvironment. 5Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplacedangerousCFCswithsafersubstances. 642.__________. 7NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." 8EventhattimetablecouldbethrownoffbyinternationalsmugglerswhohavebeenbringingillegalCFCsintoindustrialcountriestouseinrepairingorrechargingoldappliances. 943.__________. 10DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.Thisisacriticaltime. 11Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxideMethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:andeventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. 1244.__________. 13TheencouragingprecedentistheMontrealProtocolforozoneprotectionwhichshowedhowquicklynationscanactwhentheyfinallyrecognizeadisaster.ArelatedlessonisthatifCFCsdodisappearitwillbepartlybecausechemicalmanufacturesdiscovertheycanmakeaprofitbysellingsaferreplacements. 1445.__________. 15Ifthathappensthenallnationsfromtherichtothepoormayendupworkingtosavetheatmosphereforthesamereasonthey’vepollutedit:pureeconomicself-interest. [A]SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate." [B]Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987.internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. [C]Thesameprocessmayultimatelybewhatmitigatesglobalwarming.Afterlongyearsofeffortmanufacturersofsolar-powercellsareatlastclosetomatchingthelowcostsofmoreconventionalpowertechnologies.Andafewbigordersfromutilitiescoulddrivethepricedowntocompetitivelevels. [D]YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists. [E]Lastyearalone20000tonsofcontrabandCFCsenteredtheU.S.--mostlyfromIndiawherethecompoundsarelessrestricted. [F]Untilrecentlylaggardgovernmentscouldtoscientificuncertaintyaboutwhetherglobalwarminghasstartedbutthatexcuseiswearingthin.AdraftreportcirculatingontheInternethasproclaimedforthefirsttimethatwarminghasindeedbegun. [G]Thegoodnewsisthatthisgloomyscenariomaygalvanizetheworld’sgovernmentsintotakingseriousaction.Forexamplethoughit’snowmorecostlytogenerateelectricityfromsolarcellsthanfromwouldotherwisehavetobespentinthefuturecombatingtheeffectsofglobalwarming. 44
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcess.riskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Accordingtothetextnowitisbeyondtheabilityofcommercialinsurancemarket
Directions: A.Studythefollowingpicturecarefullyandwriteanessayofabout160-200words. B.YouressaymustbewrittenclearlyontheANSWERSHEET2. C.Youressayshouldmeettherequirementsbelow: 1Describethepicture 2deducethepurposeofthepainterofthepictureand 3suggestcounter-measures.
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.2
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.20
Directions: Inthefollowingtextsomesentenceshavebeenremoved.Forquestions41-45choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblank.Therearetwoextrachoiceswhichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.I fgoodintentionsandgoodideaswereallittooktosavethedeterioratingatmospheretheplanet’sfragilelayerofairwouldbeasgoodasfixed.Thetwogreatdangersthreateningtheblanketofgasesthatnurturesandprotectslifeonearth-globalwarmingandthethinningozonelayer--havebeenidentified.Betteryetscientistsandpolicymakershavecomeupwitheffectivethoughexpensivecountermeasures. 241.__________. 3CFCs-firstfingeredasdangerousinthe1970sbySherwoodRowlandandMarioMolinatwoofthisyear’sNobel-prizewinningchemists--havebeenwidelyusedforrefrigerationandotherpurposes. 4IfuncontrolledtheCFCassaultontheozonelayercouldincreasetheamountofhazardoussolarultravioletlightthatreachestheearth’ssurfacewhichwouldamongotherthingsdamagecropsandbringdisasterstoenvironment. 5Thankstoasenseofurgencytriggeredbythe1985detectionofwhathasturnedouttobeanannual"hole"intheespeciallyvulnerableozoneoverAntarcticatheMontrealaccordshavespurredindustrytoreplacedangerousCFCswithsafersubstances. 642.__________. 7NonethelessobservesBritishAntarcticSurveymeteorologistJonathanShanklin:"Itwillbethemiddleofthenextcenturybeforethingsarebacktowheretheywereinthe1970s." 8EventhattimetablecouldbethrownoffbyinternationalsmugglerswhohavebeenbringingillegalCFCsintoindustrialcountriestouseinrepairingorrechargingoldappliances. 943.__________. 10DevelopingcountriesweregivenmoretimetocomplywiththeMontrealProtocolandwerepromisedthattheywouldreceive$250millionfromrichernationstopayfortheCFCphaseout.Atthemomentthoughonly60%ofthosefundshasbeenforthcoming.Thisisacriticaltime. 11Itisalsoacriticaltimeforwardingoffpotentiallycatastrophicclimatechange.WastegasessuchascarbondioxideMethaneandthesameCFCsthatwrecktheozonelayeralltendtotrapsunlightandwarmtheearth.Thepredictedresults:andeventualmeltingofpolaricecapsrisesinsealevelsandshiftsinclimatepatterns. 1244.__________. 13TheencouragingprecedentistheMontrealProtocolforozoneprotectionwhichshowedhowquicklynationscanactwhentheyfinallyrecognizeadisaster.ArelatedlessonisthatifCFCsdodisappearitwillbepartlybecausechemicalmanufacturesdiscovertheycanmakeaprofitbysellingsaferreplacements. 1445.__________. 15Ifthathappensthenallnationsfromtherichtothepoormayendupworkingtosavetheatmosphereforthesamereasonthey’vepollutedit:pureeconomicself-interest. [A]SaysNelsonSabogaloftheU.N.EnvironmentProgram:"Ifdevelopedcountriesdon’tcomeupwiththemoneytheozonelayerwillnotrecuperate." [B]Butthatdoesn’tmeantheseproblemsareanywhereclosetobeingsolved.Thestratosphericozonelayerforexampleisstillgettingthinnerdespitethe1987.internationalagreementknownastheMontrealProtocolwhichcallsforaphaseoutofchlorofluorocarbonsCFCsandotherozone-depletingchemicalsbytheyear2006. [C]Thesameprocessmayultimatelybewhatmitigatesglobalwarming.Afterlongyearsofeffortmanufacturersofsolar-powercellsareatlastclosetomatchingthelowcostsofmoreconventionalpowertechnologies.Andafewbigordersfromutilitiescoulddrivethepricedowntocompetitivelevels. [D]YettheCFCsalreadyintheairarestilldoingtheirdirtywork.TheAntarcticozoneholeismoreseverethisyearthaneverbeforeandozonelevelsovertemperateregionsaredippingaswell.IftheCFCphaseoutproceedsonscheduletheatmosphereshouldstartrepairingitselfbytheyear2000sayscientists. [E]Lastyearalone20000tonsofcontrabandCFCsenteredtheU.S.--mostlyfromIndiawherethecompoundsarelessrestricted. [F]Untilrecentlylaggardgovernmentscouldtoscientificuncertaintyaboutwhetherglobalwarminghasstartedbutthatexcuseiswearingthin.AdraftreportcirculatingontheInternethasproclaimedforthefirsttimethatwarminghasindeedbegun. [G]Thegoodnewsisthatthisgloomyscenariomaygalvanizetheworld’sgovernmentsintotakingseriousaction.Forexamplethoughit’snowmorecostlytogenerateelectricityfromsolarcellsthanfromwouldotherwisehavetobespentinthefuturecombatingtheeffectsofglobalwarming. 42
"Worsethanuseless"fumedDarrellIssaaRepublicancongressmanfromCaliforniaonMarch19thwhentheHouseJudiciaryCommitteeheldahearingontheImmigrationandNaturalizationService."Terribleandgettingworse"addedZoeLofgrenaDemocraticcolleaguewhohaskeptawatchfuleyeontheINSfortenyears. CommitteememberslineduptotakeswingsatJamesZiglartheheadoftheINS.Heexplainedsomewhatpatheticallythat"outdatedprocedures"hadkeptthevisa-processingwheelsgrindingslowlythroughabacklogofapplications.Healsohadsomenewrulesinmindtotightenupvisas.Speedingupthepaperwork--andgettingmoreofitontocomputers--isvitalbuttheSeptemberattackshaveexposedthetensionbetweentheagency’stwojobs:ontheonehandenforcingthesecurityofAmerica’sbordersandontheothergrantingprivilegessuchasworkpermitstoforeigners. Butotherpeoplewantmoreradicalchanges.JamesSensenbrenneraRepublicancongressmanfromWisconsinwantstosplittheINSintotwoseparatebodiesonedealingwithbordersecurityandtheotherwithhandlingbenefitstoimmigrants.TheotherapproachfavoredintheWhiteHouseistotreatthetwofunctionsascomplementaryandtogivetheINSevenmoreresponsibilityforsecurity.UnderthatplantheINSwouldmergewiththeCustomsServicewhichmonitorsthe20mshipmentsofgoodsbroughtintoAmericaeveryyearaswellasthebagscarriedinbysome500mvisitors.ThetwoagencieswouldformonelargebodywithintheDepartmentofJusticethecurrenthomeoftheINS.ThiswouldcutoutsomeoftheduplicatedeffortatborderswherecustomsofficersandagentsfromtheINS’sBorderPatroloftenrubshouldersbutdonotworktogether. MrBush--whohassaidthatthenewsofthevisaapprovalslefthim"plentyhot"--wasexpectedtogivehisapproval.Thesenatehowevermaynotbequitesokeen.TheJusticeDepartmentcouldhavetroublehandlingsuchamergerletalonetakingontheconsiderableeconomicresponsibilitiesoftheCustomsServicewhichiscurrentlypartoftheTreasury. Thesenateprefersyetanothersetofsecurityrecommendationsincludinglinksbetweenthedatabasesofdifferentagenciesthatholdsecurityandimmigrationinformationandscannersatportsofentrytocheckbiometricdatarecordedonimmigrationdocuments.TheseideasareembodiedinabillsponsoredbymembersofbothpartiesbutarecurrentlyheldupbyRobertByrdthechairmanoftheSenateAppropriationsCommitteewhoworriesthattherehasnotbeenenoughdebateonthesubject.MrZiglarpoorchapmayfeelthereNasbeenmorethanenough. Thebesttitleforthetextmaybe
AftertheterroristattacksinAmericalastSeptemberterroristriskbecamethepariahofperils.Theairlineindustrywasmostdirectlyaffectedbytheattacksanditwasthefirsttofindthatnoonewantedtoinsureterroristrisk.Insurancecompaniesimmediatelyincreasedpremiumsandcutcoverforairlines’third-partyterrorandwarliabilitiesto$50mperairlineper"event".UnderpressurefromairlinestheAmericangovernmentandthemembersoftheEuropeanUnionagreedtobecomeinsurersoflastresortforairlines’warandterroristliabilitiesforalimitedperiod.Thesegovernmentguaranteesareduetoexpireattheendofthemonth. TheAmericangovernmenthasalreadyagreedtoextenditsguaranteeforanother60days.TheEU’stransportministersaremeetingnextweekinBrusselstodecidewhattodo.Insurersandreinsurersarekeenforthecommercialmarkettoresumetheprovisionofallairlineinsuranceassoonaspossible.Nowonder:Thepremiumsforsuchcoverhaveinevitablyincreasedconsiderably. Howeverinthecaseofterrorismandespeciallyofterrorismintheskiesanumberofspecialfactorsarise.Somearepurelypractical:adisasterassuddenandunforeseenastheattacksontheWorldTradeCenterhashaddestructiveeffectsontheinsuranceindustry.Themaximumcoverforthird-partyterroristriskavailableintheprimaryaviationmarketisnow$50mandthatisnotnearlyenoughcoverrisksthatareperceivedtobemuchhighersinceSeptember11th.Evenifthemarketcouldoffersufficientcoveranothercatastropheonsuchascalewouldbemorethanthemarketcouldcopewith. Inadditionarareanddevastatingriskofapoliticalnatureisarguablyonethatitisrightforgovernmentstocoveratleastinpart.InthewakeofattacksbyIrishterroriststheBritishgovernmenthasrecognizedthispointbyagreeingtobackamutualfundtocoverriskstopropertyfromterroristattack. Inthecaseoftheairlinestheappropriateanswerissomeformofmutualschemewithgovernmentbacking.Infactunderthecode-name"Equitime"representativesofairlinesinsurersandtheAmericangovernmentaresettingupaninsurancevehicletobefinancedbyairlinesandreinsuredbythegovernment.Governmentswouldguaranteethefund’sexcess.riskbuttheirrolewoulddiminishasthefundgrew. Settingsomethingupwilltaketime.Sotobridgethegapgovernmentswillhavetoremaininsureroflastresortforairlines’warandterroristriskforsometimetocome. Thewriterarguesthatintheforeseeablefuturetheinsureroflastresortforairline’sterroristriskwillbe
Directions: ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyonANSWERSHEET2.A nawkward-lookingcharactersuchasCyranodeBergeracmightsniffatthesuggestionbutrecentscientificresearchshowsbeautybrainsandbrawnmayinfactallbealliedwritesDrRajPersaud. 46Psychologistshaveconcludedthatwemaybedrawntothestereotypicallyattractivebecauseofwhattheirfacesrevealabouttheirintelligenceandsuccessinlaterlife.InAmericanresearchledbyProfessorLeslieZebrowitzofBrandeisUniversityhasshownanassociationbetweenfacialattractiveandIQ.Strangersbrieflyexposedtoatarget’sfacewereabletocorrectlyjudgeintelligenceatlevelssignificantlybetterthanchance. Thesameteamalsoresearchedhowaperson’sattractivenessmightbearrelationtotheirintelligence.Theyfoundthatgood-lookingpeopledidbetterinIQtestsastheyaged.47Theirresearchsoughttoprovethathowapersonperceivedhimselfandwasperceivedbyotherspredictedhowintelligentheapparentlybecamemoreaccuratelythanhispastintelligence.48Perhapsbecausethemoreattractivepeopleweretreatedasmoreintelligenttheyendeduphavingmorestimulatingandthereforeintelligence-enhancinglives. DoesthismeanthatyourfacereallycouldbeyourdestinySociologistsDrUlrichMuellerandDrAllanMazuroftheUniversityofMarburginGermanyrecentlyanalyzedthefinalyearphotographsofthe1950graduatesofWestPointintheUnitedStates.Dominantfacialappearancesturnedouttobeaconsistentpredictoroflater-rankattainment: Againtheybelievedtherecouldbeaself-fulfillingeffect.49Becausesomemenlookedmoreauthoritativetheynaturallydrewrespectandobediencefromotherswhichinturnassistedtheirrisethroughtheranks. AteamattheRoyalCollegeofSurgeonsinDublinhasbeeninvestigatingthesensitivesubjectoflinksbetweenphysicalandmentalabnormalities.LedbyDoctorsRobinHennessyandJohnWaddingtontheteamusedanewlasersurface-scanningtechniquetomakea3-Danalysisofhowfacialshapemightvarywithbrainstructure.Theirfindingsshowedthatinearlyfetallifebrainandfacedevelopmentareintimatelyconnected.Fromthistheyconcludedthatabnormalitiesinbrainelaborationprobablyalsoaffectfacedevelopment. ThisaccordingtothemexplainsthestrikingfacialfeaturesofsomeonewithDown’ssyndrome.50Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations. Sotheverylatestscientificresearchsuggeststhatnobodyshouldtrytolooktooobviouslydifferentfromaverage. Usingsimilartechniquestheteamalsodemonstratedhowotherdisorderslinkedtobrainaberrationscouldbeassociatedwithfacialalterations
Mostofusaretaughttopayattentiontowhatissaid--thewords.Wordsdoprovideuswithsomeinformationbutmeaningsare1fromsomanyothersourcesthatitwouldhinderoureffectiveness2apartnertoarelationshiptorelytooheavilyonwords3Wordsareusedtodescribeonlyasmallpartofthemanyideasweassociatewithanygiven4.Sometimeswecangaininsightintosomeofthose5ifwelistenfor6words.Wedon’talwayssaywhatwemean7meanwhatwesay.Mostlywemeanseveralthingsatonce.Apersonwantingtopurchaseahousesaystothecurrentowner."ThisstephastobefixedbeforeI’llbuy."Theownersays"It’sbeenlikethatforyears".8thestephasn’tbeenlikethatforyearsbutthe9messageis:"Idon’twanttofixit.Wecanputupwithitwhycan’tyou"The10foramoreexpansiveviewofmeaningcanbedevelopedbyexaminingamessage11whosaiditwhenitoccurredthe12conditionsorsituationandhowitwassaid. Whenamessageoccurscanalso13associatedmeaning.Afriend’sunusuallydocilebehaviormayonlybeunderstoodby14thatitwasprecededbysituationsthatrequiredan15amountofassertiveness. Wewoulddowelltolistenforhowmessageare16Thewords"itsurehasbeennicetohaveyouover"canbesaidwith17andexcitedorritualistically.Thephrasecanbesaidonceor18severaltimes.Andthemeaningweassociatewiththephrasewillchange19Sometimesifwesaysomethinginfrequentlyitassumesmoreimportance;sometimesthemorewesaysomethingthe20importanceitassumes. Readthefollowingtext.ChoosethebestwordsforeachnumberedblankandmarkABCorDonANSWERSHEET1.4
ShortlyafterSeptember11thPresidentBush’sfatherobservedthatjustasPearlHarborawakenedthiscountryfromthenotionthatwecouldsomehowavoidthecallofdutytodefendfreedominEuropeandAsiainWorldWarTwosotooshouldthismostrecentsurpriseattackerasetheconceptinsomequartersthatAmericacansomehowgoitaloneinthefightagainstterrorismorinanythingelseforthatmatter. ButAmerica’sallieshavebeguntowonderwhetherthatisthelessonthathasbeenlearned--orwhethertheAfghanistancampaign’sapparentsuccessshowsthatunilateralismworksjustfine.TheUnitedStatesthatargumentgoesissodominantthatitcanlargelyaffordtogoitalone. ItistruethatnonationsinceRomehasloomedsolargeabovetheothersbutevenRomeeventuallycollapsed.OnlyadecadeagotheconventionalwisdomlamentedanAmericaindecline.BestsellerlistsfeaturedbooksthatdescribedAmerica’sfall.Japanwouldsoonbecome"NumberOne".ThatviewwaswrongatthetimeandwhenIwrote"BoundtoLead"in1989IlikeotherspredictedthecontinuingriseofAmericanpower.ButthenewconventionalwisdomthatAmericaisinvincibleisequallydangerousifitleadstoaforeignpolicythatcombinesunilateralismarroganceandparochialism. Anumberofadvocatesof"realist"international-relationstheoryhavealsoexpressedconcernaboutAmerica’sstaying-power.Throughouthistorycoalitionsofcountrieshavearisentobalancedominantpowersandthesearchfortraditionalshiftsinthebalanceofpowerandnewstatechallengersiswellunderway.SomeseeChinaasthenewenemy;othersenvisageaRussia-China-Indiacoalitionasthethreat.ButevenifChinamaintainshighgrowthratesof6%whiletheUnitedStatesachievesonly2%itwillnotequaltheUnitedStatesinincomeperheaduntilthelasthalfofthecentury. StillothersseeaunitingEuropeasapotentialfederationthatwillchallengetheUnitedStatesforprimacy.ButthisforecastdependsonahighdegreeofEuropeanpoliticalunityandalowstateoftransatlanticrelations.Althoughrealistsraiseanimportantpointaboutthelevelingofpowerintheinternationalarenatheirquestfornewcold-war-stylechallengersislargelybarkingupthewrongtree.Theyareignoringdeeperchangesinthedistributionandnatureofpowerinthecontemporaryworld.TheparadoxofAmericanpowerinthe21stcenturyisthatthelargestpowersinceRomecannotachieveitsobjectivesunilaterallyinaglobalinformationage. TheauthorassertsthatindealingwithworldaffairstheU.Sshouldlearnto
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